A new distractor with angle-scale for proximal tibia medial opening wedge osteotomy

Lateral tibial plateau fractures or lateral cortex fractures may occur when performing medial opening wedge osteotomy. Some special tools have been described to prevent lateral tibial plateau or lateral cortex fracture during the medial separation of the osteotomy planes in medial opening wedge osteotomy. The author has developed a distractor with angle-scale to prevent such complications. Between December 2001 and April 2004, 40 opening wedge osteotomies stabilised with the plate with wedge were performed on 38 patients. The distraction of initial osteotomies in 25 knees was done with different techniques and there were three lateral tibial plateau fractures and nine lateral cortex fractures. The remaining, recently operated, 15 knees were treated with the aid of the above described angle-scale distractor to prevent lateral tibial plateau and lateral cortex fractures. There was no lateral tibial plateau fractures during the surgery when we used this instrument for the distraction of the osteotomy sites. A subsequent prospective study evaluated this new device.     

Occult fracture patterns of the knee associated with anterior cruciate ligament tears: assessment with MR imaging.

One hundred consecutive magnetic resonance (MR) images of the knee in patients with acute complete anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears were reviewed to evaluate the prevalence and patterns of associated occult fractures. Eighty-nine occult fractures were identified in 56 knees. All occult fractures were in the posterior aspect of the lateral tibial plateau. Of these, occult fractures were isolated in 24 cases (43%) and were in combination with fractures in the middle aspect of the lateral femoral condyle in 26 (46%), with fractures in the posterior aspect of the medial tibial plateau in four (7%), and with fractures involving all three areas in one (2%). Disruption of the ACL under valgus stress leads to anterior translation of the tibia and relative external rotation of the femur. This allows impaction of the posterior portion of the lateral tibial plateau against the middle of the lateral femoral condyle and accounts for the unique pattern of occult fractures associated with ACL tears. An occult fracture of the posterior lateral tibial plateau with or without an associated fracture in the lateral femoral condyle ("kissing contusion") is a relatively frequent finding in acute ACL tears and, when present, is highly suggestive of such an associated tear.     

复杂胫骨平台骨折三种内固定方法生物力学研究

目的 对复杂胫骨平台骨折三种内固定方法进行生物力学评价. 方法 采集18具成人防腐尸体胫骨平台标本,制成复杂胫骨平台骨折模型(Schatzker分型Ⅵ型).分别用高尔夫钢板(GP)、改良双钢板(外侧高尔夫钢板加内侧5孔1/3管型防滑钢板)(DP)、锁定加压钢板(LCP)固定,进行强度、刚度和稳定性的研究. 结果 DP组和LCP组生物力学强度、刚度和稳定性明显优于GP组(P<0.05),而DP组和LCP组之间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 LCP与DP是治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折较理想的内固定器.但LCP注重软组织和血供的保护,更符合生物学固定的要求,是目前最理想的内固定器.     

髌上囊积液在胫骨平台骨折诊断中的价值

目的 通过对胫骨平台骨折与髌上囊积液关联性研究,指导外伤后膝关节DR影像读片,减少胫骨平台骨折漏诊.方法 回顾本院2019—2020年膝关节外伤有髌上囊积液病例777例,年龄2～79岁,其中DR摄片+CT检查348例,DR摄片+MRI检查273例,DR摄片+CT检查+MRI检查156例.探讨胫骨平台骨折与髌上囊积液的关...     

