Determination of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni and Zn in diets: development of a method.

A method useful for the determination of cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel and zinc in diets is described. Organic matter is destroyed applying a wet procedure, and element content is measured by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) in the case of copper, iron, manganese, nickel and zinc, and by graphite furnace (GF-AAS) in the case of cadmium, cobalt and lead. The matrix interference study is carried out. Values found for linearity, detection and quantitation limits as well as accuracy show that the described method is useful to determine the elements taken into account at usual levels in diets.     

Metal contaminants in various food colours.

Arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, nickel and zinc have been estimated in 18 permitted and 18 non-permitted food colours. Arsenic, chromium, copper and lead were found to be within the maximum allowable international limits in all the permitted colours, but they were in excess in a number of non-permitted colours. There is a case for establishing the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) of cadmium, cobalt, manganese, nickel and zinc in food colours.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测进口清酒中 20种矿物元素

目的建立进口清酒中钠、镁、铝、钾、钙、铬、锰、铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、砷、硒、锶、银、镉、钡、汞、铅20种元素的电感耦合等离子体质谱快速测定法。方法以硝酸处理进口清酒样品,通过超声排除产生的氮氧化物黄色气体,再以超纯水稀释,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱测定清酒中20种元素的含量。结果实验回收率在92.4%~109%之间,RSD为2.10%~5.92%,检出限分别为:钠、钙为1.0 mg/L,,钾为0.5 mg/L,铝、镁、铁、锌为0.1mg/L,钡为0.05 mg/L,铬、锰、钴、镍、铜、砷、硒、锶、银、镉、汞、铅为0.01 mg/L,线性范围分别为:钠、钙为3.0~200 mg/L,钾为1.5~200mg/L,铝、镁、铁和锌为0.3~10.0 mg/L,钡为0.15~10.0mg/L,铬、锰、钴、镍、铜、砷、硒、锶、银、镉和铅为0.03~10.0 mg/L,汞为0.03~0.20 mg/L。结论该检测方法操作简便、快速、灵敏度高、重新性好,适用于进口清酒样品的多元素同时检测。     

Trace metal content of chicken eggs.

Results are presented for the levels of cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel and zinc in each of 100 shelled chicken egg samples, as determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The range and mean for each of the trace metals are as follows: cadmium, n.d. to 0.03 and 0.01 parts/million; chromium, n.d. to 0.15 and 0.06 parts/million; cobalt, n.d. to 0.06 and 0.03 parts/million; copper, 0.54 to 0.88 and 0.66 parts/million; iron, 17.1 to 27.5 and 21.5 parts/million; lead, n.d. to 0.08 and 0.01 parts/million; manganese, 0.14 to 0.53 and 0.29 parts/million; mercury, 0.001 to 0.023 and 0.006 parts/million; nickel, n.d. to 0.35 and 0.04 parts/million; zinc, 10.7 to 18.4 and 14.6 parts/million. No apparent differences were observed among the different regions of the country.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定花草茶中11种金属元素

本研究应用微波消解对花草茶进行前处理,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对铬、钴、镍、铜、砷、铅、镉、锰、铁、锌、锶等11种元素进行同时测定。采用内标法,对各个元素的检出限,线性范围进行了研究,并进行了加标回收和精密度试验。结果表明:该方法简便、快速、准确,适于花草茶中多种金属元素的同时测定。     

Trace metals in flatfish from the southern Baltic, 1983

The cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, iron, manganese, and nickel concentrations have been determined in muscle tissue of 35 turbot Psetta maxima, 27 plaice Pleuronectes platessa and 103 flounders Platichthys flesus netted in 1983 in a different regions in the southern part of the Baltic Sea. The method of measurement was atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. The mean values obtained for turbot, plaice and flounder were 0.012, 0.009 and 0.013 for cadmium, 0.16, 0.17 and 0.12 for lead, 0.15, 0.14 and 0.18 for copper, 5.0, 4.5 and 4.4 for zinc, 2.2, 1.9 and 3.4 for iron, 0.14, 0.087 and 0.14 for manganese, and 0.24, 0.19 and 0.14 for nickel (mg/kg wet weight), respectively. The contents of cadmium and lead in muscles of flatfish examined appear to be generally low and poses no threat for human consumption.     

