宁南山区灌溉农业立体复合种植生态系统生产力的研究

宁南山区灌溉农业立体复合种植生态系统生产力的研究杜守宇田恩平,王占山（宁夏农业技术推广总站,银川７５０００１）（固原县农业技术推广中心,７５６０００）ＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＰｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｏｆＩｒｒｉｇａｔｅｄＳｔｅｒｅｏｓｃｏｐｉｃＭｕｌｔｉｐｌｅ－ＣｒｏｐｐｉｎｇＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｉｎＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎｏｕｓＡｒｅａｏｆＳｏｕｔｈｅｒｎＮｉｎｇｘｉａ￥ＤｕＳｈｏｕｙｕ（ＣｅｌｌｅｒａｌＳｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＴｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅＥｘｔｅｎｓｉｏｎｏｆＮｉｎｇｘｉａ,Ｙｉｎｃｈｕａｎ７５０００１）,ＴｉａｎＥｎｐｉｎｇ,ＷａｎｇＺｈａｎｓｈａｎ（ＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＴｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅＥｘｔｅｎｓｉｏｎＣｅｎｔｅｒｏｆＣｕｙｕａｎｃｏｕｎｔｙ,７５６０００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３．１２（６）：１１－１６．ＴｈｅｖａｒｉｏｕｓｃｒｏｐｐｉｎｇｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓａｒｅａｓｓｅｓｓｅｄｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｖｅｌｙｆｏｒｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｂｙｔｈｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆＨｉｅｒａｒｃｈｉｃａｌｐｒｏｃｅｄｕｒｅａｎｄｔｈｅｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄｂｅｎｅｆｉｃｉａｌｖａ     

我国北方地区裸胞壳属(Emericela)的种

对１４０２份来自于东北、华北及西北地区的土样进行裸胞壳属（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａ）菌的分离。结合菌落形态及扫描电镜下子囊孢子的形态将各菌鉴定到种。结果表明我国北方地区分布有８个种,１个变种,分别是无冠裸胞壳（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａａｃｒｉｓｔａｔａ）、皱折裸胞壳（４Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｃｏｒｒｕｇａｔａ）、茴香裸胞壳（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｆｏｅｎｉｃｕｌｉｃｏｌａ）、宫治裸胞壳（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｍｉｙａｊｉ）、构巢裸胞壳（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｎｉｄｕｌａｎｓｖａｒ．ｎｉｄｕｌａｎｓ）、构巢裸胞壳宽脊变种（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｎｉｄｕｌａｎｓｖａｒ．ｌａｔａ）、四脊裸胞壳（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｑｕａｄｒｉｌｉｎｅａｔａ）、褶皱裸胞壳（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｒｕｇｕｌｏｓａ）及波状裸胞壳（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｕｎｄｕｌａｔａ）。除银川地区以Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａａｃｒｉｓｔａｔａ为优势菌外,各地区以Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｎｉｄｕｌａｎｓ最为常见。文中对常见菌种进行了简要的概述,对在我国较少见的种进行了详细的描述和讨论     

温度对麦长管蚜的影响

温度对麦长管蚜的影响汪世泽,郝树广（西北农业大学陕西杨陵７１２１００）ＥｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＴｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｏｎＥｎｇｌｉｓｈＧｒａｉｎＡｐｈｉｄ￥．ＷａｎｇＳｈｉｚｅ;ＨａｏＳｈｕｇｕａｎｇ（ＮｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔｅｒｎＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｙａｎｇｌｉｎｇ,ＳｈａａｎｘｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ７１２１００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（３）：５３－５６．ＩｎａｎｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆＥｎｇｌｉｓｈｇｒａｉｎａｐｈｉｄ,ｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｒａｔｅＶ（ｔ）ｏｆａｌａｔａｅｉｓｌｏｗｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈａｔｏｆａｐｔｅｒａｅ,ａｎｄｔｈｅＶ（ｔ）ｏｆ４ｔｈｉｎｓｔａｒｏｆａｌａｔａｅｉｓｔｈｅＩｏｗｅｓｔ．Ｔｈｅａｌａｔａｅａｐｐｅａｒｓｔｏｂｅａｂｌｅｔｏｔｏｌｅｒ－ａｔｅａｗｉｄｅｒｒａｎｇｅｏｆｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ,ｂｕｔｔｈｅｓｕｒｖｉｖａｌｃｕｒｖｅｉｓａｆｆｅｃｔｅｄｅｖｉｄｅｎｔｌｙｂｙｉｔ．Ａｔｌｏｗｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ,ｔｈｅｃｕｒｖｅｄｅｃｌｉｎｅｓｓｌｏｗｌｙ,ｂｕｔａｔｈｉｇｈｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ     

