Protocols for optical star-coupler network using WDM: performanceand complexity study

The efficiency of protocols coordinating the data transmission between the transmitter and receivers in a network of stations connected using a passive star coupler, equipped with fixed transmitters and tunable receivers, and using wavelength-division multiplexing is discussed. Two reservation-based protocols with varying degrees of signaling complexity are proposed: the dynamic allocation scheme (DAS), which dynamically assigns slots on a packet-by-packet basis, and the hybrid time-division-multiplexing (TDM) scheme (HTDM), which combines the TDM and the DAS scheme and allows both preassigned and dynamic slot assignment. Analytical results are derived for the delay performance of the two schemes and compared with that of TDM. It is shown that the performance of DAS under ideal conditions is close to optimal, but its signaling costs are exorbitantly high. On the other hand, HTDM has lower signaling needs, but has higher delays when compared to DAS     

Improving the Reception Performance of Legacy T‐DMB/DAB Receivers in a Single‐Frequency Network with Delay Diversity

This paper describes a simple delay diversity technique for terrestrial digital multimedia broadcasting (T‐DMB) and digital audio broadcasting in a single‐frequency network (SFN). For the diversity technique, a delay diversity scheme is adopted. In the delay diversity scheme, a non‐delayed signal is transmitted in the first antenna, and delayed versions of the signal are transmitted in each additional antenna. For an SFN environment with multiple transmitters, delay diversity can be executed by controlling the emission times of the transmitters. This SFN delay diversity scheme does not require any hardware changes in either the transmitter or receiver, and perfect backward compatibility can be acquired. To evaluate the performance improvement, laboratory tests are executed with various types of commercial T‐DMB receivers as well as a measurement receiver. The improvement in the bit error rate performance is evaluated using a measurement receiver, and an improvement of the threshold of visibility value is evaluated for commercial receivers. Test results show that the T‐DMB system can obtain diversity gain using the described technique.     

A media-access protocol for packet-switched wavelength divisionmultiaccess metropolitan area networks

A dynamic time-wavelength division multiaccess protocol (DT-WDMA) is proposed for metropolitan-sized multichannel optical networks employing fixed wavelength transmitters and tunable optical receivers. Control information is sent over a dedicated signaling channel and data are sent over channels owned by the transmitters. Time is divided into slots on each channel and slots on the control channel are further split into mini-slots. Fixed time-division multiaccess (TDM) is used within each slot on the control channel. Transmitters indicate their intention to transmit a packet by transmitting the destination address during their appropriate mini-slot in the control channel and then transmit their packet in the next slot on their data channel. Receivers listen to the control channel and tune to the appropriate channel to receive packets addressed to them. A common but distributed arbitration algorithm is used to resolve conflicts when packets from many transmitters contend for the same receiver. Each receiver executes the same deterministic algorithm to choose one of the contending packets. Each transmitter uses the same algorithm to determine the success or failure of its packet     

采用动态波长分插复用器的光突发交换环网中的控制协议研究

提出了一种光突发交换(OBS)环网控制协议——延迟光突发固定周期(DBFP)协议。它采用动态波长分插复用器(WADM)。即采用波长可调发送可调接收(TTTR)机制．通过提前的光突发控制分组(BCP)．为光突发数据分组(BDP)预留资源，并利用固定长度的光纤延迟线(FDL)将突发数据包延迟同定的时间，以便等待所有已经预留的突发数据包发送完毕，从而完全避免突发数据包冲突问题。仿真结果表明。延迟光突发固定周期协议能完全避免突发数据包冲突。同时有效地实现了波长统计复用、按需分配和空间重用，波长重用效率高达160％。从而提高链路利用率．特别适合于突发性的业务；并且延迟光突发固定周期协议所引入的时延为1ms左右．对业务的影响不大。     