不同浓度海水灌溉对库拉索芦荟中微量元素的影响

采用原子吸收分光光度法分析了不同浓度海水灌溉的3年生库拉索芦荟中Ca、Mg、Na、K、Mn、Zn、Fe、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd、Cr共12种微量元素的含量。试验发现:各元素在芦荟中的含量差异较大,其中,Ca、Mg、Na、K含量丰富,Mn、Zn、Fe含量中等,而有毒重金属离子Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd、Cr含量很低;无论是凝胶还是全叶中,海水浓度对库拉索芦荟中Ca、Mn元素的影响很大,对其他各种元素的影响不大,但Cd离子的含量随海水灌溉浓度的升高呈略微上升趋势。     

Trace metal content of various cured meats.

Results are presented for the levels of chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, nickel and zinc in 190 cured meat samples. The average and range of each of the trace metals, in parts per million, are as follows: chromium 0.06 (n.d.-1.27); cobalt 0.06 (n.d.-0.41); copper 0.73 (n.d.-1.80); iron 16.6 (4.0–52.4); manganese 0.26 (0.01–1.15); nickel 0.19 (n.d.-1.04); zinc 24.2 (6.9–56.6).     

Variation in heavy metals and microelements in South African medicinal plants obtained from street markets

South African medicinal plants are traditionally harvested from a wide range of undisclosed locations by plant gatherers. Thus, there is a risk that plant material may be exposed to a variety of pollutants. The variation in five heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, nickel, and lead) and six essential elements (boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc) was determined in commonly used South African medicinal plants obtained from street markets. Elemental content was determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometry. The reliability of the procedure was ensured by analysing a certified reference material. Medicinal plant samples contained arsenic and cadmium at levels exceeding the World Health Organization limits of 1 and 0.3 mg kg(-1) respectively. Lead and nickel were detected in all samples. Elevated iron and manganese levels were recorded in certain plant species. Multiple metal contamination of parts of medicinal plants gives grounds for concern. This study emphasizes the unsafe consequences of the South African practice of collecting medicinal plants from undisclosed locations and making these readily available to the public.     

Variation in heavy metals and microelements in South African medicinal plants obtained from street markets

South African medicinal plants are traditionally harvested from a wide range of undisclosed locations by plant gatherers. Thus, there is a risk that plant material may be exposed to a variety of pollutants. The variation in five heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, nickel, and lead) and six essential elements (boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc) was determined in commonly used South African medicinal plants obtained from street markets. Elemental content was determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometry. The reliability of the procedure was ensured by analysing a certified reference material. Medicinal plant samples contained arsenic and cadmium at levels exceeding the World Health Organization limits of 1 and 0.3 mg kg^?1 respectively. Lead and nickel were detected in all samples. Elevated iron and manganese levels were recorded in certain plant species. Multiple metal contamination of parts of medicinal plants gives grounds for concern. This study emphasizes the unsafe consequences of the South African practice of collecting medicinal plants from undisclosed locations and making these readily available to the public.     

吉林省部分市售小麦粉中20种金属元素的含量分析

目的研究吉林省部分市售小麦粉中Fe、Ag、Al、As、Ba、Be、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Sb、Se、Tl、V、Zn、U等20种金属元素的含量情况,有助于摸清小麦粉中各元素的本底及污染情况,为吉林省食品安全监管提供科学依据。方法收集吉林省9市州样本共计72份,用微波消解前处理-电感耦合等离子体质谱(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)测定样品中各元素含量。结果检测72份小麦粉中20种金属元素,除Be、Ag、Sb、TI、U 5种元素未检出外,其余各元素的检出平均值依次为Fe(11.1mg/kg)、Zn(5.77 mg/kg)、Mn(5.12 mg/kg)、Al(3.33 mg/kg)、Cu(1.36 mg/kg)、Ba(0.59 mg/kg)、Mo(0.23 mg/kg)、Co(0.16 mg/kg)、Cr(0.10 mg/kg)、Ni(0.080 mg/kg)、Se(0.075 mg/kg)、Pb(0.027 mg/kg)、V(0.025 mg/kg)、As(0.021 mg/kg)、Cd(0.013 mg/kg)。Cr、As、Cd、Pb含量合格率100%。结论小麦粉中金属元素未发现有超标现象,可以正常食用,对于元素铅的普遍检出问题及个别样品中铅检出值较高问题应引起重视。     

