新冠肺炎疫情下综合医院发热门诊胸部影像检查的初步研究

目的分析新冠肺炎疫情下某综合医院发热门诊数字化X射线摄影(DR)及胸部CT的应用情况及变化趋势。方法采用回顾性研究。通过医院医疗大数据平台和院内影像归档和通信系统(PACS)提取2020年1月20日至3月20日及2019年同期发热门诊就诊人次和行胸部影像检查的患者影像信息,分析不同时期发热门诊行影像检查的次数、比率和肺内炎症检出率的变化情况;提取某综合医院西城院区和通州院区2个院区发热门诊自专用胸部CT安装以来行胸部CT检查的患者影像信息,分析胸部CT在肺内炎症的检出情况。计数资料采用次数和百分比(%)表示,组间比较采用χ~2检验或Fisher精确概率法。结果 2020年1月20日至3月20日,2个院区发热门诊就诊人次为5 967人次,行影像检查4 856人次,检查率为81.38%,其中肺内炎症1 502例,阳性率为30.93%;2019年同期,2个院区发热门诊就诊人次为7 416人次,行影像检查3 317人次,检查率为44.73%,其中肺内炎症1 351例,阳性率40.73%。新冠肺疫情下行影像检查的比率较2019年同期显著提高,但阳性率较2019年显著下降9.83%(χ~2=82.28,P<0.001)。疫情下行发热门诊专用胸部CT检查525人次,其中肺内有病变433例,肺内病变检出率为82.48%。在肺内炎症检出方面,CT检出肺内炎症146例,检出率为27.81%,CT提示病毒性肺炎患者5例。结论新冠肺炎疫情下发热门诊行影像检查的比率较2019年同期显著升高,说明疫情下发热门诊DR、CT影像学应用意识不断提升,医学影像学在新冠肺炎筛查中扮演越来越重要的角色。而阳性率较2019年显著下降,其主要原因在于本次新冠肺炎传染性强,为防止漏诊情况和二次感染的发生,大大提高了影像检查的比率。如何有效利用发热门诊DR、CT是现在以及未来医疗行业值得深思的问题。     

新冠肺炎疫情防控常态化背景下胸部CT筛查的实践与思考

目的分析新冠肺炎疫情防控阶段北京市级17家医院的发热门诊、急诊、普通门诊及入院使用胸部CT及人工智能(AI)辅助诊断系统筛查的变化趋势及分析数据变动的意义。方法回顾性分析2020年3月9日至5月24日,6月12日至7月12日就诊于北京市17家医院发热门诊、急诊、普通门诊及入院筛查的198827人次胸部CT筛查例数和阳性率,并比较人工判读和AI判读阳性率的差异。结果发热门诊、急诊、普通门诊及入院筛查行胸部CT的总例数在疫情起始期逐渐升高,尤以新发地新冠肺炎疫情爆发第1周为著;发热门诊筛查例数及炎性病变阳性率在新发地新冠肺炎疫情起始阶段(即6月15日至6月21日)达到高峰,之后逐渐呈下降的趋势;普通门诊的就诊人次明显高于发热门诊及急诊;发热门诊、急诊、普通门诊及入院筛查行胸部CT检出炎性病变的阳性率分别为27.17%、29.19%、26.58%及35.08%;疑似病毒肺炎的阳性率分别为0.57%、0.73%及0.19%及0.56%。普通门诊、急诊、发热门诊及入院筛查行人工筛查的总阳性率分别为73.23%、71.36%、67.52%及80.79%;行AI筛查的总阳性率分别为86.98%、81.42%、74.37%及93.64%。4种筛查类型AI判读的总阳性率高于人工判读的总阳性率,且2组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论疫情防控常态化背景下,胸部CT筛查是发现肺内病变的有效手段;AI筛查的阳性率高于人工筛查的阳性率;而AI也存在着一定的假阳性率,结合人工判读可以增加诊断的准确性;AI的应用意识还需要不断完善,进一步提高工作效率,从而满足防控需求。     