Scheduling transmissions in WDM broadcast-and-select networks

Considers a broadcast-and-select, wavelength division multiplexed (WDM), optical communication network that is packet switched and time slotted. The amount of time it takes transmitters and receivers to tune from one wavelength to another is assumed to be T slots. The authors consider all-to-all transmission schedules, which are defined to be ones that schedule a packet transmission between each input-output pair. They present upper and lower bounds for the minimum length of such schedules. In particular, if each of N inputs has a tunable transmitter and each of N outputs has a tunable receiver then the minimum length is between (N+o(N))(√T+1) and ((N+o(N))√T. This provides some insight into the relationship between packet delay and T. The authors also consider schedules that do not allow packet transmissions while a transmitter or receiver is tuning from one wavelength to another     

大气光通信中应用最优选择分集

针对大气光通信中湍流对接收端误码率的影响,提出利用空间分集技术,通过对多发射器、多接收器最优选择来改善信噪比,降低误码率。仿真结果表明,当湍流较强时,多发射多接收比单发射单接收对系统的性能有更明显的改善。同时表明,在对数正态分布的光信道上,最优选择的效果与在瑞利衰落的无线信道上的效果基本相同。     

Impact of tuning delay on the performance of bandwidth-limitedoptical broadcast networks with uniform traffic

This paper studies the effects of tuning delay of transmitters in packet-based optical broadcast networks. We consider scheduling of random traffic with tunable transmitters and fixed-tuned receivers and obtain the degradation imposed by tuning delay using several performance criteria, such as schedule completion time, average packet delay, and session blocking rates. We show that for off-line scheduling the effects of tuning delay are small even if the tuning time is as large as the packet duration. We provide a lower bound to the expected completion time of any off-line schedule with an arbitrary number of wavelengths. We then describe a near-optimal schedule which is based on the principle of having idle transmitters tune to wavelengths just-in-time to start their transmissions. Stability and capacity issues in the transmission of real-time traffic are considered and a queueing-theoretic analysis of average packet delay is given. The packet delay is found to be insensitive to tuning delay under near-optimal transmission scheduling. Finally we extend the model to connection-oriented networks and evaluate the session blocking performance for scheduled circuit connections     

WDM城域环网中支持可变长分组的节点结构及MAC协议设计

WDM城域环网在升级时,信道数可能是不变的.本文基于此设计了一种新颖的节点结构,它由固定发射器和一组固定接收器组成.基于该结构,文中给出了支持可变长分组的时隙结构及MAC协议.由于实现MAC协议毋需专用波长信道,提高了资源利用率.理论分析和仿真结果证明了本文设计方法可以充分利用空间重用能力,获得很好的网络流量,分组排队时延及分组丢弃率.对于信道数较多,或者网络在升级时信道数也可能变化的情况,本文建议采用固定发射器,一组"准"调谐的接收器结构.该方案可在实现复杂度,网络性能及成本间取得折衷.     

On the convergence of fixed-step power control algorithms withbinary feedback for mobile communication systems

The mobile transmitter power control algorithms that need to exchange the tract information on link gains, interference levels, or signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) between transmitters and receivers have been proved to converge to a unique fixed power allocation. However, such exact exchange requires an excessive bandwidth for signalling traffic. In practical systems, only 1 bit is sent back to each transmitter. The 0-1 binary feedback is used by the transmitter either to increase or to decrease the power level by a predetermined amount. In this study, we prove a convergence property of the binary feedback power control algorithm. Since the power level of each transmitter is changed by a fixed amount at every iteration, we cannot claim that the power converges to a fixed point. Instead, we show that the received SIR of each user falls within a certain specific range that is determined by an SIR target and a power control step-size     

Multiconfiguration multihop protocols: a new class of protocols forpacket-switched WDM optical networks

Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) local-area networks based on the optical passive-star coupler have traditionally been classified as being either single-hop or multihop. A single-hop network provides a direct connection between the source and the destination of a packet during the packet transfer duration, but may require some amount of coordination between the nodes which may involve tuning of the transmitters or receivers at each node. Since the time required to tune a tunable optical transmitter or receiver may be high, a single-hop network may incur significant overhead. On the other hand, a typical multihop network requires little or no tuning, but a packet may traverse a number of intermediate nodes between the source and destination nodes. Each hop incurs additional queueing delays at each node and also increases the overall load on each link and on the network. In this paper, we propose a new class of multiconfiguration multihop protocols (MMPs) which use tunable transmitters and receivers to cycle through a number of configurations which together make up a multihop logical topology. This class of protocols offers a trade-off between the tuning required in a single-hop network and the number of hops required in a multihop network. We present a generalized framework for comparing the proposed protocols with existing single-hop and multihop protocols, and we show that these protocols may offer significant performance gains for systems with high tuning delays and a limited number of transmitters and receivers at each node     