Trace metals in cod from the southern Baltic, 1983

The cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, iron, manganese, and nickel concentrations have been determined in muscle tissue of 201 cod (Gadus morhua) netted in 1983 in different regions in the southern part of the Baltic Sea. The method of measurement was atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mean values obtained related to wet weight (mg/kg) for cod muscle tissue were: 0.005 Cd, 0.086 Pb, 0.15 Cu, 3.9 Zn, 3.7 Fe, 0.21 Mn, and 0.081 Ni. The results are compared with values reported previously for cod from the Baltic Sea by other authors.     

微波消解-连续光源原子吸收法快速顺序测定枸杞果中的6种金属元素

建立一种微波消解-连续光源原子吸收法快速测定枸杞果中金属元素的新方法。通过微波消解快速处理样品,用连续光源原子吸收法同时顺序测定枸杞果中的铁、锌、铜、锰、镉、铅6种金属元素,并对仪器使用条件、金属元素含量、精密度、检出限、回收率等进行研究。结果表明：方法检出限为0.006070～0.04975μg/L,RSD为1.5%～5.0%,回收率为86.68%～111.7%。该法用于枸杞中6种金属元素的同时顺序测定,具有快速、简便、成本低廉等特点,分析结果令人满意。     

Cadmium, mercury, iron, copper, manganese and zinc in the liver and kidney of the Icelandic lamb

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels of cadmium, mercury, iron, copper, manganese and zinc in lamb liver and kidney from six areas in Iceland and to compare the results against aerial deposition data for the same elements obtained using moss as an indicator organism. The total number of samples was 96 for each organ. Cadmium was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry, mercury by coldvapour atomic absorption, and iron, copper, manganese and zinc by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry. Analysis of variance determined significance differences among means for areas, and Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to study correlation among trace elements in liver and kidney. The mean fresh weight concentrations in lamb liver and kidney respectively were 0.045 and 0.058mg kg -1 for cadmium, 0.009 and 0.012mgkg -1 for mercury, 141 and 52.7mgkg -1 for iron, 28.1 and 2.89mgkg -1 for copper, 4.01 and 1.13mgkg -1 for manganese and 48.7 and 25.2mgkg -1 for zinc. Concentrations of cadmium, mercury and copper in the liver and kidney of the Icelandic lamb were low compared with data from other countries. Iron concentrations in the organs, however, were high. No sample exceeded 46% of the proposed maximum level for cadmium in organs for human consumption in the EC. Cadmium, mercury, iron and copper in the liver and kidney differed significantly between areas. Deposition of cadmium and copper in moss was not a useful indicator in the evaluation of the susceptibility of the Icelandic lamb to accumulation of cadmium and cop per. However, iron levels in Icelandic lamb liver showed the same pattern as results for iron from the moss study. The cadmium and mercury levels of organs from lambs grazing in the vicinity of Mount Hekla a few months after its eruption did not indicate a significant contamination from volcanic activity.     

Trace metals in herring from the southern Baltic, 1983

The cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, iron, manganese and nickel concentrations have been determined in muscle tissue of 187 herring (Clupea harengus) netted in different regions in the southern part of the Baltic Sea. The method of measurement was atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. The mean values obtained related to wet weight (mg/kg) for herring muscle tissue were: 0.009 Cd, 0.079 Pb, 0.49 Cu, 9.2 Zn, 9.9 Fe, 0.19 Mn and 0.10 Ni. Some differences in the concentration of particular trace metals between herring stocks sampled have been observed. The mean content of cadmium and lead in muscles of herring examined were below recommended tolerance levels of 0.05-2.0 and 0.5-2.0 mg/kg, respectively. A small number of herring contained cadmium in their muscles at a concentration above 0.05 mg/kg. The results are compared with values reported previously for Baltic herring by other authors.     

