基于可靠性的电力系统设备备用规划方法

提出基于可靠性的电力系统设备备用规划方法。它对设备可修复失效和老化失效2个模式均进行了模拟。讨论了2个备用分析方法:基于设备组可靠性判据和基于概率费用模型。2个方法可以互相配合,并整合成统一的步骤。用提出的方法所获得的设备备用方案,包括在长期规划期间应购置的备用设备数量和每个备用设备投入的时间。它也能提供短期的设备备用方案。它还能对设备备用方案进行概率的效益/成本分析,因而可以在决策中对其经济上的合理性提供定量的判断。用16台变压器组成的变压器组为例解释了方法的细节,这是在加拿大BCTC公司的一个实际应用。例子中得到2个长期和2个短期变压器备用方案,并对这些方案的可靠性水平和效益/成本比作了比较。所提出的方法和计算步骤能够应用到任何电力系统设备的备用规划。     

A new method for evaluation of the load transfer capability of trunk power networks

Today, a more effective power network is a key solution to the right‐of‐way problem in terms of transmission cost reduction. Various advanced techniques and planning methods are currently adopted in power utilities for this purpose. So far, the authors have presented two approaches for the rational coordination of transfer capability with transmission reliability. One is a method for numerical evaluation of the increase in critical transferable power resulting from lightning countermeasures on a long transmission route. The other is an index of the system margin to be uniformly allocated in a power system from the adequacy point of view. This paper proposes a new concept of system margin from the dynamic stability point of view and a new definition of probabilistic load transfer capability, both aiming for quantitative evaluation of power system alternative plans. Several different fault patterns have been taken into account, with their associated occurrence frequency and critical transferable power. These proposals are applicable to the practices of power utilities in conjunction with the conventional planning methods. This paper also illustrates numerical examples of the proposed methods as applied to a 500‐kV trunk model power system. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 128(1): 17–25, 1999     

储能对大比例可再生能源接入电网的调频价值分析

储能可以缓解高比例可再生能源接入电网对电力系统规划、运行等带来的一系列影响。针对高比例可再生能源接入条件下大电网的频率控制问题,分别对储能在改善系统暂态频率稳定性以及改善系统一次和二次调频方面的价值,提出储能需求判据和容量配比分析方法。储能配置的大小与可再生能源接入比例、在线常规电源提供的转动惯量大小、系统暂态频率最低值等因素有关,针对高比例可再生能源引起的系统波动性问题,可以通过配置一定的储能跟踪系统净负荷1 min、10 min波动幅度,改善系统频率控制性能。     

Features that influence composite power system reliability worthassessment

Reliability worth assessment using customer interruption costs is an important element in electric power system planning and operation. This paper deals with two features that affect the composite generation-transmission system reliability worth assessment. One feature is the incorporation of temporal variations in the cost of interruption. This paper illustrates the effect on the expected annual system outage cost of temporal variation in the interruption costs for the residential, agricultural, industrial, commercial and large user sectors. The other aspect considered in this paper is using a probability distribution approach to represent the cost of interruption model. The conventional customer damage function approach utilizes average customer costs while the probability distribution approach recognizes the dispersed nature of the customer outage data. These two methods of cost evaluation are applied to reliability worth assessment in this paper. A sequential Monte Carlo approach incorporating time varying loads is used to conduct all the studies. Case studies performed on two composite test systems show that incorporating time varying costs of interruption for the industrial sector resulted in a significant reduction in the expected outage cost. A comparison of the reliability worth obtained using the customer damage function method (CDF) with the probability distribution approach suggests that using the CDF method may significantly undervalue the reliability worth by a factor of three to four     

基于可靠性成本- 效益分析的电网规划

传统电网规划是以电网的直接投资费用最小为目标来满足一定可靠度的电网规划。电网规划的目的是保证电网的供电可靠性,而没有考虑由于电网的扩展所产生的经济效益,这样规划出的电网并不能获得最佳的社会效益。该文通过引入缺电成本,将可靠性与经济性结合在一起,在此基础上提出了一种新的电网规划成本-效益分析方法与数学模型,该方法将缺电成本作为供电总成本的重要组成部分,并且用缺电成本的大小来衡量可靠性效益的高低,将规划的可靠性成本与可靠性效益统一在对电网的经济性评估上。对规划方案进行了分析和评价,进一步完善了成本-效益分析方     