两种剂量胸部CT平扫及双能DR对显示冠状动脉钙化的比较分析

目的验证、探讨50mAs剂量CT扫描、常规剂量CT扫描及双能量胸部DR等对发现冠状动脉钙化的不同价值。方法 50mAs组705例,行50mAs剂量CT平扫,对照组655例,行常规剂量CT平扫,以纵隔窗观察冠状动脉钙化情况,比较两者的统计学差异,并与有关文献对比分析。结果 50mAs组显示冠状动脉钙化100例,总阳性率为14.18%,对照组显示冠状动脉钙化109例,总阳性率为16.64%,两者差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.06,P>0.05)。结论健康体检时50mAs剂量CT胸部平扫既能筛查肺部疾病,又可以对冠状动脉钙化进行初步分析,效果与常规剂量CT扫描相似,更比双能胸部DR确切可靠,并可大幅减少受检者X线的照射量。     

影像学检查在创伤急救中的价值

目的探讨急诊影像学检查在创伤急救中的价值。方法回顾分析1200例全身各部位外伤患者的X线平片、CT、MR等影像学检查特征,分析各部位急诊最佳影像学检查手段和流程。结果全身各部位外伤中,头颅优先选择CT;胸部创伤的急诊影像学检查以常规X线检查为主,CT检查敏感性高,可明确病变部位、性质和程度,尤其对伤势严重的多发伤患者能快速明确诊断,如病情允许,胸部外伤可首选多层CT;腹盆部位外伤首选CT;脊柱外伤首选X线片,但最好补充MR;四肢首选X线平片,但关节附件骨折、隐匿骨折、特殊部位骨折应首选MR。结论在创伤急救中,应结合不同部位选择最佳的放射影像检查手段,以提高诊断准确性与救治成功率。     

基于容积CT剂量指数、剂量长度乘积及体型特异性剂量估算评估儿童CT辐射剂量

目的 观察以容积CT剂量指数(CTDIvol)与体型特异性剂量估算(SSDE)所评估的儿童CT辐射剂量差异，分析CTDIvol和剂量长度乘积(DLP)对于儿童CT辐射管控的价值。方法 回顾性分析3 247例患儿，其中1 238例接受头颅CT检查，1 152例接受胸部CT检查，857例接受腹盆部CT检查；记录年龄、CTDIvol及DLP,计算有效直径(De)、水当量直径(Dw)、转换因子(f)及基于Dw的SSDE(SSDE_Dw)。比较CTDIvol与SSDE_Dw在不同年龄段儿童CT检查中的差异，观察其评估CT辐射剂量的效能；建立CTDIvol、DLP、f与年龄及De的回归模型，观察其用于儿童CT辐射管控的价值。结果 头颅、胸部及腹盆部CTDIvol与SSDE_Dw差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.001)。随年龄和De增高，CTDIvol和DLP增加(R²为0.76～0.93)而f减小(R²为0.74～0.99)。结论 相比CTDIvol,以SSDE_Dw评估...     

CT诊断高位急性阑尾炎

目的 分析高位急性阑尾炎的临床表现和CT特征,探讨CT诊断高位急性阑尾炎的价值.方法 回顾性分析经手术证实和临床、CT随访证实的高位急性阑尾炎21例.采用16排CT扫描机进行急诊腹部平扫检查,扫描范围分别为上腹、上中腹、中下腹和全腹.由2名放射科医师分别对图像进行分析.结果 21例中,14例(14/21,66.67%)...     

