基于传递矩阵修正的近场MUSIC算法研究

针对MUSIC谱估计算法在近场声源定位成像中出现的边沿放大问题,提出了一种阵列传递矩阵修正方法,该方法不考虑近场声压幅值衰减效应.实现了近场条件下的MUSIC算法声源定位成像的应用,并通过仿真与直接波束形成算法、去自谱波束形成算法进行了对比研究,检验了该算法的性能.仿真实验证明采用修正阵列传递矩阵后的MUSIC算法可以实现近场声源定位成像,可作为较近距离和较低频率条件下一种补充定位成像算法.     

超大规模阵列的快速近场分层波束训练算法

文章研究了超大规模阵列（The Extremely Large-scale Array, XL-array）通信系统高效近场波束训练的设计。与远场波束只搜索最佳波束成形向量训练方法相比,近场波束训练需要在角域和距离域进行。为减少近场波束训练开销,提出一种新的两阶段近场分层波束训练方法。第一阶段采用传统远场码本和角域粗细波束相结合扫描的新方法来确定用户的候选角度。第二阶段使用近场极化域码本寻找用户的最佳有效距离。仿真结果表明,所提出的波束训练方法显著降低了近场穷搜的训练开销。     

基于径向基神经网络的波束优化方法

针对不规则结构阵列的波束图容易出现旁瓣升高的问题,该文提出了一种基于径向基神经网络(RBFNN)的波束设计方法。该方法根据Olen波束形成中阵元位置和阵列加权向量之间的非线性关系,利用径向基神经网络输入和输出之间的非线性映射特性,以任意结构阵列的实际阵元位置为基准,构造带有误差的阵元位置样本集。之后利用Olen法计算阵列加权向量并进行波束形成,当波束图满足设计要求时,记录对应的位置和阵列加权向量作为径向基神经网络训练数据的输入样本和输出样本,并使用训练后的网络得到实际阵列的加权向量。最后,对直线阵、弧形阵、随机环形阵进行了波束优化设计,结果这几种阵形的波束都可以满足设计要求,证明了所提方法的有效性。     

一种求解支持向量回归波束形成的算法

在对传统求解支持向量回归算法研究与分析的基础上,针对支持向量回归模型,结合支持向量回归的波束形成技术,提出了一种利用迭代重加权最小二乘支持向量回归波束形成的算法,并对具有严重干扰的接收信号进行了数值仿真试验和对比分析。结果表明：基于迭代重加权最小二乘支持向量回归波束形成的算法不同于传统的标准二次型算法,收敛速度快,干扰抑制强,计算量小,降低了计算复杂度,避免了二次规划技术的高计算成本,提高了算法效率,并保持了良好的泛化能力,具有一定的参考价值。     

高信噪比大指向误差环境中的波束形成

基于协方差矩阵加权的波束形成方法(SMI)在计算加权向量时引进干扰和噪声的影响,投影方法在计算加权向量时引进干扰信号的影响,这些都造成了波束形成效果的不理想。在有用信号的信噪比较高且出现较大的指向误差时,SMI和投影方法失效。本文针对上述问题提出了利用信号周期平稳性,采用周期波束形成方法来解决上述问题。模拟实验验证了本文的方法。     

基于CMA算法的智能天线自适应波束形成研究

自适应波束形成是智能天线的核心技术,其主要思想是利用自适应算法调整阵列的权向量,将各阵元接收到的信号进行加权求和,把天线阵列形成的波束“导向”到特定方向上。本文介绍了恒模算法（CMA）和最小二乘恒模算法（LS—CMA）两种盲波束形成算法并运用Matlab软件对两种算法进行仿真分析,仿真结果表明,LS—CMA具有更快的收敛速度以及更好的抗干扰能力。     

一种虚拟波束形成自适应加权空间平滑算法

该文提出了一种用于自适应阵列的自适应加权空间平滑算法。通过构造虚拟自适应波束形成问题求取用于子阵协方差矩阵加权的加权向量,然后进行加权空间平滑自适应波束形成。理论分析与仿真结果表明,新算法能更有效地降低期望信号和干扰之间的相关性,使得用于空间平滑的子阵数减少,以降低阵列孔径损失。     

超宽带穿墙雷达双稳健波束互相关加权的自适应成像方法

为了改善超宽带穿墙雷达目标成像质量,论文提出双稳健波束互相关加权的自适应成像方法.该方法将基阵交替划分为两个子阵,利用双约束稳健Capon波束形成(DRCB)独立估计子阵波束输出信号,取其信号和的能量作为像值获得高成像分辨率和强干扰抑制能力;又因两波束的输出具有非常相似的主瓣响应和不同旁瓣响应的特点,取其互相关系数加权...     