洞庭湖滩血吸虫易感地带保水生态灭螺的试验研究

洞庭湖滩血吸虫易感地带保水生态灭螺的试验研究张元培,朱南屏（湖南省水产科学研究所沅江４１３１００）（湖南省华容县血防站４１４２００）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＥＩｉｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆＳｎａｉｌ（Ｏｎｃｏｍｅｌａｎｉａ）ｂｙＲｃｔａｉｎｉｎｇＷａｔｅｒｉｎＢｌｏｏｄＦｌｕｋｅ（Ｓｃｈｉｓｔｏｓｏｍａ）Ｓｕｓｃｅｐｔｉ－ｂｌｅＲｅｇｉｏｎｓＡｒｏｕｎｄＤｏｎｇｔｉｎｇＬａｋｅ￥．ＺｈａｎｇＹｕａｎｐｅｉ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＦｉｓｈｅｒｉｅｓＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｆＨｕｎａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ,Ｙｕａｎｊｉａｎｇ４１３１００）,ＺｈｕＮａｎｂｉｎｇ（ＳｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆＳｎａｉｌＦｅｖｅｒＣｏｎｔｒｏｌｏｆＨｕａｒｏｎｇＣｏｕｎｔｙ,ＨｕｎａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ,４１４２００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（３）：２３－２５．Ｉｎｂｌｏｏｄｆｌｕｋｅ（Ｓｃｈｉｓｔｏｓｏｍａ）ｓｕｓｃｅｐｔｉｂｌｅｒｅｇｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｈｅｌａｋｅｂｅａｃｈ,ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔｓｏｆｗａｔｅｒｉｎｕｎｄａｔｅｄｅｌｉｍｉ－ｎａｔｉｎｇｓｎａｉｌ（Ｏｎｃｏｍｅｌａｎｉａ）ａｒｅｃａｒｒｉｅｄｏｕｔｂｙｂｕｉｌ     

生态交错带（Ecotone）理论研究进展

生态交错带（Ｅｃｏｔｏｎｅ）理论研究进展高洪文（东北师范大学草地研究所,长春１３００２４）ＡｄｖａｎｃｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＴｂｅｏｒｅｔｉｃａｌＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｉｎＥｃｏｔｏｎｅ．￥ＧａｏＨｏｎｇｗｅｎ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｒａｓｓｌａｎｄＲｅ－ｓｅａ...     

沈阳市东陵区景观生态潜力研究

沈阳市东陵区景观生态潜力研究赵羿,吴彦明（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）邓百祥（辽宁省水利水电勘测设计研究院,沈阳１１０００６）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＰｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｏｆＬａｕｄｓｃａｐｅｉｎＤｏｎｇｌｉｎｇＤｉｓｔｒｉｃｔｏｆＳｈｅｎｙａｎｇ￥ＺｈａｏＹｉ;ＷｕＹａｎｍｉｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１００１５）,ＤｅｎｇＢａｉｘｉａｎｇ（ＬｉａｏｎｉｎｇＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＷａｔｅｒＣｏｎ－ｓｅｒｖａｎｃｙａｎｄＷａｔｅｒＰｏｗｅｒＳｕｒｅｅｙｉｎｇａｎｄＤｅｓｉｇｎｉｎｇ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１０００６）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（５）：１－８。Ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｏｆｌａｕｄｓｃａｐｅｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｓｏｆｉｔｓｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ,ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌａｎｄｐｒｉｃｅｌｅｓｓｐｏ－ｔｅｎｔｉａｌ．Ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｃａｌｃｕｌａｔｉｎｇｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｓ（ｐｈｏｔｏｓｙｎｔｈｅｔｉｃｐｏｔ     

