三级医院急性期脑卒中患者康复的临床经济学评价

目的：探讨三级医院急性期脑卒中患者康复对患者功能恢复的影响,并进行相关的临床经济学分析。方法：选取发病2周内在神经内科住院的脑卒中偏瘫患者50例,随机分成康复组与对照组。2组患者均进行药物对症治疗,康复组加入康复治疗手段,每组入选病例均于入组时及出院时采用Barthel指数(BI)、Berg平衡量表(BBS)、美国国立卫生院卒中量表(NIHSS)评定,并比较2组在住院病程中的相关费用,进行成本-效果分析。结果：①康复组评分较对照组患者的Barthel、Berg、NIHSS的改善程度比较,康复组优于对照组(P<0.05);②康复组住院平均费用15132.02±2815.66元,高于对照组13323.10±2341.02元(P<0.05);③康复组患者Barthel、Berg评分每增加1分、NIHSS评分每减少1分需分别花费人民币1200.95元、1136.04 元和7005.57元,而对照组则需分别花费1753.04元、1800.42元和12336.21元。结论：三级医院开展早期康复对急性脑卒中患者综合功能的恢复具有良好的促进作用,并具有更好的经济学效应。     

脑卒中患者应用康复程序的效果和卫生经济学评价

目的探讨三级康复方案的应用对急性脑卒中患者生理功能、生存质量的影响及卫生经济学评价,为脑血管病的康复制定最佳策略。方法将42例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分成康复组和对照组。2组患者急性期(21d内)均进行早期康复治疗,恢复期康复组于康复机构康复治疗2个月后,再到社区或家庭康复治疗3个月,对照组自行在家练习。分别采用美国国立卫生院卒中量表(NIHSS)、Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定(FMA)、改良巴氏指数(MBI)、SF-36量表来评定疗效。采用成本-效果分析及增量分析进行卫生经济学评价。结果①脑卒中急性期(21d内),康复组与对照组患者的NIHSS、FMA及MBI的改善程度比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而恢复期(21d后~6个月)的各个阶段,康复组明显优于对照组(P<0.01);②在康复后6个月及2年随访时,康复组的生存质量各个维度明显改善,与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);③康复组患者NIHSS评分每减少1分、FMA及MBI评分每提高1分需分别花费人民币2412.5元、442.0元和332.1元,而对照组则需分别花费3285.4元、637.8元和447.5元。结论三级康复方案对脑卒中患者功能恢复具有良好的促进作用,可提高患者生存质量,而且更为经济。     

急性脑卒中三级康复方案的应用与成本效果分析

目的:观察三级甲等医院神经内科-康复中心/综合医院康复科-社区医疗机构/家庭康复组成的三级医疗方案对急性脑卒中患者功能恢复的效果,同时做成本-效果的经济学分析。方法:选择上海交通大学附属第一人民医院2002-04/2003-08收治的经CT或MRI确诊的脑卒中患者70例,区组随机分为康复组和对照组各35例。①康复组在神经内科常规治疗的同时由康复治疗师进行为期6个月一对一康复训练:病程前1个月在病房进行,1次/d,45min/次;病程第2,3个月的第2阶段及病程第4～6个月,根据患者的病情及功能恢复情况决定将患者转至综合医院康复科继续康复治疗(二级康复),每周两三次,45min/次,或转至家中由治疗师2次/周上门指导,帮助患者进行必要的功能训练,直至随访结束(三级康复)。对照组不进行正规康复训练。②入选病例均于入选时及病程1,3,6个月时由同一医生分别采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定,改良Barthel指数,功能综合评定量表运动、认知功能评分,神经功能缺失评分评定效果(神经功能缺失评分越高表示病残程度越严重,其余评分升高表示功能好转);比较两组在6个月病程中的相关费用,包括直接医疗费用,直接非医疗费用,间接费用等费用组成,并进行成本-效果分析。结果:70例全部进入结果分析。①康复组在病程6个月时Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定,改良Barthel指数,功能综合评定量表运动、认知功能评分高于对照组,神经功能缺失评分显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。②康复组和对照组所花费的药费,总住院费,直接医疗费用相比差异不显著(P>0.05),康复组规范康复费用均值为962.18元,占直接医疗费用的6%左右。③康复组患者Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定,改良Barthel指数,功能综合评定量表运动功能评分每提高1分,神经功能缺失评分每减少1分,花费的直接医疗费用分别是人民币322.12,288.51,399.39,1166.88元,而对照组则需分别花费637.49,453.35,715.14,1911.22元。结论:三级康复方案对急性脑卒中患者各项功能的恢复具有良好的促进作用,且有更好的经济学效应。     

