柑桔裂皮病类病毒一爪哇三七悬浮细胞的生长特性

爪哇三七(Gvnura aurantlaca Dc)是柑桔裂皮病类病毒(Citrus Exocortis Viroid简称CEV)敏惑的指示植物。用CEV感染的柑桔叶研磨汁液机械接种健康爪哇三七植株,以此作为CEV感染的外植体采源。在MS和B,琼脂培养基上诱导和继代培养健康、CEV感染的爪哇三七叶片的愈伤组织,在MS、B,液体培养基中建立健康、CEX’感染的爪哇三七悬浮细胞系统。从愈伤组织和悬浮细胞培养物中抽提核酸,经5％双向聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、银染分析：在健康爪哇三七愈伤组织和悬浮细晦中不出现特异的CEV电泳带,而CEV感染的爪哇三七的所有培养物中都含有类病毒。cEV可在有丝分裂征盛的爪哇三七悬浮细胞中复制。散伤组织和悬浮细胞很容易继代培养和保存。     

柑桔裂皮类病毒感染——爪哇三七的研究

爪哇三七(Gynura aurantiaca)是柑桔裂皮类病毒(CEV)的敏感鉴定植物之一,也是CEV能得到大量增殖的寄主植物。本文报告了采用反向双相聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳银染色法和分子杂交技术,对CEV感染爪哇三七的若干特性的研究结果表明:感染了CEV的爪哇三七,无论是否表明症状,都比健株要多一条CEV-RNA带;感染了CEV的爪哇三七核酸提取物与CEV-cDNA探针能产生杂交点,而健株的核酸提取物则不能。以感病爪哇三七植株上发病的芽,再进行剪插,其病症的表现与光照有关,但经电泳检测CEV-RNA带的存在与病症表现无关。生物鉴定是对病毒及类病毒进行鉴定的经典方法。人们发现芸香科(Rutaceac)的香橼(Citron)等对柑桔裂皮病类病毒(CEV)敏感。此外,菊科(Compositae)的爪哇三七(Gynura aurantiaca)是对CEV敏感的草木植物之一。国内从部分地区田间柑桔裂皮病症状的调查和以香橼为指示植物鉴定CEV发生情况等研究都已有报道,但要对CEV的理化性质和分子生物学性质作深入研究,搞清楚CEV的致病机理及复制方式,并找到防治CEV的有效对策,首先需要大量高纯度的CEV-RNA,而直接从柑桔叶片中提取CEV则相当困难。爪哇三七不仅是CEV的敏感鉴定植物,可用于柑桔裂皮病的早期生物诊断,同时也是CEV大量增殖的理想寄主。为此,已有学者从CEV影响爪哇三七插条生根,使植株整体变化到CEV引起爪哇三七细胞病变,以及CEV引起爪哇三七蛋白质的变化等都作了细致的研究和报道。近年来,类病毒的研究方法又有新的进展,除了用简便的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)甲苯胺兰染色法外,又采用了灵敏的反向双相PAGE银染色法来检测类病毒。我们采用双相PAGE银染色法和分子杂交技术,进一步考察了CEV感染爪哇三七的若干特性,其结果报告如下     

爪哇三七组织培养类病毒的初步研究

用含裂皮病类病毒(Citrus exoeortis viroid,简称CEV)的古巴花叶橙、冰糖橙的叶汁和核酸粗提物感染爪哇三七(Gynura aurantiaca),取其腋芽和嫩叶作外植体,经消毒处理,接种在稍加改良的B5和MS半固体培养基上,置于24℃～27℃遮光培养,经2～3周诱导形成愈伤组织,质地有的松散易碎似白木耳状,有的坚硬灰黑似多瘤状,经双向凝胶电泳-银染法和点杂交法检测,证实用CEV感染的嫩叶和腋芽作外植体,不仅能诱导形成愈伤组织,而且CEV还可能在愈伤组织中复制,结果表明,已初步建立了爪哇三七的组织培养和研究类病毒的离体培养系统。     

柑桔树中的一种小分子RNA

从柑桔裂皮病疫区采集的柑桔植株叶片中提取核酸,经双方向聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析,发现两种小分子环状RNA,采用分子杂交鉴定,此两种小分子RNA均与大多数类病毒中心保守区段有明显的序列同源性,其中一种分子量较柑桔裂皮病类病毒(CEV)小,与马铃薯纺锤体块茎类病毒(PSTV)大小相近。将含CEV和小分子RNA的柑桔叶汁接种于爪哇三七,经一定时间后,从爪哇三七中提取核酸,通过电泳和分子杂交方法分析,获得与柑桔植株相同的结果。对此种小分子RNA的性质本文进行了初步分析。     