后内侧联合前外侧入路治疗胫骨平台外侧柱及后柱骨折

目的探讨后内侧联合前外侧入路治疗胫骨平台外侧柱及后柱骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析2012年4月~2015年2月收治的19例采取后内侧联合前外侧入路治疗胫骨平台后外侧柱及后柱骨折患者的临床资料,其中男性12例,女性7例;年龄21~72岁,平均38.1岁;左侧10例,右侧9例。致伤原因:道路交通伤12例,高处坠落伤5例,重物砸伤2例。所有患者均采用前外联合后内侧入路显露骨折、复位、植骨并钢板固定,同时修复合并的半月板、韧带损伤。通过比较术前健侧与术后即刻的胫骨平台内翻角(PT角)、后倾角(PS角)评价骨折的复位质量;通过比较术后即刻与术后12个月时的PT角、PS角评价骨折的愈合情况及内固定稳定性;同时,采用美国特种外科医院(HSS)评分对膝关节功能进行评价。结果 19例均获得随访,随访时间12~26个月,平均14.6个月;骨折临床愈合时间9~15周,平均14.2周;比较术前健侧与术后即刻、术后即刻与术后12个月时的PT、PS角,均无统计学差异(P值分别为0.258、0.143、0.374、0.079);术后12个月随访时的HSS评分为82~94分,平均86.7分。结论后内侧联合前外侧入路治疗胫骨平台外侧柱及后柱骨折疗效确切,有利于骨折复位、固定,术后膝关节功能恢复良好。     

Posteromedial tibial plateau injury including avulsion fracture of the semimembranous tendon insertion site: ancillary sign of anterior cruciate ligament tear at MR imaging.

PURPOSE: To evaluate posteromedial tibial plateau injuries of or about the semimembranous tendon insertion site and their association with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears on magnetic resonance (MR) images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of MR images and conventional radiographs was performed in 10 patients with posteromedial tibial plateau injuries, including avulsion fractures of the semimembranous tendon insertion site. Associated abnormalities were analyzed, including ACL tears, medial meniscal tears, and other lateral femorotibial compartment injuries. Findings from the clinical history and physical examination were correlated with radiographic and MR imaging findings. Nine patients had arthroscopically or surgically documented ACL tears. RESULTS: All 10 patients had ACL tears at MR imaging. Five patients had posteromedial tibial plateau fractures: Four had avulsion fractures of the tendon insertion site, and one had a fracture lateral to the site. Five patients had posteromedial tibial plateau bruises: Two had bruises at the tendon insertion site. Five patients had tears of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus. Two patients had posterior meniscocapsular separations. Three patients showed evidence of the O'Donoghue triad. Six patients had bruises of the lateral tibial plateau and of the lateral femoral condyle. CONCLUSION: There appears to be an association between posteromedial tibial plateau injuries and ACL tears. Posteromedial tibial plateau injuries may be predictive of ACL status.     

Iliotibial band avulsion fracture: a case report with differential diagnosis

Avulsion injuries of the knee are common sequelae of significant trauma given the number of ligamentous and tendinous insertions around the joint. Commonly discussed avulsion fractures of the lateral knee include the Segond fracture of the lateral tibial plateau and the arcuate complex avulsion fracture of the fibular styloid process. A less common avulsion fracture is the iliotibial (IT) band avulsion fracture involving the anterolateral corner of the tibia (Gerdy’s tubercle). It is crucial to identify IT band avulsion fractures because of the frequent associated internal derangements of the knee. This case report describes the imaging of an acute IT band avulsion fracture and compares these findings with other lateral knee avulsion fractures.     

半圆形动态交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨平台伴胫骨上段骨折

目的：探讨治疗股骨平台伴胫骨上段骨折的最佳方法：方法：1995年12月－1999年6月,采用笔者逢行研制的半圆表态交锁髓内钉（SDLIN）治疗骨平台伴胫骨上段骨折21例,按Muller(AO/ASIF)分类,C1,C2,C3型骨折分别为6,10,5例,其中GusstiloIIIA,IIIB,型开放性骨折分为4,2例,SDLIN两铡钉分别自股骨外髁偏前12cm和胫骨内髁偏后1cm进钉,其中央段相互咬合,钉尾上横栓加压,构成一整体结构,结果：１９例达解剖复位,２例功能复位,经平均４０个月随访,骨折全部愈合,平均愈时间４．７个月,无断钉,断横栓,腓横栓,腓总神经损伤闰例,患膝关节功能优良率为９５％。结论：（１）通过ＳＤＬＩＮ钉尾横栓加压,可有效地固定胫骨平台骨折;（２）通过两侧钉的相互咬合作用,可有效地固定胫骨上段骨折;（３）可早期进行患膝关节功锻炼;（４）便于局部软组织损伤的处理。     