脑静脉窦及脑静脉血栓CT平扫表现及影像学诊断策略

目的：分析脑静脉窦/脑静脉血栓形成（CVST/CVT）CT平扫的影像学表现特征，以便提高CT平扫对CVST/CVT的早期认识，优化诊断方法，减少误诊。材料与方法：搜集拟诊为CVST/CVT病例25例的平扫及部分增强病例，经与MR与DSA等对照。重点回顾会诊前后血栓本身的CT平扫的直接征象及间接征象并进行对照，比较两者的结果。结果：CT平扫初诊血栓的直接征象的阳性率为13/25，阴性率为12/25，其中假阳性3例，假阴性8例。会诊后血栓阳性征象为21/25，阴性率为4/25，经统计学分析两者差别有显著性。而脑实质改变，会诊前检查的阳性率为20/25，阴性为5/20，而会诊后影像学阳性率为21/25，阴性为4/25，经统计学分析两者的差别无显著性。同时分析了CT平扫误诊原因及正确进行影像学检查的策略。结论：CVST/CVT CT初次平扫，大多都有血栓的直接征象及间接征象，正确认识这些征象，可以提示CVST/CVT的存在，并推荐立即行CTV检查来证实CT平扫的初步意见。     

新冠肺炎疫情下入院患者实施胸部CT筛查价值初探

目的探讨新冠肺炎疫情下入院患者实施胸部CT筛查的价值。方法采用回顾性研究。收集2020年2月3日至2020年3月19日于某综合医院完成入院患者胸部CT筛查的影像信息,共纳入1370例,并采集2019年2月14日至2019年4月1日完成入院患者胸部X线检查的影像信息,共纳入2193例。对CT与X线检出的疾病种类、疾病检出率进行分析,并用χ^2检验比较CT与X线对肺内疾病与肺炎检出率的组间差异。结果1370例患者入院胸部CT检查阳性率为94.5%;肺内病变检出率为90.2%;肺炎占检出的肺内疾病的55.2%;可疑病毒性肺炎占3.5%。2019年同期2193例入院患者胸部X线检查阳性率为53.7%;肺内病变占42.2%;肺炎占肺内疾病的26.6%。组间比较显示胸部CT对肺内病变(χ^2=764.2,P<0.001)及肺炎(χ^2=681.8,P<0.001)检出率明显高于X线。结论入院胸部CT筛查能及时高效地检出可疑病毒性肺炎,在新冠肺炎疫情下对疑似病例的“早发现、早隔离”及遏制院内感染至关重要。     

腹盆部局限性巨大淋巴结增生CT及MRI表现

目的 探讨腹盆部局限性巨大淋巴结增生的CT及MRI表现特征. 方法 回顾性分析5例经病理证实的腹(n=4)、盆部(n=1)局限性巨大淋巴结增生的CT、MRI表现. 结果 5例病理诊断均为透明血管型;单发肿块3例,单个较大肿块周围伴小子灶2例.CT平扫与肌肉相比呈等密度;MR平扫与肌肉相比T1WI表现为低或等信号,T2WI呈高信号.动态增强病变在动脉期和延迟扫描均持续高度强化,强化程度接近大动脉.3例肿块(直径≥4 cm)增强扫描内部见结节状或裂隙状CT低密度区和MR低信号区. 结论 CT及MR能清晰显示腹盆部局限性巨大淋巴结增生的特征,熟悉这些特征对于提高诊断正确率、避免误诊具有重要意义.     

胸部低剂量CT与DR对肺部病变检出对比研究

目的对比胸部低剂量CT与胸部数字化X线摄影(DR)对肺部病灶的检出差别。方法回顾性分析重庆医科大学附属第一医院放射科216例48 h内先后行胸部低剂量CT及DR检查图像,由2位高年资医师双盲阅片,并对二者阅片结果进行肺内病变总体检出κ一致性检验;取一致性系数较高者数据,按肿块(直径>3.0 cm)、大结节(直径0.5~3.0 cm)、小结节(直径<0.5 cm)、渗出实变、纤维化及钙化、肺大泡及肺气肿、胸腔及胸膜病变分类,进行各分类病变κ一致性检验;以CT作为病变检出标准,评价DR摄片的病变漏检率、误检率和准确率,并分析主要原因。结果胸部CT双盲阅片可重复性评价的组内相关系数(ICC)=0.863,胸部DR双盲阅片ICC=0.910;阅片者1肺内病变总体检出一致性系数(κ=0.555,P<0.001)高于阅片者2(κ=0.448,P<0.001),取阅片者1胸部低剂量CT及DR数据;相对于低剂量CT,DR摄片漏检率、误检率和准确率为81.06%、22.81%和18.94%。病变大小、密度、位置等是肿块、结节及渗出实变病变漏诊及误诊的主要原因。结论相对于胸部低剂量CT,DR摄片漏检率较高,误检率及准确率较低,胸部低剂量CT检查对病变的检出优于DR。     