水稻内生联合固氮细菌的筛选,鉴定及其分布特性

利用乙炔还原法和固定１５Ｎ２ 活性测定法对分离自水稻（ Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．）“越富”种子、根、茎和叶的内生细菌进行了筛选,获得２９ 株具有体外固氮能力的水稻内生联合固氮细菌。鉴定结果表明它们分属于根癌土壤杆菌（ Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ ｔｕｍｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ （Ｓｍｉｔｈ ｅｔ Ｔｏｗｎｓｅｎｄ） Ｃｏｎｎ） ,放射土壤杆菌（ Ａ． ｒａｄｉｏｂａｃｔｅｒ （Ｂｅｉｊｅｒｉｎｃｋ ｅｔ ｖａｎ Ｄｅｌｄｅｎ） Ｃｏｎｎ） ;阴沟肠杆菌（ Ｅｎｔｅｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒ ｃｌｏａｃａｅ （Ｊｏｒｄａｎ） Ｈｏｒｍａｅｃｈｅ ｅｔ Ｅｄｗａｒｄｓ） ,成团肠杆菌（ Ｅ． ａｇｇｌｏｍｅｒａｎｓ （Ｂｅｉｊｅｒｉｎｃｋ） Ｅｗｉｎｇ ｅｔ Ｆｉｆｅ） ,坂崎肠杆菌（ Ｅ． ｓａｋａｚａｋｉｉ Ｆａｍｅｒ ｅｔ ａｌ．） ;皮氏产碱菌（ Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｅｓ ｐｉｅｃｈａｕｄｉｉ Ｋｉｒｅｄｊｉａｎ ｅｔ ａｌ．） ,反硝化产碱菌（ Ａ． ｄｅｎｉｔｒｉｆｉｃａｎｓ （Ｌｅｉｆｓｏｎ ｅｔ Ｈｕｇｈ） Ｒｕｇｅｒ ｅｔ Ｔａｎ） ;类产碱假单胞菌（ Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ｐｓｅｕｄｏａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｅｓ Ｓｔａｎｉｅｒ） ,产碱假单胞菌（ Ｐ． ａｌｃａｌ     

农业生态系统的人类生态学分析模式探讨

农业生态系统的人类生态学分析模式探讨李季（北京农业大学农业生态环境科学系,１０００９４）ＡｎＡｎａｌｙｔｉｃａｌＭｏｄｅｌｏｆＡｇｒｏｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｆｒｏｍＨｕｍａｎＥｃｏｌｏｇｙＰｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ￥．ＬｉＪｉ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ,ＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ１０００９４）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：２３－２４．Ｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｏｕｒｃｕｒｒｅｎｔａｇｒｏ－ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｒｃｓｅａｒｃｈ,ａｎｅｗａｎａｌｙｔｉｃａｌｍｏｄｅｌｏｆａｇｒｏ－ｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｋｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｅｄａｎｄｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｓｏｆｉｔｓｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈａｒｅｒｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｄ．Ｔｈｅａｉｍｏｆｔｈｅｓｅｉｓｔｏｐｒｏｖｉｄｅａｍｏｄｅｌｆｏｒｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ,ｗｈｉｃｈｃａｎｎｏｔｏｎｌｙｅｘｐａｎｄｔｈｅｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｒｅｌａｔｅｄｔｈｅｏｒｉｅｓａｎｄｍｅｔｈｏｄｏｌｏｇｉｅｓ,ｂｕｔ     

生态农业与乡村经济持续发展

生态农业与乡村经济持续发展张壬午,计文瑛,孙鸿良（天津农业部环境保护研究所,３００１９１）（中国农科院,北京１０００８１）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅａｎｄＳｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆＲｕｒａｌＥｃｏｎｏｍｙ￥．ＺｈａｎｇＲｅｎｗｕ;ＪｉＷｅｎｙｉｎｇ（Ａｇｒｏ－ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔＰｒｏｔｅｃｌｉｏｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ,Ｔｉａｎｊｉｎ３００１９１）,ＳｕｎＨｏｎｇｌｉａｎｇ（ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｃｓ,Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００８１）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：１９—２０．ＴｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｂｒｉｅｆｌｙｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓｔｈｅｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｎＣｈｉｎａａｎｄｃｏｍｐａｒｅｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅ＇＇ｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅａｎｄｒｕｒａｌｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ＇＇（ＳＡＲＤ）ｐｕｔｆｏｒｗａｒｄｂｙＦＡＯ,Ｃｈｉｎａ’ｓｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅａ－ｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｓｎｏｔｏｎｌｙａｎｉｎｇｅｎｉｏｕｓ     