Design of an all-optical wavelength router based on spatialsolitons

This paper presents the theory and modeling of an all-optical device which realizes self-routing of waves at different wavelengths. The device exploits spatial soliton interaction in a Kerr-like nonlinear medium and can be used in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks with fixed tuned receivers and tunable transmitters. Interaction is governed by four-wave mixing (FWM) that produces the desired effects under suitable excitation conditions. Several numerical examples are given, which highlight the importance of an optimum choice for the spectrum of wavelengths     

Dynamically reducing retransmission control forslow-frequency-hopped communication systems

A dynamically reducing retransmission control scheme is proposed for slow-frequency-hopped communication systems. In the proposed scheme a transmitter defers transmission of a new packet until all the other transmitters receive positive acknowledgments, so that the number of active transmitters are dynamically reduced. The performance of the proposed scheme is compared with the conventional scheme, in which a transmitter is permitted to transmit a new packet in any slot, in terms of the normalized throughput and the 98% packet transmission delay. The numerical results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional scheme, although for some values of the number of transmitters the conventional scheme has higher normalized throughput     

Analysis of infrared wireless links employing multibeamtransmitters and imaging diversity receivers

We analyze the improvements obtained in wireless infrared (IR) communication links when one replaces traditional single-element receivers by imaging receivers and diffuse transmitters by multibeam (quasi-diffuse) transmitters. This paper addresses both line-of-sight (LOS) and nonline-of-sight (non-LOS) IR links. We quantify link performance in terms of the transmitter power required to achieve a bit error rate (BER) not exceeding 10^-9 with 95% probability. Our results indicate that in LOS links, imaging receivers can reduce the required transmitter power by up to 13 dB compared to single-element receivers. In non-LOS links, imaging receivers and multibeam transmitters can reduce the required transmitter power by more than 20 dB. Furthermore we discuss the use of multibeam transmitters and imaging receivers to implement space-division multiple access (SDMA). In a representative example with two users transmitting at a power sufficient to achieve a BER not exceeding 10^-9 with 95% probability in the absence of cochannel interference, when SDMA is employed, the system can achieve a BER not exceeding 10^-9 with a probability of about 88%     

CRLH Delay Line Pulse Position Modulation Transmitter

A composite right/left-handed delay line pulse position modulation (PPM) transmitter is proposed. This system, compared with conventional transmitters, exhibits the advantages of simple design, continuously tunable time delay and multiple order PPM capability. It is demonstrated by circuit and experimental results for both binary and quaternary PPM.      

Signal Design for Digital Multiple Access Communications

In this concise paper we examine the signal design problem associated with a multiple access communication channel in which several binary digital links are operated simultaneously over a common channel. Receiver noise is neglected but the channel is confined in dimension, so that signal crosstalk is the only source of bit errors. An encoder is assumed to exist prior to channel transmission for converting the bit waveforms from all transmitters into a common channel signal available to all receivers. The encoder selects the channel signal during each bit so as to maximize the average detection probability per bit, where the average is taken over all links and all possible bit patterns. Two classes of receivers are considered. In the first the receivers are confined to only signal correlations with the corresponding transmitter signals. In the second the encoder and receivers are matched to arbitrary signal sets. For both type receivers, optimal channel signal selection is shown to be related to minimal hamming distance mappings. Values and bounds for the resulting detection probabilities in terms of numbers of transmitters and channel dimension are reported.     

