节能减排与中国经济的低碳发展

自1978年实行改革开放以来,中国走的是一条赶超型或压缩型的工业化道路。伴随着经济的高速增长,发达国家上百年工业化过程中分阶段出现的种种资源和环境问题在中国集中显现。面对资源短缺、环境污染和气候变化对经济增长的瓶颈性约束,国家在"十一五"规划纲要中提出了节能减排的具体目标。文章概述了"十一五"规划提出节能减排目标的背景,分析了其对控制温室气体排放的重要意义,总结了目前节能减排工作取得的成绩和存在的困难,提出了中国发展低碳经济的政策建议。     

湖北省应对气候变化的方案分析与政策含义

应对全球气候变化需要地方采取应对措施。根据湖北省"十一五"规划纲要提出的目标和《中国应对气候变化国家方案》提出的具体任务,通过分析论证气候变化的脆弱性以及经济发展对能源需求的增长,提出了湖北省适应和减缓气候变化的应对方案,并分析了湖北省温室气体排放的3种情景。湖北省作为国家能源和经济格局的组成部分,需要协同国家战略及布局,不仅为湖北省自身,也要为国家的低碳发展做出贡献。     

湖北省应对气候变化的方案分析与政策含义

 应对全球气候变化需要地方采取应对措施。根据湖北省"十一五"规划纲要提出的目标和《中国应对气候变化国家方案》提出的具体任务,通过分析论证气候变化的脆弱性以及经济发展对能源需求的增长,提出了湖北省适应和减缓气候变化的应对方案,并分析了湖北省温室气体排放的3种情景。湖北省作为国家能源和经济格局的组成部分,需要协同国家战略及布局,不仅为湖北省自身,也要为国家的低碳发展做出贡献。     

不同升温目标下全球与中国未来排放空间分析

利用自适应控制模型对气候系统进行模拟,比较了基于不同参照基准年2℃升温目标下的金球允许排放路径,在评价各目标可行性的基础上提出了三种减排目标方案,进而根据不同分配原则计算了中国未来的排放空间。研究表明,实现较工业化前升温2℃较为困难,实现较1850—1900年和1861—1880年升温2℃目标的可能性较大。提出了较工业化前升温2.5℃、较1986—2005年升温1.0℃和较1850—1900年升温1.5℃三种可行的轻度、中度和高度减排目标。中国在主权、平等主义和支付能力分配原则下可获得约1/5的比例份额,在三种目标情景中排放空间逐渐降低,排放缺口依次增大。     

不同方案下中国CDM的成本－效益分析：基于CGE的实证模拟

对中国CO2减排进行成本-效益的经济影响分析是有意义的。首先,提出国家层次和部门层次CO2减排成本和效益的概念及计算方法;第二,提出4种减排方案（经济-技术进步、能源结构改善、SO2排放控制与碳税）,并就减排成本、效益与减排的总经济影响进行了减排方案与正常排放（BAU）方案的比较,以及减排方案之间的比较;第三,根据上述结果,对中国CDM项目的规划、设置、谈判和实施提出建议。     

“十二五”绿色发展指标无需过激

过去的5年,也就是十一五期间,中国节能减排力度大、绩效好,单位GDP能耗下降幅度高达19.06%。十二五期间,即今后5年中国发展的一     

1971-2005年中国CO2排放影响因素分析

利用Kaya恒等式结合宏观经济背景的变迁,对1971-2005年期间影响中国CO2排放量的因子展开分析。结果表明：经济的快速发展和人口的增长是CO2排放增加的主要驱动因素;能源强度的改善和能源结构的低碳化不仅是减少CO2排放的重要选择,也对中国实现"十一五"期间单位GDP能耗降低20%的目标具有重要的现实意义。     

1971-2005年中国CO2排放影响因素分析

 利用Kaya恒等式结合宏观经济背景的变迁,对1971-2005年期间影响中国CO2排放量的因子展开分析。结果表明：经济的快速发展和人口的增长是CO2排放增加的主要驱动因素;能源强度的改善和能源结构的低碳化不仅是减少CO2排放的重要选择,也对中国实现"十一五"期间单位GDP能耗降低20%的目标具有重要的现实意义。     

国内外发展低碳经济现状及我国未来选择与发展的基本思路

本研究在了解国内外低碳经济发展经济的基础上,从中国国情出发,提出要走符合国情的中国特色低碳发展道路,并提出节能减排提高能效、发展可再生和清洁能源、增加碳汇等主要任务,以及主要政策措施建议。     

江西节能减排状况与实现的途径

国家已经将节能减排作为应对气候变暖的重要举措。在对南昌、九江、景德镇、萍乡、新余、鹰潭、上饶、吉安等城市和部分企业节能减排调研的基础上,分析研究了江西省节能减排工作状况,提出今后加大节能减排工作力度的实现途径：提高全社会节能减排意识,让节能减排从政府推动走向全民行动;优化节能减排监管手段,建立节能减排监察队伍;完善节能减排相关法规和政策,强化责任考核;注重能源产业链延伸,规范建设生态工业园区;优化结构,控制增量;加快城市污水处理设施建设;加大推进循环经济发展的力度;提高节能减排的科技水平。     

Effects of pollution control measures on carbon emission reduction in China: evidence from the 11th and 12th Five-Year Plans