三级康复治疗改善脑卒中偏瘫患者综合功能的临床研究

目的:探索规范的三级康复治疗对于脑卒中偏瘫患者综合功能的影响。方法:本研究采用大样本、多中心、前瞻性的随机对照研究方法。各分中心患者在脑梗死和脑出血两个层次上区组随机化分成康复组和对照组,康复组688例,对照组677例,共计1365例,康复组患者予以规范的三级康复治疗,对照组不给予规范的三级康复治疗,但神经内科常规诊疗同康复组,分别于入选时、发病后第1个月末、第3个月末和第6个月末采用功能综合评定量表进行评测。结果:入选时脑梗死组、脑出血组患者综合功能分布情况康复组和对照组不存在明显差异,但是入选后各阶段两组之间存在明显的差异。患者入选后不论是脑梗死康复组、脑出血康复组、总体康复组患者综合功能测评积分明显优于对照组(P<0.01)。康复组患者入选后各阶段的综合功能改善值明显优于对照组(P<0.01)。6个月随访治疗后,脑梗死康复组、脑出血康复组和康复组总体患者的综合功能分别改善了42.78分、50.85分和44.98分,而对照组分别改善了26.94分、32.20分和28.33分。即和对照组相比,脑梗死康复组则多改善15.84分,脑出血康复组多改善18.65分,康复组总体上多改善16.65分。结论:规范三级康复治疗对于脑卒中偏瘫患者各阶段综合功能的提高具有明显的促进作用。     

小组模式康复训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能和手功能的影响

目的探讨小组模式康复训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能及手功能的影响。 方法采用随机数字表法将64例脑卒中偏瘫患者分为小组康复组及对照组，2组患者均给予常规药物及康复治疗，对照组患者在此基础上辅以常规上肢功能训练，小组康复组患者则辅以小组模式上肢功能康复训练。于治疗前、治疗8周后分别采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表上肢部分（FMA-UE）、Carroll上肢功能实验（UEFT)评定患者上肢功能及手功能；采用改良Barthel指数量表（MBI）评定患者日常生活活动能力；采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）评测患者焦虑及抑郁情况。 结果经8周治疗后，发现2组患者上述各项指标均较治疗前明显改善(P<0.05)，并且小组康复组UEFT评分［(75.7±11.0)分］、MBI评分［(81.2±11.8)分］、SAS评分［(33.0±6.6)分］及SDS评分［(40.4±7.8)分］均显著优于对照组水平，组间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论在常规康复干预基础上辅以小组模式康复训练，能进一步促进脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能恢复，提高其日常生活活动能力，同时对改善患者焦虑、抑郁情绪亦具有显著疗效，该治疗模式值得在临床康复中推广、应用。     

