气泡群振荡及噪声数值模拟研究

针对水中气泡群振荡及辐射噪声问题,基于均质混合流模型,考虑气泡动力学作用,建立数学模型;并采用拉格朗日有限体积法,对气泡群振荡过程及辐射噪声进行数值模拟。重点研究了初始气泡半径、含气率及气泡群尺度等对振荡辐射噪声的影响。结果表明,随着初始含气率、气泡群尺度增大,气泡辐射噪声频率逐渐减小、声压幅值逐渐增大即声强增大;初始气泡半径对辐射噪声频率影响较小,但声压幅值随其增大而减小。     

存在内外质量交换的声空化泡动力学模型

对于空化微气泡的动力学研究多基于气泡内外无质量交换的Rayleigh模型。考虑了气泡内外的物质交换,泡内气体分子数量,即气泡平衡半径成为变量,进而将Rayleigh模型推广到有质量交换的情形。通过数值计算,获得稳定平衡半径,以及它与驱动声压的相关性。结果表明:在低声压驱动下,气泡稳定平衡半径随驱动声压增大而减小;而在高声压下,气泡稳定平衡半径随驱动声压增大而增大,稳定平衡半径-声压曲线存在一个转折点。     

超声作用下刚性壁面附近的双气泡脉动

在实际应用时,空化泡可能位于刚性壁附近。对刚性壁附近的空化泡脉动进行研究有利于更好地利用声空化。文章研究了刚性壁附近双气泡的动力学规律。研究结果表明,当两气泡与刚性壁距离相同时,气泡与壁之间的距离越大,刚性壁对辐射声波的反射越小,气泡脉动时能够达到的最大半径与最小半径的比值(即压缩比)也越大。若改变单个气泡与刚性壁的距离,则当两个气泡距离接近时,位置固定的气泡压缩比会减小。增大单个气泡的平衡半径,会使得两气泡脉动时的压缩比变小。此外,文章还对两气泡间距固定情况下,气泡压缩比与两气泡中心连线和壁面所成夹角之间的关系进行了讨论。     

离心铸造液态金属充型流动过程中气泡的形核规律

对离心力场作用下液态金属充型流动过程中气体的溶解度、气泡的形核条件、形核功、临界形核半径以及形核率进行了定量研究.结果表明,在离心力场作用下气体的溶解度是一个梯度量,随着离心半径和离心角速度的增大而增大;气泡的形核功和临界形核半径也随着离心半径和离心角速度的增大而增大,而气泡的形核率相应地减小;离心半径和离心角速度越大,对气体溶解度和气泡形核的影响越明显;因此,在离心力场作用下可通过提高离心旋转角速度和离心半径减少气孔缺陷.     

水下爆炸气泡脉动的数值研究磁

利用AUTODYN软件模拟PETN药柱和TNT球形装药水下爆炸气泡脉动的过程,分析了脉动周期与最大半径随装药量、爆炸深度的变化规律。结果表明：当炸药所处的爆炸深度一定时,气泡膨胀最大半径与初始半径的比值、气泡脉动周期与初始半径的比值均为一个定值;一定质量的TNT装药水下爆炸时,气泡最大半径随爆炸深度呈指数形式变化且该变化规律与装药量无关;在不考虑重力的影响下,装药的爆炸深度一定时,当装药的初始半径成倍增加时,气泡脉动最大半径亦成相同倍数增加。     

箱形梁在水下近距非接触爆炸作用下的整体毁伤研究

为了研究舰船在水下近场爆炸作用下的整体毁伤模式,根据相似原则设计了两种箱形梁模型,将TNT炸药置于模型中部正下方爆炸,通过改变爆距和药量来研究试验模型在不同爆炸工况下的整体运动特性,并利用高速摄影仪观察模型的动态响应过程.试验研究发现:在梁模型一阶湿频率与气泡脉动频率相近的条件下,气泡脉动会激起结构明显的整体弯曲运动;当爆距与最大气泡半径之比为1～1.5时,梁结构会发生中垂破坏,形成一个或两个塑性绞;当爆距与最大气泡半径之比为2～4时,梁结构会发生鞭状运动响应;水下爆炸气泡对水面结构的整体毁伤作用大于初始冲击波。     

水合物分解的噪声研究

海洋中水合物在分解后会形成大量气泡并向外辐射噪声信号。基于水合物分解的特点,建立了适用于描述水合物分解的非理想气泡的振动模型,并通过数值方法分别对辐射噪声的频率和辐射声压做了仿真模拟。结合测量二氧化碳水解噪声的实验数据,对分解得到的不同半径气泡辐射噪声频率和声压做了统计分析。结果表明,理论模型与实验结果吻合较好,该研究对监测水合物的泄漏分解等具有重要的意义。     