SO₂ emissions have been declining in China recently. The emission reduction has mainly been achieved engineering reduction, structural reduction, and administrative reduction. In this paper, three key industries (electricity generation, steel, and cement) are selected to measure the effects of SO₂ emission reductions, the synergy effects of energy saving, and CO₂ emission reduction. The main results show that, during the period of the ‘11th Five-Year Plan’, engineering reduction of coal-fired power plant desulfurization played the most crucial role in the emission reduction; both engineering reduction and structural reduction can achieve low-pollution emission, but the contributions are not the same due to the divergence of relevant industries. Generally speaking, structural reduction can relatively easily achieve the synergy effect of the main pollutants and GHGs; in comparison, however, engineering reduction does not easily achieve the synergy effect. During the ‘13th Five-Year Plan’ period, the following plans are proposed: strengthening the front pollution control, increasing the engineering reduction, narrowing the difference between the pollution reduction engineering ability and the actual pollution reduction effect, and strengthening the supervisory and administrative effect of both the approval of the front end and the running of the middle end.

POLICY RELEVANCE

China is on the way to realize industrialization and urbanization. The climate-friendly environmental protection strategy is particularly important for rapidly developing countries such as China, because it can address air pollution and climate change issues at the same time in a more economically efficient manner. This paper selects three key industries to evaluate current pollutant control policy synergy effect from the ‘11th Five-Year Plan’ to the ‘12th Five-Year Plan’ period in order to give more sense to policy makers during 13th Five-Year Plan. The estimate of this study shows that the control of pollutants can generally have synergic control effects on GHG emissions and give detailed measures for 13th Five-Year Plan.     

中国三氟甲烷处置政策分析及建议

通过分析减排量核查报告,得出2014年政策实施带来了6078.20万t CO₂e的三氟甲烷（HFC-23）减排,占“十二五”氢氟碳化物（HFCs）累计减排目标的21.7%。此外,通过分析政策面临的问题,从监测方法学、政策设计和后续运行监管3个方面,对政策的后续运行及2020年后HFC-23的减排提出了建议。     

US institutional pathways to clean coal and shale gas: lessons for China

China's 12th Five-Year Plan (2011–2015) envisages that shale gas and coal will be central to its energy future. However, for China to meet the energy security and climate change objectives set out in its 12th Five-Year Plan it will be reliant on the widespread commercial deployment of two key technologies; hydraulic fracturing combined with horizontal drilling for shale gas, and carbon capture and storage (CCS) for coal. China is moving to acquire these technologies through technology transfer and diffusion from the US, but progress has been slow, and neither is currently available in China on a commercial scale. Drawing on interviews in the US and China, this article argues that China's expectation of technology from the US may well be disappointed because of factors unique to the US institutional environment that have made the development of fracking technology possible and hinder the development of CCS technology at a commercial scale.

Policy relevance

If China is to meet the energy security and climate change objectives set out in its 12th Five-Year Plan it will be reliant on the widespread commercial deployment of fracking and clean coal technologies. While China expects to acquire these technologies via technology transfer and diffusion from the US, progress has been slow. Because of factors unique to the US institutional environment the availability of both technologies on a commercial scale in China is unlikely in the coming years. As a result, Chinese policy makers would be well-advised not to count on these technologies to meet their energy and climate goals.     

“十四五”中国分省经济发展、能源需求与碳排放展望——基于CMRCGE模型的分析

在梳理新常态以来各省经济布局发展以及能源需求特征的基础上,重点剖析了国家区域协调发展战略,并利用中国多区域动态可计算一般均衡模型（China Multi-Regional Computable General Equilibrium,CMRCGE）,对“十四五”时期各省经济社会发展、能源需求及碳排放进行了模拟分析。主要结论包括：(1)在区域协调发展战略指引下,预计到“十四五”末,中国将有13个省市人均GDP超过1.5万美元,16个省市人均GDP在1.0万~1.5万美元之间,各省经济有望实现平稳较快发展。(2)预计2025年各省能源需求总量可达54.5亿tce（由于数据原因,未测算西藏）,“十四五”年均增长约为1.5%,能源需求仍保持低速增长。同时能源需求的重心逐步从东部向中部转移,而西部地区能源大省的用能比重基本保持稳定,这与各地所处的经济发展阶段、区域协调发展战略导向基本一致。(3)“十四五”时期各省的碳排放（主要考虑能源利用碳排放）强度年均降幅约为5.4%,绝大部分省份降幅超过4.0%。近年来碳强度显著下降的趋势有望继续保持。     

Not all low-carbon energy pathways are environmentally “no-regrets” options

Energy system pathways which are projected to deliver minimum possible deployment cost, combined with low Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, are usually considered as ‘no-regrets’ options. However, the question remains whether such energy pathways present ‘no-regrets’ when also considering the wider environmental resource impacts, in particular those on land and water resources. This paper aims to determine whether the energy pathways of the UK’s Carbon Plan are environmental “no-regrets” options, defined in this study as simultaneously exhibiting low impact on land and water services resulting from resource appropriation for energy provision. This is accomplished by estimating the land area and water abstraction required by 2050 under the four pathways of the Carbon Plan with different scenarios for energy crop composition, yield, and power station locations. The outcomes are compared with defined limits for sustainable land appropriation and water abstraction.The results show that of the four Carbon Plan pathways, only the “Higher Renewables, more energy efficiency” pathway is an environmental “no-regrets” option, and that is only if deployment of power stations inland is limited. The study shows that policies for future low-carbon energy systems should be developed with awareness of wider environmental impacts. Failing to do this could lead to a setback in achieving GHG emission reductions goals, because of unforeseen additional competition between the energy sector and demand for land and water services in other sectors.