脑卒中后社区三级康复治疗的卫生经济学评价

目的：对脑卒中后社区三级康复治疗服务模式进行成本-效果分析。方法：将49例脑卒中患者按社区随机分为康复组和对照组,康复组在常规内科治疗的基础上给予规范的社区三级康复治疗,对照组给予常规内科治疗,没有进行规范的社区康复治疗。分别在入组时、2个月末和5个月末应用临床神经功能缺损程度量表(clinical neural impairment measures scale,NIM)进行神经功能评定,并进行费用调查。结果：规范的社区三级康复治疗2个月末和5个月末,康复组患者的NIM评分分别平均降低了3.26分和4.74分,对照组平均降低了1.08分和1.84分,康复组患者改善程度均显著优于对照组（P<0.01）。在2个月末和5个月末,康复组NIM每降低1分需要的总费用、直接医疗成本、康复治疗费、西药费用分别为￥752.82,￥447.75 ,￥199.89 ,￥241.99和￥1176.76,￥647.01,￥255.52,￥382.22;对照组每提高1分需要相关费用分别为￥2760.36,￥1443.69,￥358.30 ,￥1072.06和￥3899.72,￥1988.45,￥503.91,￥1475.41。对照组约是康复组各项相关费用的2—3倍。结论：社区三级康复治疗服务模式是经济有效的脑卒中社区康复治疗方案。     

早期康复治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体功能及日常生活能力的影响

目的探讨早期康复治疗对急性脑卒中偏瘫患者上下肢功能恢复及日常生活能力的影响。方法选择急性脑卒中偏瘫患者76例,随机分为康复组和对照组(每组38例)。用前瞻性研究方法对两组进行比较分析。康复组在临床药物治疗的同时进行正规的康复训练,对照组给予临床药物治疗及未经指导的自我锻炼。分别于入选治疗前24h及治疗后6~8周进行测评。运动功能采用Fugl-M eyer运动功能积分法(FMA)测评,日常生活能力用Barthel指数评分。结果经6~8周治疗后,Barthel指数及FMA评分均有一定程度的改善,但康复组明显优于对照组(P<0.01)。康复组治疗后FMA的提高程度上下肢差异无统计学意义。结论急性脑卒中偏瘫患者进行早期康复治疗能明显改善肢体运动功能、提高日常生活能力。     

脑卒中患者早期康复的临床经济学评价

目的:对脑卒中患者的早期康复进行临床经济学评价。方法:采用随机对照试验,用分层区组随机法将脑卒中患者分入综合康复组及一般康复组。通过观察早期康复对患者临床神经功能缺损程度及日常生活活动能力的影响,采用成本-效果分析对早期康复做相应的临床经济学评价。结果:两组患者基线资料比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。治疗后综合康复组神经功能缺损评分为(7.2±0.5)分,一般康复组为(12.3±0.8)分,日常生活活动评分综合康复组为(73.4±2.1)分,一般康复组为(66.4±2.5)分。综合康复组患者临床神经功能缺损程度每减少1分,需花费人民币1203.2元,日常生活活动能力每提高1分,需花费人民币402.6元;而一般康复组需1715.9,427.6元。结论:早期综合康复在降低患者临床神经功能缺损程度、提高日常生活活动能力上较一般康复有更好疗效,且在改善患者运动功能上更经济。     

三级康复治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者运动功能及生存质量的影响

目的:探讨三级康复治疗对急性脑卒中患者运动功能及生存质量的影响。方法:80 例脑卒中患者随机分为2组各40例,均予以常规内科治疗,康复组同时给予规范的三级康复治疗。在2组入选时、发病后1、3 及6个月末时进行运动功能(FMA)及生存质量评定。结果:发病后1、3、6个月末时运动功能评分康复组明显高于对照组(P<0.001);生存质量评定发病后1个月末时2组比较差异无显著性;而发病后3、6 个月末时康复组明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:三级康复治疗对脑卒中患者运动功能及生存质量的提高具有重要意义。     

脑卒中偏瘫患者的社区三级康复

目的 观察社区三级医疗康复方案对脑卒中偏瘫患者功能恢复的效果.方法 将158例脑卒中患者分为康复组及对照组.在规范的内科治疗、机构内一级康复的基础上,康复组给予规范的社区三级康复.在入组时、第1个月末、第6个月末分别采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)、简式Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定量表、改良Barthel指数、Rankin修订量表(MRS)进行评定.结果 康复组在病程6个月时Fugl-Meyer评定、Barthel指数评分明显对照组(P<0.01),NIHSS及MRS评分明显低于对照组(P<0.01).结论 脑卒中患者采取为期6个月的三级康复后,各项功能恢复明显优于仪采取一级康复,是一种有效的康复方案.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.