几种化学药物对柑桔裂皮病类病毒感染和复制的影响

经柑桔裂皮病类病毒(Citrus exocortis viroid,简称CEV)感染后的指示植物爪哇三七(Cynura aurantiaca),分别施用不同浓度的赤霉素(5ppm,10ppm,50ppm,100ppm,200ppm)、萘(100ppm,300ppm)、5-氟尿嘧啶(0.5mg/L,1mg/L,2mg/L)溶液,其相对感染指数(Relative infectivity index)均有程度不同的改变。抽提叶片核酸,经5％双向聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)-银染色法结合凝胶扫描技术确定CEV浓度,辅以点杂交方法定性,观察到施用赤霉素组CEV浓度增高,施用萘组和5-氟尿嘧啶组CEV浓度均降低。用无性繁殖的柑桔苗作材料,CEV感染后分别施用50ppm赤霉素、300ppm萘、1mg/L 5-氟尿嘧啶溶液,用相同的分析方法,得到了与爪哇三七一致的结果。讨论了这三种药物影响CEV复制的意义。     

柑桔裂皮病类病毒在爪哇三七不同器官中的分布

采用生物学方法,正反两相聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及分子杂交技术,对感染了柑桔裂皮类病毒(CEV)且发病的爪哇三七根、茎、叶、花及种子各部分器官的带毒情况进行了检测分析,研究了CEV在宿主体内的分布。结果表明:CEV在惑染爪哇三七体内呈周身分布,但分布是不均一的。     

爪哇三七组织培养植株再生

本文报道了爪哇三七通过组织培养再生植株的方法。爪哇三七的叶片,叶柄或茎段外植体分别接种于6种分化培养基上,均难以直接分化。在附加1mgL~(12),4-D和0.1mgL~(-1)KT的B_5培养基上的叶片形成无色疏松的愈伤组织转接于MS附加1mgL~(-1)BAP和0.1mg L~(-1)NAA培养基上,5天后开始形成绿色球胚状结构,继而形成不定芽或丛生芽。这些不定芽或丛生芽在锈根培养基中迅速长成根系发达的完整植株。此外,本试验比较了不同浓度及不同组合的激素对爪哇三七外植体的脱分化、再分化的影响。并讨论了此项工作对柑桔裂皮病类病毒(简称CEV)的复制及致病机理研究的意义。     

一种有效的分离制备柑桔裂皮病类病毒的方法

类病毒分子量小,在寄主体内含量低,不易提纯。一般提纯方法需经过酚抽提,去糖、透析、氯化锂处理、DNase消化和纤维素层析,由于步骤复杂,所以回收率较低,同时所得样品纯度不高,难以满足各种需要。本文报道一种柑桔裂皮病类病毒(CEV)的分离制备方法,采用苯酚-氯仿抽提核酸,核酸经LiCl处理后,进行纤维素(CF-11)层析,然后经PAGE纯化CEV。该方法具有操作简便,所使用的设备简单,纯化CEV效果好等优点,是柑桔裂皮病类病毒早期诊断,序列分析,分子克隆和防治等研究必不可少的基础工作。     

三七细胞大量（发酵）培养的研究

三七(Panax notoginseng)细胞发酵培养的皂甙含量为干重的11.21%,皂甙产率为1513.3mg·L~(-1),细胞培养物产率为每月13.58g干重·L~(-1),均比悬浮培养高。接种量的增加能明显地提高生长速率、皂甙产率以及细胞培养物产率。通气速率0.8vvm较适合于三七细胞的发酵培养。在发酵培养过程中pH值由5.8逐渐降至3.92,没有出现回升。     

质粒RSF1010寄主范围特性的遗传学分析

采用Tn5插入诱变、限制性核酸内切酶作图以及DNA转化等方法,对广泛寄主范围型质粒SF 1010的衍生体－pKT 2 40进行研究。证实质粒的寄主围决定于它在遗传背景不同的寄主中复制并保存自身的能力,而repA,rcpB和repC基因为该质拉复制所必需。     

柑桔裂皮病类病毒感染爪哇三七叶片原生质体

柑桔裂皮病类病毒(Citrile Exocortis Viroid,简称CEV)是一种严重影响柑桔生产的单链闭环RNA致病因子,近年来人们已对它的理化特性、检测方法以及离体培养系统进行了研究。由于利用原生质体出利用整个植物或愈伤组织来研究CEV复制和致病机理更为优越,所以建立一个适合CEV感染的原生质体体系是人们关心的重要课题。     

The sequence of a viroid from grapevine closely related to severe isolates of citrus exocortis viroid.

The primary structure of a grapevine viroid (GVs) isolated in Spain was determined. The sequence consisted of 369 nucleotide residues forming a circular molecule. GVs presented extensive homology with viroids of the potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) group, that was specially high in the case of citrus exocortis viroid (CEV) both with variants found in isolates inducing severe (92% with CEV-A) and mild (89% with CEV-DE26) symptoms on tomato. The secondary structure proposed for GVs showed that the changes in the sequence in relation to CEV-A generated modifications of the secondary structure particularly important in the left terminal (Tl), variable (V) and pathogenesis (P) viroid domains that have been postulated. Nevertheless it was noted in GVs a central core in the P domain that is conserved in the class A sequence variants characteristic of severe isolates, but not in the class B ones found in mild isolates of CEV. These observations indicate that GVs should be considered as a severe isolate of CEV from grapevine (CEV-g), a suggestion that correlates with the biological properties of CEV-g both in tomato and in Gynura aurantiaca. The presence of this central core in the P domain seems to characterize all the variants of CEV inducing severe symptoms in tomato.     