气泡穿出织物层的实验分析

为了消除热压成型过程中的气泡, 初步研究了气泡从织物层中穿出的形态变化过程, 从压力的角度分析了气泡穿出的驱动力, 同时探讨了外加压力、树脂粘度、气泡大小、网格面积以及铺层层数等对气泡穿出行为的影响。研究结果表明, 气泡主要随着树脂的流动而从织物中穿出的; 对于同一大小的气泡, 树脂粘度越低、铺层层数越少、网格面积越大, 气泡穿出所需的外加临界压力越小; 当树脂粘度和外加压力一定时, 大气泡比小气泡更容易从织物中穿出。该研究结果为热压成型过程中气泡运动模型的建立提供了实验依据。      

近场水下爆炸气泡与目标尺寸匹配关系研究

为了探究不同尺寸结构与气泡的相互作用机理，开展了2.5 g TNT在边长为20 cm、40 cm和70 cm固支方板底部15 cm处起爆的水下爆炸实验，通过观察实验高速录像以及传感器测得的压力数据结果得到：板的尺寸过小时，气泡在膨胀过程中会与空气接触，使得气泡脉动过程终止。为进一步探究爆炸气泡与目标尺寸的匹配关系，采用Abaqus软件中的CEL算法，固支方板以拉格朗日网格建立，其余部分以欧拉网格建立，对近场水下爆炸气泡的动力学行为以及压力数据进行数值模拟，通过将仿真结果与实验拍摄到的气泡现象与测得的压力时程曲线做对比验证了仿真方法的可行性。以爆炸深度除以最大气泡半径为比深度，以板的边长除以最大气泡半径为边长，接着开展了板边长为0.455到3.182倍最大理论气泡半径、爆距为0.455到1.136倍最大理论气泡半径的系列仿真。仿真结果表明：随着板尺寸的减小，气泡越容易提前溃散；以无量纲板尺寸和无量纲爆深为变量给出能否形成一个完成气泡脉动的分界函数；爆距与板尺寸距离分界线越近，气泡脉动结束时间越早。     

实现泡沫幕高效干扰的气泡结构参数要求

特种泡沫幕干扰实验研究中发现,构成泡沫幕的气泡半径越小,泡沫幕的干扰效果越好.本文通过探讨气泡半径、气泡液层厚度等结构参数对气泡中电磁波全反射发生概率的影响,从理论上解释了上述现象的成因,并建立了气泡结构性能参数指标η;据此提出了优化泡沫幕干扰性能的实用方法,并预测到该方法潜在的干扰性能退化风险,为彻底消除这一风险分析得出了关于η的可行值域.     

刚性壁面附近多空化泡辐射噪声的研究

对空化泡在刚性壁面附近溃灭过程中的辐射声场进行研究,并得出刚性壁面附近单空泡、双空泡的辐射声压分布。研究表明由于刚性壁面的影响使得空化泡的辐射声场表现出一定的指向性。双空泡辐射声压分布还与空泡崩溃时间、空泡之间距离以及空化泡初始半径有关。在考虑到声压相位叠加时,待测点处的辐射声压依赖于空泡的声压幅值[p]和两空泡到观察点的声程差[Δ1=l12sinθ1]和[Δ2=l22sinθ2]。计算过程及结果为刚性壁面附近的空化计算提供依据,并为多泡空化的辐射声场分析提供理论依据,有助于修正空化泡的运动方程。     

Oscillatory interaction between bubbles and confining microvessels and its implications on clinical vascular injuries of shock-wave lithotripsy

This paper presents a detailed study of the oscillation characteristics of a bubble confined inside a deformable microvessel, whose size is comparable with the bubble size. The vessel's compliance is characterized by a nonlinear relation between the intraluminal pressure and the expansion ratio of the vessel radius, which represents the variation of the vessel stiffness with the pressure of the filling liquid. In this analysis, an initially spherical bubble evolves into an ellipsoid, and the asymmetric oscillation appears immediately after the driving pressure is applied and magnifies with oscillation cycles. Compared with the symmetric oscillation in an unconstrained environment, the vessel constraint makes the bubble contract significantly more and subsequently expand in a more violent rebound, inducing substantially larger peaks of the intraluminal pressure exerted on the vessel wall. A larger initial bubble/vessel radius ratio leads to not only a larger peak but also a higher oscillation frequency of the intraluminal pressure, which are the two most dominating parameters in determining the vessel's failure under cyclic loading. The numerical results have further shown that an increase of the vessel wall stiffness strengthens the asymmetric effect, i.e., a larger peak of the intraluminal pressure with a higher oscillation frequency, and so does a larger pre-existing pressure in the liquid filling the vessel. These findings imply that the asymmetric effect is one of the primary mechanisms for clinical injuries of capillary and small blood vessels and for the higher risk of pediatric and hypertension patients in shock wave lithotripsy.     