基于半正定秩松弛方法的稳健波束形成

现有的向量加权稳健波束形成方法只有在指向误差较小的情况下才能有效估计目标的信号功率;矩阵加权波束形成方法在指向误差较大时,虽然可以估计目标的信号功率,但是它的系统实现复杂度与向量加权稳健波束形成方法相比较大。针对以上问题,该文提出基于半正定秩松弛(SDR)方法的稳健波束形成,该方法优化模型中的目标函数与Capon算法的目标函数相同,优化变量为加权向量的协方差矩阵,并约束方向图的主瓣幅度波动范围、旁瓣电平,协方差矩阵的秩为1。应用SDR方法求得加权向量的协方差矩阵,将该矩阵中的每一行(列)转化为加权向量,然后选择使得方向图主瓣与0 dB之间失真最大值最小的一个加权向量。该方法的系统实现复杂度与传统向量加权方法一致,对信号功率的估计性能与矩阵加权方法相当。仿真实验验证了该文方法可以得到理想的方向图形状,并且可以在大指向误差条件下有效估计信号功率。     

基于均匀同心圆阵列的近场宽带波束形成

该文提出了一种频率不变近场宽带波束形成的方法。该方法将均匀同心圆阵列的输出经傅里叶逆变换转换成相位模式信号,并经过近场矫正和频率补偿网络,可达到频率响应不变的远场阵列响应效果。在此基础上,该文将传统远场窄带波束形成法推广到近场宽带阵列中。仿真结果表明,该文提出的近场宽带阵列响应具有近似频率响应不变的效果,其波束图也接近远场窄带阵列波束图。另外,与其他几种波束形成方法相比,基于该文提出的频率不变近场宽带阵列提升了波束形成性能,且具有较低的计算复杂度。     

VLSI circuits for adaptive digital beamforming in ultrasound imaging

For phased-array ultrasound imaging, alternative beamforming techniques and their VLSI circuits are studied to form a fully digital receive front-end hardware. In order to increase the timing accuracy in beamforming, a computationally efficient interpolation scheme to increase the sampling rate is examined. For adaptive beamforming, a phase aberration correction method with very low computational complexity is described. Image quality performance of the method is examined by processing the non-aberrated and aberrated phased-array experimental data sets of an ultrasound resolution phantom. A digital beamforming scheme based on receive focusing at the raster focal points is examined. The sector images of the resolution phantom, reconstructed from the phased-array experimental data by beamforming at the radial and raster focal points, are presented for comparison of the image resolution performances of the two beamforming schemes. VLSI circuits and their implementations for the proposed techniques are presented.     

基于时分MIMO的地基雷达高分辨率成像研究

基于时分多输入多输出(MIMO)的地基雷达成像有许多很好的应用价值,比如替代合成孔径雷达成像在山体滑坡监测方面的应用。针对基于时分MIMO的地基雷达高效高分辨率成像,该文提出一种基于逆傅里叶变换脉冲压缩和波束形成的成像算法。雷达通过步进频连续波技术获得高距离向分辨率,利用MIMO技术获得高方位向分辨率。通过逆傅里叶变换法实现雷达数据距离向压缩,采用波束形成算法实现雷达数据方位向压缩。同时该算法还针对MIMO天线阵列所引起的回波信号相位不连续问题进行了适当的校正,在保持算法高效性的同时提高了成像质量。根据真实的山体滑坡监测成像场景参数,通过数值仿真验证了该成像算法的可行性,应用在山体滑坡监测上理论效果良好。     

An overview of ultra-wideband microwave imaging via space-time beamforming for early-stage breast-cancer detection

Ultra-wideband (UWB) microwave imaging has recently been proposed for detecting small malignant breast tumors. In this article, we review the current research status of this approach. First, we introduce the concept of microwave imaging via space-time (MIST) beamforming and related signal-processing algorithms. The objective of these signal-processing techniques is to form a spatial image of scattered microwave energy, and to identify the presence and location of malignant lesions from their scattering signatures. Next, we present numerical studies based on finite-difference time-domain simulations to demonstrate the efficacy of MIST beamforming for detecting small malignant breast lesions in both prone and supine configurations. Finally, the experimental feasibility of UWB microwave imaging is demonstrated using an initial imaging prototype and multilayered breast phantoms.     