Long-term microcarrier suspension cultures of human embryonic stem cells

The conventional method of culturing human embryonic stem cells (hESC) is on two-dimensional (2D) surfaces, which is not amenable for scale up to therapeutic quantities in bioreactors. We have developed a facile and robust method for maintaining undifferentiated hESC in three-dimensional (3D) suspension cultures on matrigel-coated microcarriers achieving 2- to 4-fold higher cell densities than those in 2D colony cultures. Stable, continuous propagation of two hESC lines on microcarriers has been demonstrated in conditioned media for 6 months. Microcarrier cultures (MC) were also demonstrated in two serum-free defined media (StemPro and mTeSR1). MC achieved even higher cell concentrations in suspension spinner flasks, thus opening the prospect of propagation in controlled bioreactors.     

Influence of abiotic elicitation on production of dipyranocoumarins in suspension cultures of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Calophyllum inophyllum</Emphasis> L.

Effects of elicitation with heavy metals such as copper, cadmium, chromium (abiotic elicitation) and supplementation of CaCl₂ on production of dipyranocoumarins (inophyllums) in suspension cultures of leaf and stem callus of Calophyllum inophyllum were studied. The optimum timing for elicitor introduction was found to be the 10th day after initiating the suspension cultures. Cadmium as abiotic elicitor in suspension cultures of stem callus was found best to elicit maximum production of inophyllums A, C, and calophyllolide while cadmium in suspension cultures of leaf callus was found best for eliciting maximum production of inophyllums B and P. Inophyllum D was the only dipyranocoumarin whose highest production was achieved when 1.0 mM chromium was used as abiotic elicitor in suspension cultures of stem callus. Out of the three abiotic elicitors used, none could result biomass growth. Only incorporation of CaCl₂ in suspension cultures resulted biomass growth. A maximum of 35.26-fold biomass growth was achieved when suspension cultures of stem callus were incorporated with 2.0 mM CaCl₂. CaCl₂ was noted to have no positive influence on production of most of the dipyranocoumarins under study.     

The origin and characteristics of a pig kidney cell strain,LLC-PK1

Summary A stable epithelial-like pig kidney cell strain has been established. This strain has been carried through more than 300 serial passages, has remained free of microbial and viral contaminants, and has retained a near diploid number of chromosomes. Attempts to produce tumors with these cells in immunosuppressed laboratory animals have been uniformly negative. The cells have grown rapidly in monolayer cultures with a split ratio of 1 to 15 at weekly intervals, but have failed to proliferate in suspension cultures. A subline adapted to growth on serum-free medium 199 has been carried through 145 passages on this medium. Several unusual morphologic features have been observed in these cultures including three-dimensional “domelike” structures. These cells have been found susceptible to some viruses and have been especially useful for viruses of domestic animals. LLC-PK₁ cells have produced significant levels of plasminogen activator. Histopathological examinations of animal tissues were done by Dr. C. G. Culbertson. Tests for mycoplasma were performed by Mr. D. H. Holmes.     

滇藏常绿杜鹃亚属的修订

常绿杜鹃亚属Subgenus Hymenanthes是由K.Koch（1872）根据Blume（1826）建立的Genus Hymenanthes改级组合而成。但长期以来人们一直沿用了Maximowicz（1870）所建立的、后由Koehne（1893）修订过的Subgenus Eurhododendron这一亚属名称,直到最近D.F.Chamberlain（1978,1979,1982）对该亚属的名称才作了正式订正。     

Reinstatement of Rhodotorula colostri (Castelli) Lodder and Rhodotorula crocea Shifrine & Phaff, former synonyms of Rhodotorula aurantiaca (Saito) Lodder

Rhodotorula aurantiaca (Saito) Lodder is an anamorphic basidiomycetous yeast species that belongs to the so-called "Erythrobasidium lineage" of the Urediniomycetes, according to molecular phylogenetic studies based on nucleotide sequence analyses of different ribosomal DNA regions. In the most recent editions of the yeast taxonomy treatises the species Rhodotorula colostri (Castelli) Lodder and Rhodotorula crocea Shifrine & Phaff were listed as synonyms of R. aurantiaca. Taxonomic heterogeneity within R. aurantiaca was demonstrated in a study based on whole-cell protein profiles and is also hinted at by the observed differences in physiological and biochemical characteristics among the different strains under that species name. We determined partial nucleotide sequences of the 26S rRNA gene (D1/D2 domains) of strains maintained in the CBS culture collection under R. aurantiaca, including the type strains of its synonyms. The results showed that R. colostri and R. crocea are clearly distinct from R. aurantiaca and from any other currently recognised basidiomycetous yeast species. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of the sequence data placed the former two species in separate lineages of the Microbotryomycetidae: R. colostri in the "ruineniae clade" (Sporidiobolus lineage or Sporidiobolales) and R. crocea loosely linked to Rhodotorula javanica (Microbotryum lineage).