Dynamic transmission planning using a constrained genetic algorithm

A new, accurate and efficient model for long range transmission planning is developed in this paper. The model applies a constrained genetic algorithm where the system stability constraints, in terms of upper and lower limits on the system bus voltage magnitudes and swing angles, are easily included. The accurate ac load flow equations are also included in the algorithm. An accurate cost function for the transmission system is formulated where both fixed and variable costs for all planned facilities are included, in addition to the cost of energy losses. The cost function is then minimized, subject to system constraints, using a constrained genetic algorithm. The model is capable of handling both static mode of planning, as well as the dynamic mode of planning accurately and not as a series of statically build-up plans. The IEEE 6-bus test system is used to test and justify the applicability of the new developed model.     

市场环境下基于Benders分解的输电网规划决策

市场条件下,由于不确定因素对市场经济运行的影响,输电网的扩展规划必须考虑发电公司和用户的需求,减缓输电系统阻塞,促进市场的公平竞争。首先以电力联营市场模式为研究背景,针对不确定因素作用下可能的未来场景,基于最优潮流的输电网边际定价模型,提出了以投资成本和运行成本为优化目标的输电网静态规划模型;然后基于奔德斯(B enders)分解算法先求解出各个典型场景下输电网规划优化方案,再根据决策理论中的最小最大悔则进行多场景规划决策;最后在IEEE-24节点系统上进行了仿真计算。与确定性输电网规划方法相比,该模型计及了电网规划与经济运行中不确定因素的影响,从而能更有效地指导市场环境下输电网规划综合决策,提高规划系统经济性能。     

Value-Based Transmission Expansion Planning of Hydrothermal Systems Under Uncertainty

Transmission planning studies in hydrothermal systems deal with complex issues. Two include 1) the need for a robust grid that can accommodate a large number of economic dispatch patterns caused by differing hydrological conditions in the river basins and 2) the high cost of grid reinforcements due to the large distance from hydro plants to load centers and the required N-l security criterion. It is thus necessary to consider the tradeoff between supply reliability and reinforcement cost. The resulting planning problem is formulated as a large-scale mixed integer nonlinear optimization model. The objective function is to minimize the sum of investment costs and expected load-shedding costs. The constraints include linearized power flow equations, limits on circuit flows for all combinations of economic dispatch points (which capture hydrological variation), and circuit contingencies (which capture supply reliability). This paper describes a new solution scheme for this problem that is based on two techniques: 1) the extension of a binary disjunctive technique, which transforms the integer nonlinear problem into a linear one and 2) screening strategies, which allow a judicious choice of contingencies and candidate circuits. Planning studies for Brazil and Bolivia are presented and discussed.     

基于主从博弈的多主体投资多微网系统优化配置

随着越来越多微电网协同运行,微网与微网间、微网与配网间电能交互过程愈发复杂,同时也影响着微网运营商及配网运营商的投资利益。为了探索两者间联合投资的最佳规划策略,提出一种基于主从博弈的多主体投资多微网系统优化配置方法。首先,在多微网系统模型基础上,构建考虑多微电网运营商运行成本、经济收益,以及配电网运营商投资微电网成本、延缓配电网升级及售购电收益的函数模型。然后,分别以多微网系统支付函数最小和配网收益最大为目标建立主从博弈模型,并提出自适应遗传算法与粒子群算法相结合的算法,求解多微网系统分布式电源最优配置。最后,通过4组方案进行对比实验,证明了所提规划方法能更好地平衡多微网运营商和配网运营商间的收益。     

基于LCC的风火电打捆发电系统多阶段优化规划模型

风火电打捆是解决大规模风电异地消纳的有效手段,而风火电打捆发电系统规划周期长,受资金限制,系统通常分多个阶段依次投产,常规打捆系统规划模型无法适用于该情形。鉴于此,提出一种基于全寿命周期成本(LCC)的风火电打捆发电系统多阶段优化规划模型。模型充分考虑发电机组的全寿命周期成本,以系统总收益最大为目标,考虑系统售电收益、燃料成本、环境成本、维护成本、可靠性成本、火电机组投资成本和机组折余价值。为更加合理地表征风能时序相关性和随机性,建立风能时序概率模型,并利用随机生产模拟技术计算系统的燃料成本、环境成本和可靠性成本。模型采用多种群并行进化遗传算法求解,通过算例分析证明了模型的有效性。     