多层螺旋CT后处理技术对胫骨平台隐匿性骨折的诊断价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT后处理技术对胫骨平台隐匿性骨折的诊断价值。方法对16例临床上可疑胫骨平台隐匿性骨折患者采用多层螺旋CT进行扫描,同时在工作站上作3D及MPR影像后处理,16例患者CT扫描前均采用X线片检查。并就X线平片与多层螺旋CT影像进行比较和综合分析。结果 16例胫骨平台隐匿性骨折中,X线平片漏诊10例,可疑诊断6例,螺旋CT均予以诊断。3D影像可清晰显示胫骨平台骨折的立体形态;MPR影像则可明确显示胫骨平台内部的骨质损伤情况如骨折的具体部位、关节面碎裂及塌陷程度、骨折移位距离。结论螺旋CT及后处理技术对胫骨平台隐匿性骨折的诊断具有很高的准确性,明显优于X线平片,当临床怀疑骨折而X线片未显示或显示不清时应及时行CT检查。     

Second-look arthroscopy after arthroscopy-assisted treatment of tibial plateau fractures

The only way to show the healing potential in hyaline cartilage after the treatment of tibial plateau fractures in humans is the second-look arthroscopy. Our aim is to examine the healing potential of the hyaline cartilage in tibial plateau fractures treated with arthroscopy-assisted surgery. We applied second-look arthroscopy to the 12 patients out of 52 who had tibial plateau fractures treated by arthroscopy-assisted surgery. The mean age was 41. The tibial plateau fractures were classified according to Schatzker classification. The period between the primary surgical treatment and second-look arthroscopy was on an average of 19 months. Step-off was detected in 3 out of 12 patients. Hyaline cartilage of nine patients who did not have step-off was found obviously on the fracture line. None of them had displacement. Three patients out of 12 were above 50 years old and the average follow-up period was 26 months. Grade II-III chondral defect was detected on the fracture line and femoral condyle in patients above 50 years. For patients below 50 years old, the follow-up period was 21 months and grade I-II chondral defect was detected on the fracture line and femoral condyle. Until now in literature, tibial plateau fractures have been evaluated clinically and radiologically, but in our cases we directly saw the lesion. Cartilage healing is limited in human beings. On the fracture line, cartilage defect continues, although anatomic reduction has been achieved. Moreover, if there is step-off, insufficient healing potential appears. Although we did not have enough cases, we can say that in tibial plateau fractures anatomic reduction is mandatory. Contrary to the common idea, step-off is not tolerated by hyaline cartilage.     

Arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation (ARIF) of lateral tibial plateau fractures

Arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation of tibial plateau fractures has been well documented over the last 15 years. Better visualization, less traumatic surgery, reconstruction of accompanying injuries and early mobilization have encouraged arthroscopic surgeons to use this technique more widely. With experience, surgeons became more comfortable in using arthroscopy-assisted surgery not only in split fractures of the lateral tibial plateau (41-B1) but also in more complex tibial and femoral fractures. In this study, 31 patients with intra-articular fractures of the lateral tibial plateau were operated on between 1991 and 1996. The fractures were classified as follows: x12 AO-type B1, x7 B2, x10 B3, x2 C3. Diagnostic arthroscopy and repair of soft tissue injuries was followed by arthroscopic reduction in all patients and supplemented with internal fixation in 29 patients. Postoperatively, an aggressive physical therapy regimen was performed with immediate mobilization and early partial weight bearing. All patients were examined for follow-up after 15-32 months (mean 25.1). In all cases the fractures were stable and allowed full weight-bearing. At follow-up, 25 patients had anatomic reduction. Anatomical reduction cannot be restored in all cases of open reconstruction because of cartilage defects. Fracture reduction using arthroscopic techniques is a suitable alternative for joint fracture repair because additional soft tissue damage can be minimized.     