接收机畸变对辐射源指纹识别的影响

在辐射源个体识别技术应用中,接收机指纹和发射机指纹相互影响相互耦合,造成辐射源指纹库依赖于特定接收机,无法在不同接收机之间通用。针对此问题,对典型超外差接收机的滤波器、放大器畸变分量对接收信号指纹的影响进行了理论分析与实验验证。理论分析证明发射机和接收机的滤波器、放大器分量对于接收信号整体的畸变影响是等价的;实验中,利用两台超外差接收机对5台发射机进行个体识别测试验证,更换接收机前后,滤波器、放大器特征识别正确率分别从100%、95. 5%降到20%,证明了接收机畸变分量对发射机指纹识别具有严重影响。该研究成果可为后续辐射源个体识别接收机设计以及接收机畸变校正提供理论依据。     

An Effective Timing Synchronization Scheme for DHTR UWB Receivers

In performing short-distance, high-data-rate wireless communications using ultra-wideband (UWB) systems, it is necessary to reduce the average transmission power and ensure a fixed synchronization error between the transmitter and receiver ends. Furthermore, to reduce multipath interference, the UWB system should be sometimes implemented using a rake receiver. However, for such receivers, the delay time and attenuation loss over each transmitted route must be known in advance. In the present study, the complexity of rake receivers with a large number of “fingers” is reduced by means of a delay-hopped transmitted-reference (DHTR) scheme, in which the delayed signal is correlated with the original signal; thereby avoiding the need for a separate template signal. The synchronization performance of the proposed DHTR receiver is analyzed both theoretically and numerically. An effective timing synchronization scheme, designated as “parallel signal acquisition with shared looped delay-line” (PS-SLD), is then proposed. The simulation results show that for multipath environments with a single user, the proposed synchronization scheme achieves a higher detection probability and a lower normalized mean square error (MSE) than the traditional timing dirty templates (TDT) algorithm.     

Design and evaluation of scheduling algorithms for TDM/WDM PON based on RSOA

This paper presents a scalable and costeffective hybrid time division multiplexing (TDM)/wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) passive optical network (PON), in which reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers (RSOAs) are used as optical network units (ONUs) and a shared tunable laser and photoreceiver stack locate at the optical line terminal (OLT). Especially,tunable transmitters are not only shared by all ONUs, but also used for both upstream and downstream transmissions. To solve resource contention problem and provide and the ONUs, two novel algorithms are proposed to manipulate the wavelength accessibility and the burst scheduling. The performance of both algorithms in terms of the average packet end-to-end delay and throughput were simulated and evaluated.     

Probabilistic Analysis of Cyclic Packet Transmission Scheduling in WDM Optical Networks

We study the packet transmission scheduling problem with tuning delay in wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) optical communication networks with tunable transmitters and fixed-tuned receivers. By treating the numbers of packets as random variables, we conduct probabilistic analysis of the average-case performance ratio for the cyclic packet transmission scheduling algorithm. Our numerical data as well as simulation results demonstrate that the average-case performance ratio of cyclic schedules is very close to one for reasonable system configurations and probability distributions of the numbers of packets. In particular, when the number of receivers that share a channel and/or the granularity of packet transmission are large, the average-case performance ratio approaches one. Better performance can be achieved by overlapping tuning delays with packet transmission. We derive a bound for the normalized tuning delay Δ such that tuning delay can be completely masked with high probability. Our study implies that by using currently available tunable optical transceivers, it is possible to build single-hop WDM networks that efficiently utilize all the wavelengths.     

Optimizing MIMO antenna systems with channel covariance feedback

We consider a narrowband point-to-point communication system with n/sub T/ transmitters and n/sub R/ receivers. We assume the receiver has perfect knowledge of the channel, while the transmitter has no channel knowledge. We consider the case where the receiving antenna array has uncorrelated elements, while the elements of the transmitting array are arbitrarily correlated. Focusing on the case where n/sub T/=2, we derive simple analytic expressions for the ergodic average and the cumulative distribution function of the mutual information for arbitrary input (transmission) signal covariance. We then determine the ergodic and outage capacities and the associated optimal input signal covariances. We thus show how a transmitter with covariance knowledge should correlate its transmissions to maximize throughput. These results allow us to derive an exact condition (both necessary and sufficient) that determines when beamforming is optimal for systems with arbitrary number of transmitters and receivers.