Automated tracking of emergency department abdominal CT findings during the COVID-19 pandemic using natural language processing

PurposeDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, emergency department (ED) volumes have fluctuated. We hypothesized that natural language processing (NLP) models could quantify changes in detection of acute abdominal pathology (acute appendicitis (AA), acute diverticulitis (AD), or bowel obstruction (BO)) on CT reports.MethodsThis retrospective study included 22,182 radiology reports from CT abdomen/pelvis studies performed at an urban ED between January 1, 2018 to August 14, 2020. Using a subset of 2448 manually annotated reports, we trained random forest NLP models to classify the presence of AA, AD, and BO in report impressions. Performance was assessed using 5-fold cross validation. The NLP classifiers were then applied to all reports.ResultsThe NLP classifiers for AA, AD, and BO demonstrated cross-validation classification accuracies between 0.97 and 0.99 and F1-scores between 0.86 and 0.91. When applied to all CT reports, the estimated numbers of AA, AD, and BO cases decreased 43–57% in April 2020 (first regional peak of COVID-19 cases) compared to 2018–2019. However, the number of abdominal pathologies detected rebounded in May–July 2020, with increases above historical averages for AD. The proportions of CT studies with these pathologies did not significantly increase during the pandemic period.ConclusionDramatic decreases in numbers of acute abdominal pathologies detected by ED CT studies were observed early on during the COVID-19 pandemic, though these numbers rapidly rebounded. The proportions of CT cases with these pathologies did not increase, which suggests patients deferred care during the first pandemic peak. NLP can help automatically track findings in ED radiology reporting.     

Effect of a split-flow physician in triage model on abdominal CT ordering rate and yield

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to compare the rate and clinical yield of computed tomography (CT) imaging between patients presenting with abdominal pain initially seen by a physician in triage (PIT) versus those seen only by physicians working in the main emergency department (ED).MethodsA retrospective study was conducted of all self-arrivals >18 years old presenting to a single ED with abdominal pain. Nine-hundred patients were randomly selected from both the PIT and traditional patient flow groups and rates and yields of CT imaging were compared, both alone and in a model controlling for potential confounders. Predetermined criteria for CT significance included need for admission, consult, or targeted medications.ResultsThe overall rate of CT imaging (unadjusted) did not differ between the PIT and traditional groups, 48.7% (95% CI 45.4–51.9) vs. 45.1% (95% CI 41.8–48.4), respectively (p = .13). The CT yield for patients seen in in the PIT group was also similar to that of the traditional group: 49.1% (95% CI 44.4–53.8) vs. 50.5% (95% CI 45.6–55.4) (p = .68). In the logistic regression model, when controlling for age, gender, ESI-acuity, race and insurance payor, PIT vs. traditional was not a predictor of CT ordering (OR 1.14, 95% CI 0.94–1.38).ConclusionsFor patients with abdominal pain, we found no significant differences in rates of CT ordering or CT yield for patients seen in a PIT vs. traditional models, suggesting the increased efficiencies offered by PIT models do not come at the cost of increased or decreased imaging utilization.     