Impingement fracture of the anteromedial tibial margin: a radiographic sign of combined posterolateral complex and posterior cruciate ligament disruption

Marginal fractures of the tibial plateau are associated with a high incidence of soft tissue injuries to the stabilising structures of the knee joint. Injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament are associated with the Segond fracture and impingement fractures of the posteromedial tibial plateau. Recognition of these fractures aids diagnosis of these injuries. Marginal fractures of the tibial plateau associated with posterior cruciate ligament injuries are less common, though recently a ”reverse” Segond fracture has been recognised. We describe a fracture of the anteromedial tibial plateau associated with complete disruption of the posterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral complex. Received: 12 June 2000 Revision requested: 17 July 2000 Revision received: 23 October 2000 Accepted: 26 October 2000     

内外侧锁定钢板治疗中老年胫骨平台SchatzkerⅤ、Ⅵ型骨折疗效观察

目的通过应用锁定钢板治疗复杂中老年胫骨平台骨折,观察其临床疗效,探讨中老年胫骨平台复杂骨折的治疗方法。方法2009年3月～2012年6月,采用锁定钢板治疗中老年复杂胫骨平台骨折22例,男18例、女4例;年龄40～55岁,平均48岁。骨折按Schazker分型：Ⅴ型13例,Ⅵ型9例。术中取内后侧切口及前外侧切口,于胫骨前外侧及后内侧置入锁定钢板进行内固定。患者术后1个月、3个月,半年及1年常规摄x线片。术后3个月后逐渐完全负重,最后1次随访时按Honkonen—Jarvinen标准对患者进行评分。结果22例均获随访,时间12—24个月,平均18个月,骨折平均愈合时间5个月。骨折愈合20例,延迟愈合2例。结论锁定钢板治疗中老年复杂胫骨平台骨折提供了持续稳定的固定,防止骨折的Ⅱ期移位和膝关节力线改变,术后膝关节功能恢复满意。     

Combined osteochondral fracture of the posterolateral tibial plateau and Segond fracture with anterior cruciate ligament injury in a skeletally immature patient

A case of a 14-year-old boy with a rare injury—an osteochondral fracture of the posterolateral tibial plateau associated with the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rapture, and Segond fracture characterized by an avulsion fracture of the lateral tibial plateau—is reported. This case was noteworthy because it involved a rare combination of ACL injuries. This injury was thought to be caused by the impaction between the posterior aspect of the lateral tibial plateau and the lateral femoral condyle during internal rotational displacement of the knee joint at the time of injury, because the osteochondral fracture of the posterolateral tibial plateau matched the site where the bone bruise was observed.     

Tibial plateau fractures in alpine skiing

Tibial plateau fractures are uncommon in sports. Between 1977 and 1986, the authors studied 18 skiers who suffered tibial plateau fractures. Fracture patterns were diverse and displacement minimal. Hyperextension-valgus displacement caused compression fracture of the anterolateral tibial plateau in a characteristic form in 44%. Detection of these fractures is difficult by clinical and plain radiograph assessment, thus diagnosis may require acute awareness and special imaging tests. Although tibial plateau fractures are uncommon in skiers, early detection and treatment is important for best result in this sports population.     

胫骨平台骨折及膝关节附属结构损伤的MRI诊断

目的评价胫骨平台骨折合并膝关节附属结构损伤的MRI表现.资料与方法 27例胫骨平台骨折病例经X线平片检查后作MRI扫描,分析不同类型胫骨平台骨折所合并的膝关节附属结构损伤的MRI形态学表现.结果 MRI能准确显示骨折所合并的膝关节附属结构的损伤性病变,包括关节软骨断裂、半月板撕裂和移位、侧副韧带和肌腱的撕裂、关节腔脂肪血性积液等,其中双髁骨折引起的损伤最为严重,撕脱骨折引起的损伤较轻.结论 MRI能准确诊断胫骨平台骨折合并的膝关节附属结构损伤,应作为膝关节外伤的常规检查手段.     

Comparison between standard radiography and spiral CT with 3D reconstruction in the evaluation, classification and management of tibial plateau fractures

The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic efficiency of plain film and spiral CT examinations with 3D reconstructions of 42 tibial plateau fractures and to assess the accuracy of these two techniques in the pre-operative surgical plan in 22 cases. Forty-two tibial plateau fractures were examined with plain film (anteroposterior, lateral, two obliques) and spiral CT with surface-shaded-display 3D reconstructions. The Swiss AO-ASIF classification system of bone fracture from Müller was used. In 22 cases the surgical plans and the sequence of reconstruction of the fragments were prospectively determined with both techniques, successively, and then correlated with the surgical reports and post-operative plain film. The fractures were underestimated with plain film in 18 of 42 cases (43 %). Due to the spiral CT 3D reconstructions, and precise pre-operative information, the surgical plans based on plain film were modified and adjusted in 13 cases among 22 (59 %). Spiral CT 3D reconstructions give a better and more accurate demonstration of the tibial plateau fracture and allows a more precise pre-operative surgical plan. Received: 10 August 1999; Revised: 7 December 1999; Accepted: 27 December 1999     