Determination of metal contaminations in sea foods from Marmara,Aegean and Mediterranean seas: Twelve fish species

The concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc were determined by ICP-AES in muscles and livers of 12 fish species sampled from the Marmara, Aegean and Mediterranean seas of Turkey. Iron showed the highest levels in examined tissues of all fish species. Following Fe, Zn generally showed the second highest levels. Metal concentrations in edible parts of fish species were 0.02–0.37 mg kg⁻¹ for cadmium, 0.04–0.41 mg kg⁻¹ for cobalt, 0.04–1.75 mg kg⁻¹ for chromium, 0.32–6.48  mg kg⁻¹ for copper, 7.46–40.1 mg kg⁻¹ for iron, 0.10–0.99  mg kg⁻¹ for manganese, 0.02–3.97 mg kg⁻¹ for nickel, 0.33–0.86 mg kg⁻¹ for lead, 4.49–11.2 mg kg⁻¹ for zinc, respectively. All metal concentrations in livers were higher than those in muscles. In some stations, cadmium and chromium concentrations in both muscles and livers, and lead levels in livers of the examined species were higher than permissible safety levels for human uses.     

Some physicochemical properties and mineral contents of stirred yoghurts containing different fruit marmalades

In this study chemical properties and mineral levels of yoghurts containing different fruit marmalades were investigated. Cherry laurel, loquat fruit and kiwi marmalade were used to make the stirred yoghurts, and the calcium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, boron, lead, nickel, molybdenum, chromium, cadmium, cobalt levels were determined by an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP–OES). The total solid, fat, ash, pH, viscosity and syneresis contents of the yoghurt samples changed between 13.85–21.02%, 2.45–2.90%, 0.82–0.94%, 4.11–4.22, 2104–2454 cP and 42.0–47.0 mL/100 g, respectively. The mean concentrations in the yoghurts of these minerals were 104.66–118.94 calcium, 95.81–112.42 phosphorus and 13.47–15.04 magnesium as mg/100 g, 235.00–254.00 iron, 429.00–453.00 zinc and 70.45–122.90 copper as μg/100 g. The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) was calculated on the basis of the intake of one yoghurt portion (125 g).     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定小麦粉13种重金属元素

为建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定小麦粉13种重金属元素含量的方法,以4种小麦粉为试材,用微波消解法对样品进行前处理,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪进行测定。结果表明:该方法检出限为0.022~0.670 μg/L,各元素标准曲线相关系数高于0.9992,相关性良好;元素加标回收率在88.00%~107.38%之间;4种样品Al、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Se的检出平均值在0.004~8.615 mg/kg之间,Ag、Cr、As检出值分别为0.186、0.142、0.015 mg/kg,Cd、Pb均未检出,盲检样所检出元素含量均在所给定范围内。该法具有检测快捷、灵敏度高、精确度良好、结果准确的特点,可为小麦粉重金属检测提供参考。     

Heavy metals in three commercially valuable fish species from İskenderun Bay,Northern East Mediterranean Sea,Turkey

Concentrations of cadmium, iron, lead, zinc, copper, manganese, nickel, chromium, cobalt and aluminum were determined in three commercially valuable fish species, Saurida undosquamis, Sparus aurata, Mullus barbatus, from İskenderun Bay in August 2003. The concentration of metals was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Concentrations of the heavy metals in examined fish species ranged as follows: Cd 0.01–4.16; Fe 0.82–27.35; Pb 0.09–6.95; Zn 0.60–11.57; Cu 0.04–5.43; Mn 0.05–4.64; Ni 0.11–12.88; Cr 0.07–6.46; Co 0.03–5.61; Al 0.02–5.41 mg kg⁻¹ dry weight, respectively. The concentration of metals was significantly affected by the sampling site and fish species. Heavy metals in the edible parts of the investigated fish were in the permissible safety levels for human uses.     

Dietary exposure estimates of 30 elements from the UK Total Diet Study

Dietary exposures of consumers to 30 elements (aluminium, antimony, arsenic, barium, bismuth, boron, cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, germanium, gold, iridium, iron, lead, lithium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, selenium, strontium, thallium, tin and zinc) estimated from the UK 1994 Total Diet Study are reported, and compared with those from previous UK Total Diet Studies and those from other countries. Dietary exposure estimates were generally low and, where comparisons are possible, similar to those from other countries and below the relevant Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes and Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intakes. For most of those elements included in previous UK Total Diet Studies, dietary exposures have declined.