陆生脊椎动物生态学研究的过去,现在和将来

陆生脊椎动物生态学研究的过去、现在和将来（前苏联科学院动物进化形态学与生态学研究所,莫斯科）Ｐａｓｔ,ＰｒｅｓｅｎｔａｎｄＦｕｔｕｒｅｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｎＴｅｒｒｃｓｔｒｉａｌＶｃｔｅｂｒａｔｃｓ￥．（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｎｉｍａｌＥｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎａｒｙＭｏｒｐｈｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,ｔｈｅＦｏｒｍｅｒＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｌｅｎｃｅｓｏｆＳｏｖｉｅｔＵｎｉｏｎ）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（４）：６６－７１。Ｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｓｔｈｅｍａｉｎｓｔａｇｅｓ,ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓａｎｄｉｔｅｍｓｏｆｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｉｎｔｈｅｆｏｒｍｅｒｓｏｖｉｅｔＵ－ｎｉｏｎ．ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｉｎｔｈｅｃｏｕｎｔｒｙｗａｓｒｅｓｔｒｏｄｅｄｂｙｍａｎｙｓｕＵｅｃｔｉｖｅａｎｄｏＵｅｃｔｉｖｅｆａｃｔｏｒｓａｎｄｓｔｉｌｌｌａｇｓｂｅｈｉｎｄｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄｌｅｖｅｌｉｎｍａｎｙａｓｐｅｃｔｓｓｕｃｈａｓｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓｔｈｅｏｒｙ,ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ,ｅｃｏ－     

岛屿生物地理学理论：模型与应用

前言岛屿有许多显著特征,如地理隔离,生物类群简单。这些特点为重复性研究和统计学分析奠定了基础,从而有利于许多深入而细致的生物学研究。因此,岛屿为发展和检验自然选择、物种形成及演化,以及生物地理学和生态学诸领域的理论和假设,提供了重要的自然实验室。岛屿生物地理学理论(MacArthurwilson学说)即为岛屿生物学研究中所产生的著名理论之一。该理论发展之     

A call for a new paradigm of island biogeography

MacArthur and Wilson’s equilibrium theory of island biogeography quickly became the paradigm of the field in the 1960s and has strongly influenced this and other disciplines of ecology and conservation biology for the past three decades. Recently, however, a growing number of ecologists have begun to question whether the theory remains a useful paradigm for modern ecology. We now have a much better appreciation for the complexity of nature and we study patterns that span a very broad range in spatial, temporal and ecological scales. At such scales, assumptions that communities are in equilibrium, that species, islands and intervening landscapes or seascapes are equivalent or homogeneous with respect to factors influencing immigration and extinction, and that in situ speciation can be overlooked become very tenuous. With this in mind, this and other papers of this special feature discuss the principal, conceptual shortcomings of the equilibrium theory and offer some modifications or alternatives to the theory that we hope will eventually lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the forces structuring insular communities.     

Special Section Introduction: Socioecological Disequilibrium in the Circumpolar North

Despite the evident challenges posed by arctic environments past and present, and despite the widespread acknowledgement that human population histories in the Arctic have historically been quite dynamic, it is often assumed that traditional pre-colonial populations were in perfect equilibrium with their environment, that they were perfectly adapted to their local environmental conditions. This adaptationist assumption is strongly challenged by recent research in ecology that has shown that many high-latitude ecological communities are in fact far from equilibrium with environmental conditions. Here we briefly introduce the notion of disequilibrium and the papers making up this special section. Ranging from the European Palearctic to the predicaments faced by contemporary populations in the circumpolar North, this collection presents a solid comparative evidence base for this new perspective. Together, these papers underline that adaptation – defined classically as the outcome of selection matching a particular feature or behaviour to the social or natural environment – cannot be assumed but needs to be empirically demonstrated. The papers also offer numerous qualitative and quantitative avenues for how to conduct such empirical investigations.     