Measurement of lateral plateau depression and lateral plateau widening in a Schatzker type II fracture can predict a lateral meniscal injury

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to determine the plain radiographic signs that can be indicative of meniscal injuries in Schatzker type II tibial plateau fractures.

Methods

The lateral plateau depression and lateral plateau widening were measured on anteroposterior knee radiographs in 20 patients with Schatzker type II tibial plateau fracture. Meniscal injury was present in 12 patients (three, meniscal tears; nine, peripheral meniscal detachments). The lateral plateau depression and lateral plateau widening measurements were compared between those who had meniscal injury (Group 1) and those who did not (Group 2).

Results

In Group 1, the median lateral plateau depression was 20 mm (IQR: 14–25) and the median lateral plateau widening was 12 mm (IQR: 10–14). In Group 2, the respective values were 10 mm (IQR: 5–17) and 6 mm (IQR: 2–10). There was a statistically significant difference in both parameters when the two groups were compared (p = 0.001).

Conclusions

A plain anteroposterior radiograph depicting a lateral plateau depression ≥14 mm and/or a lateral plateau widening ≥10 mm is associated with a significantly increased risk of meniscal injury in Schatzker type II tibial plateau fractures. These parameters can be used to predict the probable presence of lateral meniscal injury in such patients in routine clinical practice.

Level of evidence

Retrospective comparative study, Level III.     

The value of a CT scan compared to plain radiographs for the classification and treatment plan in tibial plateau fractures

This study aimed to evaluate the intra- and interobserver agreement for both fracture classification according to Schatzker and treatment plan of tibial plateau fractures using plain radiographs alone and with computed tomography (CT) scans. The study was carried out prospectively to assess the impact of an advanced radiographic study on the agreement of treatment plan and fracture classification of tibial plateau fractures. Eight experienced observers (six surgeons and two radiologists) classified 15 tibial plateau fractures with plain radiographs and CT scans and set up a treatment plan. Agreement was measured using kappa coefficients. Using plain radiographs alone, the mean interobserver kappa coefficient for classification was 0.47, which decreased to 0.46 after addition of CT scans. Using plain films alone for formulating a treatment plan, the mean interobserver kappa coefficient was 0.40, which decreased to 0.30 after addition of CT scans. The mean intraobserver kappa coefficient for fracture classification using plain radiographs was 0.60, which decreased to 0.57 with addition of CT scans. The mean intraobserver kappa coefficient for treatment plan based on plain radiographs alone was 0.53, which decreased to 0.45 after addition of CT scans. In contrast with other recent publications, there is no increase in inter- and intra-agreement of a CT scan compared to plain radiographs for the classification and treatment plan in tibial plateau fractures. Routine CT scanning of the knee for tibial plateau fractures is not supported by this study.     

螺旋CT三维重建在胫骨平台骨折中的应用

目的　探讨螺旋CT三维表面遮盖法重建 (SSD)及容积重建 (VR)在胫骨平台骨折诊断中的应用价值。方法　对 3 3例胫骨平台骨折的患者行螺旋CT容积扫描 ,然后在工作站上进行SSD、VR成像 ,结合轴位图像 ,对骨折分型 ,评估胫骨平台劈裂和塌陷的程度。结果　SSD显示胫骨平台骨折的立体效果较好 ,应用SSD切割程序 ,可很好地显示平台骨性关节面骨折情况 ;VR虽然立体效果稍逊于SSD ,但能显示骨折细微结构及深部的骨折情况。结论　螺旋CT的SSD、VR重建技术作为轴位图像的重要补充 ,能立体、直观地显示胫骨平台骨折的情况 ,对治疗方案的选择和患者预后的估计很有帮助