Microwave imaging of aircraft

Three methods of imaging aircraft from the ground with microwave radar with quality suitable for aircraft target recognition are described. The imaging methods are based on a self-calibration procedure called adaptive beamforming that compensates for the severe geometric distortion inherent in any imaging system that is large enough to achieve the high angular resolution necessary for two-dimensional target imaging. The signal processing algorithm is described and X-band (3-cm)-wavelength experiments demonstrate its success on commercial aircraft flying into Philadelphia International Airport.<>     

基于自适应滤波的DPC-MAB SAR方位向信号重建

偏置相位中心方位多波束(DPC-MAB)SAR系统利用方位向多个子孔径同时接收回波,在PRF较低时根据多波束回波的相关性对其进行联合处理,实现方位向信号的重构,从而在保证高方位分辨率的同时增加测绘带宽。该文针对DPC-MAB SAR系统研究了基于波束形成理论的多普勒解模糊方法。传统非自适应的波束形成算法敏感于通道幅相误差以及各类噪声,而基于Capon算法的自适应最小方差无畸变(MVDR)最优波束形成器在多个模糊分量相关性较强时性能大大衰减,针对以往方法的局限性与不足之处,该文提出了一种改进的最小输出能量(MOE)波束形成算法,该算法首先利用多通道回波数据自适应的估计统计自相关矩阵,根据子空间投影理论对理想导向矢量进行修正,然后利用多重约束条件有效抑制相关模糊分量,解模糊性能明显提升。仿真实验和实测数据处理均验证了其有效性。     

时域波束形成在超宽带穿墙成像雷达中的应用

超宽带穿墙成像雷达作为一种能够隔墙探测和定位的新型雷达系统,在很多领域得到应用。该文提出利用时域波束形成对穿墙雷达进行成像的方法。电磁波穿墙传播时产生速度变化、衰减和折射等现象。该文在电磁波穿墙传播的折射模型上用解析的方法计算电磁波的传播时间,在时域波束形成成像算法中考虑了墙体对电磁波的影响,并用FDTD模拟对成像方法进行验证。最后定性分析了墙体厚度、介电常数估计误差对成像的影响。     

Multidimensional Waveform Encoding: A New Digital Beamforming Technique for Synthetic Aperture Radar Remote Sensing

This paper introduces the innovative concept of multidimensional waveform encoding for spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR). The combination of this technique with digital beamforming on receive enables a new generation of SAR systems with improved performance and flexible imaging capabilities. Examples are high-resolution wide-swath radar imaging with compact antennas, enhanced sensitivity for applications like alongtrack interferometry and moving object indication, and the implementation of hybrid SAR imaging modes that are well suited to satisfy hitherto incompatible user requirements. Implementation-specific issues are discussed and performance examples demonstrate the potential of the new technique for different remote sensing applications.     

智能天线自适应波束形成技术现状及发展

文章介绍了智能天线自适应波束形成技术的基本概念及典型自适应波束形成方法，归纳了自适应波束智能天线的主要结构形式。在此基础上，分析了自适应波束智能天线实现中面临的几个问题，探讨了自适应波束形成技术未来的发展趋势。     

基于波束形成的分布式卫星SAR成像

针对分布式卫星SAR系统的正侧视工作模式，建立了雷达信号的回波模型，提出了利用修改的距离－多普勒（RD）算法进行单个星载SAR成像的算法及波束形成合成分布工卫星SAR图像的算法。理论分析和仿真结果表明：利用该算法能提高图像的信噪比，使图像质量得到提高。     

A broadband MVDR beamforming core for ultrasound imaging

The Minimum Variance Distortion less Response (MVDR) beamformer is an attractive alternative to conventional delay and sum (DAS) beamformers in medical ultrasound imaging. However, it is not widely employed in medical ultrasound imaging due to its computational complexity. In this paper, we intend to present a novel broadband MVDR beamformer architecture and its implementation for up to 32 channel ultrasound imaging system. The proposed architecture is based on the subarray MVDR and Dichotomous Coordinate Descent (DCD) iteration based adaptive weight computation. A Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based ultrasound system prototype set up is designed, and the proposed MVDR beamforming Core is emulated on the FPGA. The proposed beamforming core could achieve up to 65.5 fps for a 640 x 480 ultrasound frame. The ultrasound system prototype operates at 20 MHz sampling frequency, and the FPGA implementation resulted in approximately 35% of FPGA resources (Xilinx Kintex-7 410T). Image quality comparisons in terms of Contrast Ration (CR) and Contrast to Noise Ratio (CNR) were performed with MATLAB™ MVDR model ported on the Verasonics™ Vantage-64 ultrasound research platform.