平衡与非平衡生态学在锡林河流域典型草原放牧系统中的应用

为认识放牧系统的复杂性和稳定性 ,产生了放牧系统的平衡生态学和非平衡生态学原理。放牧系统的平衡生态学原理假定 :一旦干扰在系统中发生 ,系统将偏离平衡态 ;而当干扰解除后 ,系统将自动返回原来的状态或在新的领域实现平衡。在对内蒙古锡林河流域典型草原放牧系统动态的研究中 ,来自平衡生态学的 Clem ents- Duksterhuis演替理论提供了一个基本的研究框架。尽管已经证实对退化不太严重的典型草原放牧系统 ,平衡生态学原理是适用的 ,但是对于这一地区严重退化的放牧系统的动态 ,它显然并不能给予合理的解释。事实上许多放牧系统动态遵循非平衡生态学原理。在非平衡放牧系统中 ,稳定的状态是不会实现的 ,因为在这样的系统中 ,非生物变量对于植被的动态似乎起着决定性的影响 ,从而也决定着草食动物的种群动态。状态与过渡模型基于非平衡生态学原理 ,它能够解释过度放牧下典型草原生态系统的崩溃或灌丛化 ,因此它适于该地区严重退化的典型草原放牧系统的动态。鉴于内蒙古锡林河流域典型草原放牧系统普遍严重退化的现实 ,未来该地退化放牧系统的研究应更多地应用非平衡生态学原理 ,并且严重退化的草原生态系统的恢复试验 ,特别是灌丛化草原的重建也应置于它的指导之下     

Changing Assumptions in Primate Ecology

Ecological research on nonhuman primates developed separately from the discipline of ecology as a whole, and has in the past been characterized by a distinctive set of goals and assumptions. This paper examines some of the problems surrounding these assumptions. Recently, primate ecologists have begun to adopt the conceptual framework of other ecologists; it is argued here that this trend does not in fact solve all the old problems. Finally, the future of primate ecology is considered briefly . [Primates, ecology, adaptation, strategies, optimization]     

Tree size distributions in an old-growth temperate forest

Despite the wide variation in the structural characteristics in natural forests, tree size distribution show fundamental similarities that suggest general underlying principles. The metabolic ecology theory predicts the number of individual scales as the −2 power of tree diameter. The demographic equilibrium theory predicts tree size distribution starting from the relationship of size distributions with growth and mortality at demographic equilibrium. Several analytic predictions for tree size distributions are derived from the demographic equilibrium theory, based on different growth and mortality functions. In addition, some purely phenomenological functions, such as polynomial function, have been used to describe the tree size distributions. In this paper, we use the metabolic ecology theory, the demographic equilibrium theory and the polynomial function to predict the tree size distribution for both the whole community and each species in an old-growth temperate forest in northeastern China. The results show that metabolic ecology theory predictions for the scaling of tree abundance with diameter were unequivocally rejected in the studied forest. Although these predictions of demographic theory are the best models for most of the species in the temperate forest, the best models for some species ( Tilia amurensis , Quercus mongolica and Fraxinus mandshurica ) are compound curves (i.e. rotated sigmoid curves), best predicted by the polynomial function. Hence, the size distributions of natural forests were unlikely to be invariant and the predictive ability of general models was limited. As a result, developing a more sophisticated theory to predict tree size distributions remains a complex, yet tantalizing, challenge.     

Q&A: Friends (but sometimes foes) within: the complex evolutionary ecology of symbioses between host and microbes

Over the past decade, there has been a pronounced shift in the study of host–microbe associations, with recognition that many of these associations are beneficial, and often critical, for a diverse array of hosts. There may also be pronounced benefits for the microbes, though this is less well empirically understood. Significant progress has been made in understanding how ecology and evolution shape simple associations between hosts and one or a few microbial species, and this work can serve as a foundation to study the ecology and evolution of host associations with their often complex microbial communities (microbiomes).     

小麦条锈菌分子生态学研究进展

小麦条锈病是危害最严重的小麦流行性病害之一,小麦条锈菌的生态学研究对制定合理的防治策略和抗锈育种具有重要意义.近十几年来,DNA分子标记技术被应用于小麦条锈菌的群体遗传学研究,推动了小麦条锈菌分子生态学研究的快速发展,为揭示小麦条锈菌的群体生态特性开辟了一个新的途径.本文系统介绍小麦条锈菌分子生态学研究的主要进展,并就我国当前研究的局限性和发展趋势进行了分析.     

The identification of microorganisms by fluorescence in situ hybridisation

Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) with rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes facilitates the rapid and specific identification of individual microbial cells in their natural environments. Over the past year there have been a number of methodological developments in this area and new applications of FISH in microbial ecology and biotechnology have been reported.     

地理信息系统及其在动物空间行为研究中的应用

空间属性是动物行为的重要特征,也是行为生态学研究中必须要面对的难题之一。地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)具有强大的空间分析功能,它在动物行为生态学研究中得到了越来越广泛的应用,如生境选择、领域分析、迁徙路线、活动节律等。本文较系统地阐述了GIS的原理以及在行为生态学研究中所涉及的基本概念和原理,对近年来利用GIS进行的行为生态学研究做了回顾和总结,并对其未来的发展进行了展望。