低剂量CT在2019新型冠状病毒肺炎检查中的应用价值

目的：探讨低剂量CT在2019新型冠状病毒肺炎（Corona virus infection disease 2019，COVID-19）检查中的应用价值。方法：选取2020年1月20日至2020年2月2日我院收治的COVID-19患者50例，所有患者首次进行常规剂量胸部CT检查，治疗后复查时进行胸部低剂量(Low dose,LDCT)检查，比较两种扫描方案图像质量及患者X线受辐射剂量。图像质量由两名高年资医生采用5分法进行双盲评分。两种方案图像质量信号的噪声比（SNR）的的比较及辐射剂量的比较采用配对样本ｔ检验；采用Kappa检验观察两名医师间评分结果的一致性。结果：LDCT组图像质量优良率99.0%，常规剂量组优良率99.0% (P>0.05);LDCT组有效辐射剂量2.43±0.66 mSv，常规剂量组4.02±1.03 mSv（P<0.05) 。结论: CT扫描是COVID-19流行期间快速、高效辅助诊断和评估治疗的检查技术，LDCT扫描不仅能保证图像质量，还可降低辐射剂量，对其治疗后随访应用价值较高，保护需要频繁复查的COVID-19患者。     

妊娠合并新型冠状病毒肺炎临床特征分析

目的:探讨妊娠合并新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)患者的流行病学特点、临床特征及诊断。方法:回顾性分析2020年1月15日至2020年2月15日在华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院收治的22例妊娠合并COVID-19患者的临床资料,分析其流行病学特点、临床及放射学特征和实验室数据。结果:22例患者临床表现中有发热10例(45.45%)、咳嗽5例(22.73%)、呼吸急促1例(4.55%)和腹泻1例(4.55%)。21例(95.45%)为普通型,1例(4.55%)为重型。实验室检查中,淋巴细胞降低14例(63.64%),D-二聚体增高22例(100%)。胸部CT检查均示典型的COVID-19表现,病原学核酸检测阳性率40.91%(9/22)。结论:孕妇患COVID-19的临床特征和实验室检查与非妊娠成人患者相似,相对于病原学检查,胸部CT检查快速安全且敏感性高,更适合COVID-19流行地区产科急诊住院患者的初筛,同时能监测病情进展,有助于COVID-19孕妇的筛查、诊断及监测。     

免疫检查点抑制剂相关不良事件的研究进展

目的: 探讨妊娠合并新冠肺炎（COVID-19）患者的流行病学特点、临床特点及诊断。方法: 回顾性分析2020年1月15日至2020年2月15日在华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院收治的22例妊娠合并新冠肺炎患者的临床资料,分析其流行病学特点,临床及放射学特征和实验室数据。结果：22例患者肺炎临床表现中有发热10例（45.45%）、咳嗽5例（22.73%）、呼吸急促1例（4.55%）和腹泻1例（4.55%）,21例（95.45%）为普通型,1例（4.55%）为重型。实验室检查中淋巴细胞降低14例（63.64%）,D-二聚体增高22例（100%）。胸部CT检查均发现表现为典型新冠肺炎表现（100%）,病原学核酸检测阳性率40.91%（9/22）。结论: 孕妇感染COVID-19肺炎的的临床特征和实验室检查与非妊娠成人患者相似,相对于病原学检查,胸部CT检查快速安全且敏感性高,更适合新冠肺炎流行地区产科急诊住院患者的初筛,同时能监测病情进展,有助于新冠肺炎孕妇的筛查、诊断及监测。     

Isolated Intraperitoneal Fluid on Abdominal Computed Tomography in Children with Blunt Trauma