考虑电转气的电-气耦合系统协同优化规划方法

以燃气机组和电转气(P2G)设施构成的电力-天然气耦合系统提高了不同能源系统的互动性。为实现规划年耦合系统的安全经济运行,文中提出了以年投资成本、年运行成本之和最小为目标的考虑P2G的电-气耦合系统优化规划方法。该优化方法可得到规划年燃气机组、P2G厂站、电力线路、燃气管道的投建状态和典型日燃气机组、P2G厂站的最优出力。然后,基于所提方法对7节点天然气和9节点电力系统进行不同场景的建模计算。最后,免疫算法解算结果表明,P2G厂站位置的合理规划可降低天然气网络管道的建设成本,燃气机组和P2G厂站的出力调整可降低系统的运行成本。     

Distributed nature of residential customer outage costs

Reliability worth assessment is an important factor in power system planning and operation. An equally important issue is how to use customer costs of electric supply interruptions as surrogates to appropriately quantify reliability worth. Postal or in-person surveys of electric customers are often used to determine interruption costs. The results obtained from the surveys are transformed into customer damage functions which are applicable to individual customer classes and sectors. Standard customer damage functions use aggregate or average customer costs for selected outage durations. This paper develops a practical alternative to the customer damage function method of describing the interruption cost data. The alternate technique, which is designated as the probability distribution approach, is capable of recognizing the dispersed nature of the data. The proposed probability distribution method is illustrated in this paper using the interruption cost data collected in a 1991 survey of the Canadian residential sector     

Power system operating cost and committed generation capacityplanning

A realistic simulation model is presented for the evaluation of generating units variable cost and the cost of undelivered energy, taking into account existing limitations and uncertainties. A criterion for committed capacity reserve planning is also suggested, aimed at minimizing the total power system operating cost. The model and the committed capacity reserve planning criterion are applied to the IEEE RTS, for demonstration purposes     

考虑㶲损失的三联供系统容量配置与运行模式研究

节能减排一直是世界各国持续关注的热点问题,综合能源三联供系统因其具有更高的一次能源利用率而被广泛应用。针对综合能源三联供系统的容量配置和运行模式规划问题,提出考虑(火用)损失的综合性能指标作为优化的目标函数,从高效、低碳、经济三个方面进行综合优化。以燃气轮机的容量和运行模式为设计变量,建立综合能源三联供系统容量配置与运行模式研究模型。将此方法应用到某宾馆建筑的联供系统进行分析,研究结果为：燃气轮机的最佳容量为200 kW,热电结合是最优的运行模式。在该模式下综合能源三联供系统较传统供能系统(火用)损失率降低3.5%,年综合碳排量减少593.7 t,年经济成本节约29.8万元。该方法能够全面、客观地分析某容量、某种运行模式下的系统性能,为解决联供系统的运行规划问题提供参考。     

A new Optimal reactive power planning based on Differential Search Algorithm

This paper proposes a new multi-level methodology based on the optimal reactive power planning. The developed methodology is designed to solve the problem of the non-feasibility solution of the fuel cost minimization problem (for a given operating point) where the classical method such as interior point method (IPM) is applied. The proposed solution to solve this problem is based on the application of the optimal reactive power planning problem considering voltage stability as the initial solution of the fuel cost minimization problem. To improve the latter the load voltage deviation problem is applied to improve the system voltage profile. For à good result improvement, the reactive power planning problem and the load voltage deviation minimization problems are solved using a new optimization method namely the Differential Search Algorithm (DSA). Moreover, the fuel cost minimization problem is solved using IPM. To identify the candidate placements of compensation devices for the optimal reactive power planning problem, a new voltage stability index namely: The Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI) is used. The methodology has been tested with the equivalent Algerian power system network, and the simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach to improve the reactive power planning problem and to minimize the system voltage deviation.     

