采出水配伍性及结垢趋势评价方法与展望

综述了国内外油田水配伍性实验原理及评价方法,包括静态配伍性实验和动态配伍性实验,并对比评价了各种方法在工程实际应用中的优缺点。同时描述了垢的形成机理并提出了几种不配伍性导致的结垢趋势评价方法,分别是静态模拟实验法、动态模拟实验法、计算机预测法。最后展望了结垢趋势预测的最佳方式,需全面考虑热力学、流体力学以及结晶动力学等因素,注重水的结垢速率研究,从而开发更通用更准确的结垢预测模型是今后发展的方向。     

姬源油田长8储层无机垢结垢规律研究

为了认识导致姬源油田长8储层注水压力上升、水注不进的主要无机垢类型,为找出有针对性的解堵措施提供依据,在室内采用结垢趋势预测、静态结垢实验等方法对结垢规律进行了研究。实验结果表明,研究区块地层水与注入水配伍性较差,无机垢结垢严重,当地层水与注入水比例为3∶7时结垢最为严重,达到6.15g/L。     

油田注入水与储层流体配伍性的研究

针对大港沈家铺油田注入能力下降的问题,本文先进行结垢预测,再通过室内静态评价实验和动态评价实验以及岩心流动实验,验证预测结果,通过对结果的分析可得到注入水和储层流体的配伍程度及注入水和地层水混合后对岩心渗透率的影响。结果表明：大港沈家铺128区和109-1区的注入水与地层水混合后有结垢趋势,产生的无机垢对储层具有堵塞伤害性,笔者建议油田采用防垢措施,改善水质。     

HH油田注入水与储层流体配伍性研究

HH油田属于典型的低孔特低渗储层油田。注入水与储层流体的配伍性对注水开发方案设计极为重要。通过开展HH油田注入水与C8、C9储层地层水的水质测定、结垢趋势预测和静、动态配伍性实验以及注入水与储层原油的配伍性实验,明确了HH油田注入水与C8、C9储层流体配伍性。结果表明,HH油田注入水与C8、C9地层水不配伍,存在碳酸钙垢趋势,且随着注入水比例的增加、温度的升高,碳酸钙结垢越严重,注入水与地层水比例为9∶1时结垢指标SI值为2.354,SAI值为2.873,结垢程度严重;注入水与地层原油之间配伍性良好。该研究结果对HH油田注水水质指标标准制定、注水开发方案制定及水质处理等研究提供了依据。     

海上油田注入水配伍性研究及防垢剂性能评价

针对海上油田注水井注水压力升高较快、达不到配注要求及注水储层堵塞严重等问题,通过水样离子组成分析、结垢趋势预测、静态配伍性及动态配伍性等试验,对目标油田注入水与地层水之间的配伍性进行了研究,并优选了复配比例(w)为1:1的PESA,FGJ-2复配防垢剂。注入水配伍性研究结果表明:目标油田注入水与地层水之间的配伍性较差,存在严重的结碳酸钙垢趋势,最大静态结垢量可达到500 mg/L以上,且注入水对储层天然岩心存在比较严重的结垢堵塞。防垢剂优选及性能评价结果表明:采用优选出的复配防垢剂,当其加量为100 mg/L,试验温度为90℃,时间为16 h时,对混合水样的防垢率能够达到98%以上。采用加入复配防垢剂的注入水驱替天然岩心,当驱替100 PV时,岩心渗透率保留率仍在90%以上,复配防垢剂能起到较好的防垢效果,可有效降低水样结垢对岩心造成的堵塞损害。     

油田注入水结构评价及治理措施

对青化砭油田注水系统的长6地层水及注入水进行了水质分析,采用饱和指数和热力学溶解度法对结垢类型及趋势进行理论预测的基础上,并对混注水进行配伍性分析,运用化学分析、XRD、SEM等手段分析了典型结垢部位垢样,并提出了综合防垢措施。     

油田注入水结垢评价及治理措施

对青化砭油田注水系统的长6地层水及注入水进行了水质分析,采用饱和指数和热力学溶解度法对结垢类型及趋势进行理论预测的基础上,并对混注水进行配伍性分析,运用化学分析、XRD、SEM等手段分析了典型结垢部位垢样,并提出了综合防垢措施。     

油层预置防垢技术研究

针对东辛油田结垢严重的问题,应用结垢预测软件对营11区块的地层、油管、套管及输油管线的结垢趋势进行预测和分析,然后通过配伍性、静态防垢率、动态最低有效防垢浓度(MIC)和吸附—解吸性能实验研究,对国内外不同防垢剂进行了评价,筛选出综合性能较好的防垢剂SA13C。现场试验防垢效果显著,提高了油井产量,取得了良好的经济效益。     

油田污水结垢研究进展

随着注水采油技术的不断发展,结垢成为采油阶段所面临的最严重的问题之一。本文系统性地介绍了油田污水垢样形成机理,其中包括不配伍性引起的结垢现象以及不同热力学条件所引起的结垢变化。同时,分别通过静态模拟实验和动态模拟实验研究法,对结垢趋势进行了详细地研究。最后,分析了结构预测模型的优缺点以及应用中所存在的问题,并提出了相应的改进措施。     

