An interactive demonstration of electromagnetic wave propagationusing time-domain finite differences

The finite difference time-domain (FDTD) method is one of the most widely used computational methods in electromagnetics. Using FDTF, Maxwell's equations are solved directly in the time domain via finite differences and time stepping. the basic approach is relatively easy to understand and is an alternative to the more usual frequency-domain approaches. In order to take advantage of this, an interactive personal computer program based on FDTD has been developed. The program directly solves Maxwell's equation via finite differences. The solution is for one dimension, corresponding to normal incidence propagation through a planar stratified medium. The program displays an electromagnetic pulse as it propagates through the medium. Since Maxwell's equations are solved directly, the reflected and transmitted pulse amplitudes demonstrate how the reflection and transmission coefficients determine reflected and transmitted wave amplitudes. Since lossy material layers can be included, frequency dispersion can be demonstrated     

变电站瞬态电磁场耦合二次电缆数值方法研究

提出瞬态电磁场耦合细线问题的三维时域有限差分(finite-difference time-domain,FDTD)数值方法的一种改进模型。基于电磁散射理论推导出有限长直细导线终端以及拐角附近的电磁场分量的离散方程。利用改进模型计算电磁脉冲激励下双导体传输线终端负载上的电流电压响应,并进行实验验证。结果表明计算结果与实验结果吻合较好,说明改进的三维FDTD数值模型对研究瞬态场线感应问题是有效的,可用于变电站瞬态电磁场对二次电缆干扰问题的研究。     

A study of transient responses on nonuniform conductors by FDTD simulations

Surge propagation on nonuniform conductors has been investigated on the basis of finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) simulations. It has been confirmed that an inclined conductor above the earth is represented following the image theory based on transverse electromagnetic (TEM) wave propagation by two angled (nonparallel) conductors in a free space. Nonparallel conductor systems above the earth show a wave propagation characteristic quite different from that of the TEM mode, and thus steady‐state and transient phenomena on the nonparallel conductors cannot be appropriately analyzed by a circuit theory and by simulation tools such as the EMTP based on the circuit theory. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

基于非均匀FDTD混合算法的微带电路电磁耦合分析

微带电路包含微带线以及电路元件等局部精细结构,采用传统的FDTD方法进行电磁波照射PCB板电磁耦合的全波模拟,因网格剖分得很细,导致网格量大,计算效率低下.将非均匀FDTD方法与多网格集总元件FDTD方法结合起来,形成一种新的FDTD混合算法,模拟了电磁脉冲对带有集总元件微带电路的电磁耦合,能够快速计算得到集总元件上耦合产生的瞬态电压和电流响应.通过与有限积分法软件的仿真结果进行对比,验证了该时域混合算法的正确性,并分析了不同电磁脉冲类型以及微带线线间距对微带电路电磁耦合的影响.     

时域有限元法求解传输线瞬态波过程

讨论了求解多导体传输线(multi-conductor transmission line,MTL)的时域有限元法(time domain finite element method,TDFE),并给出了计算动态集中元件的时域处理方法。通过与传统的数值计算方法时域有限差分法(finite difference time domain,FDTD)和国际上通用的电磁暂态计算程序EMTP的计算结果进行比较,验证了TDFE法的正确性。该方法克服了FDTD不能直接计算带有集中参数网络的传输线这一不足,而且在相同条件下,可以有效地抑制由于在FDTD方法中使用中心差分所造成的吉布斯效应。相对于EMTP只能求解所设定传输线两端的响应这一缺憾,该方法的优势在于能够得到沿线所有离散点的电压电流分布。最后,将TDFE应用于500 kV变电站开关操作时,由于电容式电压互感器的影响而在二次电缆上产生的电磁干扰的数值预测。     

An overlapping Yee finite‐difference time‐domain method for material interfaces between anisotropic dielectrics and general dispersive or perfect electric conductor media

A novel stable anisotropic finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) algorithm based on the overlapping cells is developed for solving Maxwell's equations of electrodynamics in anisotropic media with interfaces between different types of materials, such as the interface between anisotropic dielectrics and dispersive medium or perfect electric conductor (PEC). The previous proposed conventional anisotropic FDTD methods suffer from the late‐time instability due to the extrapolation of the field components near the material interface. The proposed anisotropic overlapping Yee FDTD method is stable, as it relies on the overlapping cells to provide the collocated field values without any interpolation or extrapolation. Our method has been applied to simulate electromagnetic invisibility cloaking devices with both anisotropic dielectrics and PEC included in the computational domain. Numerical results and eigenvalue analysis confirm that the conventional anisotropic FDTD method is weakly unstable, whereas our method is stable. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

时域有限差分法在GIS局部放电检测中的应用

时域有限差分法是一种十分有效的电磁场数值计算方法,本文借助时域有限差分法对GIS同轴波导结构内部发生局部放电时所激发的电磁波的传播特性进行仿真,分析了影响电磁波传播的因素,利用超高频局部放电检测方法对GIS实验段局部放电进行实测,仿真结果和实验结果基本一致,为超高频局部放电检测结果提供了理论支持,进一步论证了超高频局部放电检测方法的正确性和可行性,可以应用于现场实际测量.     