期望效用模型在电源投资规划中的应用

针对电源规划过程中的各种可行方案,因其方案的寿命期及投产年限的不相同,在规划年末它们将可能具有不同的剩余使用年限,为了便于比较,运用净年值法对各种可行方案进行经济性评价。在收益估算中考虑了不同的融资结构对方案的比选所产生的影响,并考虑了资金的融资成本,以及不同的融资方式对方案经济性的影响,同时引入了机会成本,特别是对自有资金来讲,如若不考虑其机会成本必然使得对方案的收益估计偏大,这与实际情况不符,易导致过度投资。结合决策者对待风险的不同偏好态度,构造了效用函数,确定效用曲线,并以期望效用最大作为最终的决策依据。为进一步减小决策失误和更加有效的规避风险,还可以测得多人的效用值后进行加权平均。最后通过算例证实这一算法的可行性。     

电力市场中基于机组可靠性的容量成本分摊

针对以往投资方不承担任何容量投资风险,只要投资办电就一定盈利的局面,利用经济学概念的长期边际成本方法计算容量成本,提出了电力市场环境下计及机组可靠性的容量成本分摊方法和数学模型,在容量成本分摊中适度引入了竞争机制。算例表明,这种方法可以在不同时段各类机组间合理分摊容量成本,并能够刺激发电厂提高其机组的可靠性水平。     

A fast solution method for multiobjective optimal power flow using an interactive approach

In modern industrialized societies, it is mandatory to provide an uninterrupted supply of high-quality electric energy at modest cost while promoting a better environment. This can only be realized through very sophisticated power system operations that compromise several contradictory factors, namely, economy, security and environment. Since these factors are in trade-off relationships to each other, they should be analyzed appropriately. One class of problems that simultaneously satisfy several criteria in trade-off relationships is called “multiobjective optimization problems.” Optimal power flow (OPF) has been regarded as the most powerful means to obtain effective system operation plans since it only optimizes a single objective function. This paper proposes an efficient solution methodology for a class of multiobjective optimal power flow problems which makes use of a heuristic search method. An optimal solution can be found in the proposed heuristic search method based on local information about a preference index, which is chosen arbitrarily from a given set of objectives. This circumvents the exhaustive evaluation of all noninferior solutions needed in the existing multiobjective OPF algorithm proposed by the authors, thus dramatically reducing the solution time. The proposed method has been coded and applied to the IEEE 57 node test system. Simulation results have demonstrated the possibility of utilizing this method in on-line environments.     

Stochastic unit commitment problem considering risk constraints and its improved GA‐based solution method

This paper proposes a model of the stochastic unit commitment (SUC) problem, which takes account of the uncertainty of electric power demand and its resulting risk, and its solution method based on an improved genetic algorithm (IGA). The uncertainty of electric power demand is modeled using a set of scenarios which are introduced by scenario analysis. The variance, which measures the dispersion of generation costs of unit commitment schedule under each scenario around the expected generation cost, is used as a measure of risk. Based on the expected returns–variance of returns (E–V) rule in the theory of portfolio analysis, a utility function is devised by appending the variance of the expected generation cost into the original expected generation cost function, with consideration of the risk attitude of the generation companies and power exchange centers. The objective of this optimization problem is to minimize the utility function. The proposed IGA is used to solve this NP‐hard optimization problem. Based on numerical examples, the superiority of the IGA‐based solution method is verified through comparison with a traditional GA‐based solution method. Optimal schedules of SUC, as well as the expected costs and variances, are compared with/without risk constraints, and with different risk attitudes. Test results show that, in solving the SUC problem, it is necessary to consider the electric power demand uncertainty and its resulting risk, as well as the risk attitude of the decision maker. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

含能效电厂的电力系统生产模拟

随着各地能效电厂建设的全面展开,在进行电力规划或电力系统运行分析时,应考虑能效电厂带来的影响。文中简要介绍了利用等效电量函数法进行电力系统随机生产模拟的原理,同时,阐述了能效电厂的概念,重点介绍了能效电厂的容量、分类、出力曲线、成本费用等相关概念,以及各类能效电厂参与电力系统生产模拟时的处理方法和能效电厂参与电力系统生产模拟的计算流程,并通过算例对电力系统中引入能效电厂的影响进行了定量分析和计算。