樊学油田注水系统结垢分析研究及预防措施

樊学油田为延长亿吨级低渗特低渗整装油田,油田2006年开始注水开发后,由于热力学的不稳定性、化学不相容性,造成地面系统管线设备、油井井筒和地层结垢问题,给注水开发及生产带来极大危害。本文通过对樊学油田延长组长4+5、长8油层产出水与洛河组配伍性研究实验,对油田注水的结垢类型及趋势进行理论预测,并对混注水进行配伍性分析及垢样分析,并提出了具体防垢措施,有效控制了垢的生成,从源头上保障了油田注水开发效果。     

乙苯,苯乙烯的生产及合成乙苯,苯乙烯催化剂的研究进展

苯乙烯是重要的石油化工原料。本文介绍了国内外苯乙烯生产的发展概况，合成乙苯，苯乙烯所用的催化剂种类，并就苯乙烯生产及催化剂的发展趋势提出了自己的观点。     

Synthesis and characterization of homopolymers and copolymers of various acrylates and acrylonitrile

Various homopolymers and copolymers of methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, and acrylonitrile in different feed ratios were synthesized. These were characterized by IR, ¹³C-NMR, DSC, DTA, and TGA. Spectroscopic characterization helped in differentiating copolymers of different mol ratios. Thermal analysis revealed different degradation patterns for homopolymers and copolymers. The temperature and energy changes associated with various phase transitions were dependent on the chemical composition of homo- and copolymers, as expected. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

生物质气化及生物质与煤共气化技术的研发与应用

总结了生物质原料的特点及生物质单独气化的缺点;介绍了国内外生物质气化技术及生物质与煤共气化技术的研发与应用现状;分析了在此领域国内外的发展趋势与前景;概括了开展生物质与煤共气化技术研发的意义。     

Comparison of the Adhesion and Cohesion of Triblock and Random Copolymers of Styrene and Butadiene

A substantially greater detachment energy is required to strip a polyethylene tereph-thalate (Mylar) film from a styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) triblock copolymer compared to that for peeling from a random styrene-butadiene (SBR) copolymer. This is true even though the intrinsic interaction between the Mylar and each elastomer is expected to be similar because of their virtually identical chemical composition. It is proposed that this difference in peel strength (between the SBS and SBR) is a consequence of the much higher dissipative capacity of the former elastomer. Another manifestation of this is the higher cohesive tear strength of the SBS compared to the SBR. Extents of energy dissipation within each elastomer during detachment of the Mylar adherend are consistent with the hypothesis that the average maximum stress experience before detachment is some similar fraction of each elastomer's tensile strength.     

责任和责任心的涵义与结构

责任是人应主动承担的角色义务和对其因过失所造成后果应承担的责罚.有两层涵义:一是义务;二是后果.责任心是个体自觉做好分内事务和履行道德义务的心理倾向,是个性心理品质成分中自我特征维度上的重要内容.责任心具有两个方面的涵义:一是角色分内职责;二是角色道德义务.责任心是一种通过责任认知、责任个性和责任适应的动态形式表现出来的静态品质,责任心是责任心过程结构与责任心关系结构相互制约、相互影响的统一体.     

二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵和丙烯酰胺的合成及应用

用复合引发体系(过硫酸盐-偶氮类引发剂)和脂肪胺类氧化还原体系引发,在实验室获得了单体转化率≥98%,特性粘数高于13.6 dL/g的阳离子共聚物PDA,探讨了控制聚合物分子量的影响因素.     

钾盐资源及钾肥供需情况分析及预测

阐述了国内外钾盐资源及钾肥生产现状,对国内外钾盐的供需形势进行了分析及预测,从资源、原材料、国际市场三方面提出了解决我国钾盐短缺的措施。     

Electronic structures and reactivities of monometallic and bimetallic clusters of Au and Cu

The variation of the Au 4f binding energy of Au clusters with the cluster size has been established by measuring the binding energies of clusters whose size distributions were independently determined by HREM and STM. The binding energy increases significantly when the cluster size is less than 2 nm. Au-Cu bimetallic clusters of the composition Cu₃Au have been deposited for the first time on carbon substrates. The shifts in the core level binding energies of the bimetallic clusters show the effect of alloying in the case of large clusters, but show effects of both alloying and cluster size in the case of the small clusters. The interaction of CO with Cu₃Au clusters is stronger than with a bulk Cu metal. The interaction of CO with small Cu clusters also seems to be stronger than with bulk Cu or with large Cu clusters.     

Wetting properties of homopolymers and copolymers of pentafluorostyrene and methylacrylate and homopolymer blends

Polypentafluorostyrene (PPFS), polymethylacrylate (PMA), and poly(pentafluorostyrene-co-methylacrylate), poly(PFS-co-MA) were prepared and the wetting characteristics of polymer blends of PPFS and PMA were compared with that of poly(PFS-co-MA) via contact angle measurements. The critical surface tension of polypentafluorostyrene was found to be 22.6 dyne/cm, which is comparable to the value reported for polytrifluoroethylene (22 dyne/cm). The critical surface tension of poly(PFS-co-MA) is not linearly related to its composition. The polymer blends of PPFS and PMA exhibit significant surface enrichment of the fluoropolymer. The harmonic-mean method¹ was employed to determine surface tensions of these polymers and many known polymers. It is found that the method produces useful surface tension data provided the contact angle values are derived from testing liquids of dissimilar polarity.