麦克斯韦联立微分方程组分析

研究发现,麦克斯韦联立微分方程组不正确。一百多年来,电磁场、电磁波及相关专业科技人员应用麦克斯韦联立方程组求解闭合环路非均匀导体路径中的空间介质电容器电磁场和电磁波的问题是不正确的。因为在闭合环路非均匀导体路径中均匀导体电场强度、空间介质电容器电场强度和时变电源电场强度串联端点不连续,不连续电场强度不能求它的旋度。故麦克斯韦第二积分方程在闭合环路非均匀导体路径的情况下不能用斯托克斯公式化成微分方程。必须重新建立描述闭合环路非均匀导体路径电磁现象的联立方程组。     

Solution of the Maxwell field equations in vacuum for arbitrarycharge and current distributions using the methods of matrixalgebra

A new matrix representation of classical electromagnetic theory is presented. The basis of this representation is a space-time, eight-by-eight differential matrix operator. This matrix operator is initially formulated from the differential form of the Maxwell field equations for vacuum. The resulting matrix formulation of Maxwell's equations allows simple and direct derivation of the electromagnetic wave and charge continuity equations, the Lorentz conditions and definition of the electromagnetic potentials, the Lorentz and Coulomb gauges, the electromagnetic potential wave equations, and Poynting's conservation of energy theorem. A four-dimensional Fourier transform of the matrix equations casts them into an eight-dimensional transfer theorem. The transfer function has an inverse, and this allows the equations to be inverted. This expresses the fields directly in terms of the charge and current source distributions     

GIS中L型和T型结构对超高频电磁波传播影响的仿真研究

运用时域有限差分算法对GIS的中L型和T型分支内局放超高频电磁波的传播进行仿真.研究了L型和T型分支对超高频电磁波时域波形及频率成分的影响,指出L型分支对在GIS腔体内传播的超高频电磁破电场强度衰减程度较为严重,L型分支对电磁波的衰减集中在300 MHz至2 000 MHz以及3 000 MHz以上频率,且某些频率成分的电场强度得到增强;电磁波通过T型分支后,信号各频率成分沿拐弯路径比沿直线路径衰减严重.     

变电站空载母线波过程的数值分析

讨论了求解多导体传输线（ＭＴＬ）的时域有限差分法（ＦＤＴＤ）,并将其扩展到有分支结构的传输线中,通过实例 与Ｂｅｒｇｅｒｏｎ法进行对比计算,ＦＤＴＤ法可以计算传输线的波过程。建立了变是站空载线线波过程分析的ＭＴＬ计算模型,并用ＦＤＴＤ法对变电站空载一加电的波过程进行了数值的分析。计算结果可用于变电站开关场内二次设备电磁干扰ＥＭＩ问题的研究 。     

Time domain global modelling of EM propagation in semiconductor using irregular grids

A two‐dimensional finite volume time domain (FVTD) method using a triangular grid is applied to the analysis of electromagnetic wave propagation in a semiconductor. Maxwell's equations form the basis of all electromagnetic phenomena in semiconductors and the drift‐diffusion model is employed to simulate charge transport phenomena in the semiconductor. The FVTD technique is employed to solve Maxwell's equations on an irregular grid and the finite box method is implemented on the same grid to solve the drift‐diffusion model for carrier concentration. The locations of unknowns have been chosen to allow linking coupled Maxwell's equations and transport equations in a seamless way. To achieve suitable accuracy and computational efficiency, using irregular grid topology allows a finer mesh in doped region and at junction, and a coarser mesh in substrate and insulting regions. The proposed scheme has been implemented and verified by characterizing electromagnetic wave propagation at microwave frequency in a semiconductor slab with arbitrary doping profile. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Study of Mutual Coupling between Vertical Grounding Electrodes

This paper investigates the mutual grounding impedance between vertical grounding electrodes based on field measurements and FDTD simulations. In the case of vertical electrodes, the mutual impedance between the electrodes is almost completely independent of the electrode length, and thus the induced voltage is nearly constant as the electrode length becomes longer. This characteristic is different from that of an overhead conductor, where the electromagnetic‐induced voltage is proportional to the conductor length. The greater the separation distance between the electrodes, the smaller the induced voltage, as in the case of an overhead conductor. The propagation speed increases as the separation increases. It is found that the speed is not necessarily proportional to the inverse of the relative permittivity of the earth.     