Simulation of bubble motion in a compressible liquid based on the three dimensional wave equation

A simulation model for bubble motion in a compressible liquid is developed based on the linear wave equation. At the initial stage, the bubble is assumed to be spherical and the wave equation is simplified as a one dimensional ordinary equation in the radial direction through the prophase approximation. When time becomes much larger than that required for a disturbance to travel across the bubble at the speed of the sound, the obtained integral equation is approximated by keeping the term of the first order in terms of the characteristic Mach number, through the anaphase approximation. An equation is introduced to unify the approximations in these two phases, which is then used over the entire simulation period. The problem at each time step is solved by a three dimensional boundary element method. The convergence study has been first taken with meshes and time steps. Comparison is made with the analytical solution for spherical bubble in compressible liquid and good agreement is found. Further comparison is made for a bubble in an incoming acoustic wave. Extensive simulations are then made for a bubble in various conditions, including the cases with solid boundary effect, free surface effect, buoyancy effect, as well as for interactions between bubbles.     

Chaotic Shape and Translational Dynamics of 2D Incompressible Bubbles under Forced Vibration in Microgravity

Nonlinear shape oscillations of 2D incompressible bubbles in an inviscid fluid, subject to a forced vibration in microgravity, have been studied numerically. Forced vibration induces an oscillatory translational motion as well as shape oscillations. It is shown that for large enough oscillation amplitudes, the coupling between the shape oscillation and the translational motion of a bubble results in a chaotic behaviour. For two-bubble systems, the bubbles may attract each other. The attraction force is stronger at higher Bond numbers. Higher Bond numbers also yield larger bubble deformation.     

A modified Rayleigh–Plesset model for a non-spherically symmetric oscillating bubble with applications to boundary integral methods

In this article the analytical solution to the Rayleigh–Plesset equation for a spherically symmetric oscillating bubble is extended to apply to the much more general (non-spherically symmetric) bubble configuration. An equivalent bubble radius and an equivalent bubble wall velocity are introduced in order to do so. The influence of gravity, surface tension, nearby solid walls, vapor bubbles, bubbles filled with adiabatic or isothermal gas have been considered in the model. An interesting outcome is that the equivalent bubble wall velocity is no longer the time derivative of the equivalent bubble radius. This observation can possibly explain why in various numerical and experimental observations the oscillation time of a bubble changes when compared to that of a standalone bubble; near a solid surface it increases while it decreases when the bubble is placed near a free surface. The current developed theory can be further employed to ascertain the accuracy of a numerical scheme simulating bubble dynamics in an incompressible surrounding flow approximation. An often used numerical technique to simulate such bubble dynamics is the boundary integral method (BIM).     

Collapse of Vapor-Filled Bubbles in Liquid Helium

Multielectron bubbles (MEBs) are charged cavities in liquid helium which provide an interesting platform for the study of electrons on curved surfaces. Very recently, we have reported an experiment to trap these objects in a two-dimensional Paul trap, where they could be observed from ten to hundreds of milliseconds. During this time, the vapor inside the bubble condensed which resulted in a steady reduction in their size such that beyond a certain time the MEBs could no longer be detected. In this paper, we present experimental data on the lifetime of the bubbles as a function of their initial radius and compare the results with a theoretical model.     

水下等离子体声源放电特性和声特性实测与分析

在小型消声水池中,同步测量水下等离子体脉冲声源的放电特性和声特性,实验分析研究了其在单电极和多电极下负载注入峰值功率和放电能量对声特性的影响。结果表明,在相同的电极数和间距下,直达波脉冲声源级仅与负载注入峰值功率有关,气泡脉冲声源级和气泡周期则主要受放电能量影响,多电极放电通过减小单根电极放的电能量来减小气泡脉冲声源级和气泡周期。此外,在相同的充电电压下,减小充电电容对电极数的比,可以增大直达波脉冲声源级并压制气泡脉冲;负载注入峰值功率对放电能量的比对声特性的影响也呈现出类似规律。实测及其分析结果可为进一步优化水下等离子体脉冲声源的声特性提供参考。     

Tensile strength and visible ultrasonic cavitation of superfluid4He

Motion picture photographs of cavitation in He II revealed new characteristics pertinent to the liquid's tensile strength and bubble dynamics. A cylindrical acoustic standing wave with a frequency of 50.58 kHz induced the cavitation in He II at a temperature of 2.09 K. Analysis of light diffracted by the sound gave measurements of the acoustic pressure amplitude which were used both for selecting the best drive frequency and for obtaining the tensile strength. Bubbles appeared to originate on pressure antinodes, expanded to a diameter of 0.5–1.0 mm in about 0.3 msec, and eventually fragmented into smaller bubbles. They originated where the negative pressure extremum was as small as –0.6 bar (+0, –50%), a tensile strength much smaller than the predictions of theories developed for the homogeneous nucleation of bubbles in classical liquids. The bubble fragments were frequently nonspherical and had widths of 0.1–0.2 mm. Small bubbles also displayed an unexpected preference to originate on the surface of a stainless steel tube inserted in the sound field. Subsequent to nucleation, bubbles were frequently attracted to acoustic pressure nodes in agreement with a theory of vibrations and forces originally developed for bubbles in normal liquids. Attempts to detect first and second sound radiated by cavitation are described.Work supported by the National Science Foundation Grant DMR75-15628.NSF Predoctoral Fellow.