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of isolated intraperitoneal fluid (IIF) on abdominal computed tomography (CT) in pediatric blunt trauma patients and the association between IIF and clinically identifiable intra-abdominal injuries (IAIs) in these patients. METHODS: The authors conducted a prospective observational study of consecutive children <16 years old with blunt torso trauma who underwent abdominal CT scanning while in the emergency department (ED). All patients were evaluated by a faculty emergency physician who documented the patient's physical examination. All CTs were interpreted by a single faculty radiologist masked to clinical data. The volume of intraperitoneal fluid was quantified (small, moderate, large) and the presence of organ injury visible on CT was noted. Patients were considered to have IIF if the CT demonstrated intraperitoneal fluid and no solid organ injury. Patients with IIF were followed through their hospitalizations or telephoned in one week if discharged home from the ED. RESULTS: Five hundred twenty-seven children with blunt trauma were enrolled into the study. The mean age (+/-SD) was 7.4 +/- 4.7 years, and the median pediatric trauma score was 10 (range -2 to 12). Eighty-eight patients (17%; 95% CI = 14% to 20%) had intraperitoneal fluid on CT scan and 42 (48%; 95% CI = 37% to 59%) of these patients had IIF. Of the 42 patients with IIF, five patients (all without abdominal tenderness and with a small amount of IIF on CT scan) were discharged to home from the ED and were well at telephone follow-up; the remaining 37 patients were hospitalized. Of the 42 patients with IIF, 7 patients (17%, 95% CI = 7 to 31%) had IAIs subsequently identified (all gastrointestinal injuries) during their evaluations. Six of the seven patients with IIF and subsequently identified IAIs had abdominal tenderness on examination in the ED. The remaining patient had a decreased level of consciousness. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated intraperitoneal fluid occurs in 8% of pediatric blunt trauma patients undergoing abdominal CT, and IAIs are subsequently identified in 17% of these patients. Patients with a small amount of IIF on CT who lack abdominal tenderness and have a normal level of consciousness are at low risk for subsequently identified IAIs.     

Decision fatigue in the Emergency Department: How does emergency physician decision making change over an eight-hour shift?

IntroductionWe examined emergency physician disposition decisions and computed tomography (CT) ordering as markers of decision fatigue over an eight-hour shift.MethodsAdministrative database analysis of patients presenting to an academic, tertiary care, emergency department (ED) over two years. Patients were grouped by the hour of the shift that they were initially assessed by an emergency physician. For each hour, we evaluated the proportions of patients who had CT head, chest, or abdomen, consultations, and consultations not resulting in admission. For patients discharged without consultation, we evaluated return visits within 72 h and ED length-of-stay (LOS). Statistical significance was assessed using random effects regression accounting for clustering by physician.ResultsWe analyzed 87,752 patients and there were no important differences in consultations, consultations not resulting in admission, or return visits in relation to the hour of shift the patient was seen. Rates of CT head and abdomen and ED LOS decreased as the shift progressed. From the first to the last hour, CT head ordering decreased from 15.8% to 12.2% (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.66–0.80, p < 0.0001), CT abdomen ordering decreased from 9.6% to 7.6% (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.64–0.80, p < 0.0001), and ED LOS decreased from 5.5 h to 4.9 h (relative difference 0.83, 95% CI 0.81–0.85, p < 0.0001).ConclusionsEmergency physician decisions about patient disposition did not change throughout the shift. The rates of CT head and abdomen and ED LOS decreased as the shift progressed. We did not find evidence of decision fatigue among emergency physicians over an eight-hour shift.     

Impact of COVID-19 on liver

The incidence of liver injury after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection ranged from 15%-53%. The mechanism includes direct viral cytopathic effect, cytokinesis, and treatment drug-induced liver injury. The symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. The laboratory results include increased liver enzyme levels, decreased monocyte count, and longer prothrombin time. The most common imaging findings are hepatomegaly on ultrasound, ground-glass opacity on chest computed tomography (CT), and liver hypodensity and pericholecystic fat stranding on abdominal CT. Patients may also have different presentations and poor outcomes of different liver diseases concomitant with COVID-19 infection. Liver function test (LFT) results should be monitored, and all factors known to cause or predispose liver injury should be investigated while managing the patients. The risks of transfer to an intensive care unit, need for mechanical ventilator support, and acute kidney injury is higher in COVID-19 patients with than without abnormal LFTs. Increased mortality and length of hospital stay are both observed.