GIS盆式绝缘子对超高频电磁波衰减的仿真研究

时域有限差分算法对GIS内局放激发超高频电磁波信号经盆式绝缘子的衰减特性进行仿真研究。首先研究了盆式绝缘子对超高频电磁波电场信号强度的衰减作用,指出绝缘子对在GIS腔体内传播的超高频电磁破电场强度衰减较小,对通过绝缘子泄漏到GIS腔体外的超高频电磁波电场强度衰减较大。然后研究了经绝缘子衰减后超高频电磁波电场信号增益的幅频特性,指出在GIS腔体内绝缘子对超高频电磁波的衰减集中在1000MHz以上,而从绝缘子处泄漏到GIS腔体外的电磁波信号其衰减集中在1500MHz以下和3000MHz以上频率。     

绝缘子对GIS中电磁波传播特性影响的仿真研究

特高频检测方法是GIS局部放电的有效检测方法。特高频电磁波信号在GIS中的传播会影响到其检测精度、检测结果的分析等。以220 kV GIS为基础,构建了无绝缘子和含有不同厚度绝缘子的仿真模型,基于时域有限差分算法(FDTD)仿真研究了绝缘子对GIS中电磁波传播特性的影响。研究结果表明电磁波信号经过绝缘子时会有约60%的衰减,绝缘子厚度则对GIS内电磁波信号的传播影响不大。     

A CONSISTENT SUBGRIDDING SCHEME FOR THE FINITE DIFFERENCE TIME DOMAIN METHOD

Recently, the simulation of high frequency devices has become of increasing importance due to the demand for faster development processes. The Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method has been proved to be an efficient tool for the simulation of electromagnetic phenomena. In the paper we derive a new consistent three-dimensional subgridding scheme for the Finite Integration Technique. In the time domain the latter method reduces to FDTD when only cubical cells are used. The subgridding extension can help to achieve accurate models of small structure details without heavily decreasing numerical efficiency while the properties of continuous Maxwell equations are still conserved in the grid space. After studying numerical dispersion and stability, the applicability of the method is demonstrated by regarding an example studying scattering at a small post in a rectangular waveguide.     

Potential distribution analysis of suspended-type metal-oxide surge arresters

Nonuniformity of potential distribution of metal-oxide (ZnO) surge arresters reduces service lifetime of the arresters. The metal-oxide surge arresters of polymer housings developed can be suspended in different places. A combined method of electrical field and electric circuit is proposed to analyze the potential distribution of the suspended arresters. The equivalent electric circuit is obtained from a charge simulation method (CSM) and matrix transformation, and the potential distribution is solved from the electric circuit analysis by the first law of Kirchhoff. The complicated electromagnetic field problem is then converted to a simple electrical circuit problem. The calculation results show a good agreement with experimental results. Potential distributions of surge arresters suspended on a conductor by a wall, on a framework, and on a transmission-line tower are presented.     

实测信号激励条件下GIS局部放电的电磁波传播特性研究

笔者主要分析GIS典型绝缘缺陷引起的局部放电(PD)过程,并应用FDTD算法,分别以理想的高斯脉冲信号和真实PD电流信号为激励源,研究电磁波在GIS内部的传播特性,结果表明:PD实际电流信号与理想高斯脉冲激励下的电磁渡相差较大,PD超高频电磁波传播特性仿真研究宜采用实测PD信号作为模拟激励源.     

GIS直线与L型结构中电磁波传播特性的仿真研究

本文使用有限时域差分法(FDTD)对由局部放电产生的电磁波在GIS典型结构(直线型和L型结构)中的传播特性进行了仿真研究。通过设置不同的电磁波激发方向、对比不同测量角度的信号时域和频域特征、以及比较两种结构的仿真结果,获得了TEM波和TE模波在直线型和L型结构中的传播特性,以及L型结构产生的反射波特征。仿真结果表明,影响电磁波传播的因素主要包括电磁波激发方向、模波速度色散和模波模式转变等。     

变电站接地网的断点诊断方法

为提高变电站接地网导体断点诊断的效率和精度,提出了通过测量地表磁感应强度的诊断方法。利用变电站接地网频域电磁场计算软件包进行仿真计算,在对仿真计算结果分析的基础上,研制了专用信号激励源,结合变电站实际电磁干扰环境,研制了信号采集、处理系统,基于电磁感应原理探测地表磁场,诊断变电站接地网导体的断点故障,通过仿真计算、模拟地网试验和现场应用,证明了该方法的可行性和诊断定位的准确性。