钛合金薄板不同连接方法的拉剪和疲劳性能

以钛合金板材为对象进行压印连接、自冲铆接和电阻点焊连接,对这三种接头进行拉-拉疲劳试验,比较其疲劳性能.结果表明,电阻点焊接头的静力学性能远高于另外两种接头.压印接头和自冲铆接头的疲劳性能较好,其中在长寿命循环时压印接头的疲劳性能更有优势.以200万次为疲劳极限时,三种接头可承受疲劳载荷顺序为压印接头最高,自冲铆接头其次,点焊接头最低.分析是由于点焊接头的热影响区性能差,残余应力叠加等原因造成.而压印和自冲铆接头内部存在板材间隙等,在疲劳加载过程中存在相对滑动和一定的形变量,起到缓解应力集中的作用,因此接头的疲劳性能较好.     

填充式摩擦点焊在航天飞行器非密封结构制造中的应用研究

本文介绍了填充式摩擦点焊的原理及特点,以5A90铝锂合金为研究对象,进行了点焊接头的剪切试验和十字拉伸试验,并与铆接接头进行了对比：对接头显微组织进行了金相观察,分析了影响力学性能的因素。结果表明,摩擦点焊接头剪切性能优于铆接,水平界面处高质量的连接是点焊接头具有优异剪切性能的主要原因,竖直环面的连接质量是影响点焊接头正拉性能的最重要因素;航天飞行器非密封舱体结构中采用摩擦点焊代替铆接将获得明显的减重效果,大大提高航天飞行器的运载能力。     

TA1钛合金自冲铆接与点焊连接抗拉剪性能的对比

采用自冲铆接(SPR)和电阻点焊对厚度为1.5 mm的钛合金板材进行了连接试验。通过剖面直观检测法分析了自冲铆接头成形质量并获得板材的最优铆接参数;利用超声波C扫描法对点焊接头进行了超声成像检测,获得其熔核直径;对试件进行拉伸-剪切试验并比较了两种接头的静力学性能。结果表明:自冲铆连接工艺可以在不预先热处理条件下对钛合金同种板材进行有效连接;在点焊接头的熔核直径与铆钉钉腿直径接近的条件下,点焊接头比自冲铆接头的静失效载荷高,点焊接头的能量吸收能力更强,适用于对缓冲吸震性能要求较高的结构。     

铝/铜异种材料搅拌摩擦铆接工艺

铝/铜异种材料的搅拌摩擦点焊接头的焊核区会存在较多的金属间化合物。为了减少这些硬脆且连续的金属间化合物对接头抗拉强度的影响,在搅拌摩擦点焊的基础上提出一种新型搅拌摩擦铆接技术。焊接中铝板(上板)预制孔中填充铜柱,使用旋转搅拌头下扎实现连接。研究结果表明,接头中未出现常规搅拌摩擦点焊中的Hook缺陷,铜柱的存在避免了铝板/铜板搭接界面处异种材料的混合,同时匙孔周围产生的铜层可以增加接头的机械互锁能力。铝板/铜柱垂直界面处发生原子扩散行为,形成由CuAl2以及CuAl组成的金属间化合物层。基于机械互锁与冶金结合的搅拌摩擦铆接技术可获得铝/铜异种材料的高质量接头。     

铝钢点焊铆接复合连接技术

提出了一种点焊与铆接复合进行铝钢连接的技术,即在待焊试样区域预制工艺孔,将铆钉铆入孔中,利用铆接力实现试样的预连接.然后使用点焊机在铆接位置进行点焊,实现铆接与点焊的复合连接,称为"点铆焊".文中分析了该方法的力学性能、微观组织、断裂模式,并同纯点焊与纯铆接进行了比较.结果表明,点铆焊的抗拉强度比纯点焊提高了23.8%,比纯铆接提高了28.7%,失效前吸收功比纯点焊提高211%,比纯铆接提高67%.虽然在点铆焊过程中也会产生脆性金属间化合物,但这些区域并不是主要的承载部位,点铆焊为塑性断裂模式.     

搅拌摩擦点焊技术及其在工业领域中的应用

搅拌摩擦点焊技术是一种新型固相焊接技术,具有接头质量高、缺陷少、变形小等优点,在焊接铝、镁等轻合金及其他新型材料方面优势明显,将替代传统电阻点焊和铆接技术,成为工业中最主要的制造方法之一,在工业制造领域具有广阔的应用前景,对于提高我国工业制造水平和实力、降低生产成本具有重要的意义.     

连接工艺对铝合金结构件力学性能的影响

对7B04铝合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊及铆接连接的结构件的静力与疲劳性能进行对比测试. 结果表明,由铆接与回填式搅拌摩擦点焊连接的典型结构的压缩静力载荷在117 ~ 124 kN范围内波动,剪切静载荷波动范围为89 ~ 95 kN,焊点间距对载荷的影响较小;铆接连接的典型件剪切疲劳寿命低于回填式搅拌摩擦点焊结构件寿命. 对于点焊结构而言,接头微观组织不均匀导致硬度不均匀,同时搭接面处钩状结构向上弯曲,最终使得疲劳试件的失效主要沿轴肩回抽路径.     

铝制交通标志板电容储能点焊工艺研究

针对铝制交通标志板生产中用点焊工艺代替传统的铆接方法，设计了专用的大容量电容储能点焊机及独特的正面无压痕点焊工艺，以提高标志板与铝槽的连接强度、稳定性以及标志板的表面质量和生产效率。对电容储能点焊工艺在铝制标志板生产上的应用优点作了详细的论证，并对焊接参数进行了系统的计算，实际点焊试验结果证明：点焊接头强度是铆接的2－3倍。     

新型电阻塞焊连接方法分析

使用一种新型的"电阻塞焊"连接方法焊接7075铝合金搭接接头. "电阻塞焊"的工艺过程是先在两板材搭接部分的中心位置打一个孔,将圆柱填充物压入,最后用电阻点焊的方法将填充物与板材焊在一起.该工艺方法旨在保持点焊原有优点的同时,提高其强度等接头性能.研究分析了该新方法的工艺、形核过程、力学性能以及微观组织,并对比研究了同参数下电阻点焊试件的接头性能.结果表明,采用新型电阻塞焊方法的接头在强度等力学性能方面优于同参数下的电阻点焊试件,同时焊点处的裂纹等缺陷也较少,接头的综合性能更为优良.     

TA1铆焊复合接头与自冲铆接头力学性能对比

采用铆焊复合连接技术(对TA1进行自冲铆接后,再对其进行电阻点焊)对TA1钛板进行了连接,通过分析TA1铆焊复合接头与自冲铆接头的载荷-位移曲线和宏观失效形式,比较了TA1铆焊复合接头与自冲铆接头在静力学性能、截面成形、失效机理、能量吸收值等方面的不同。结果表明:铆焊复合接头的平均静失效载荷大于自冲铆接头的平均静失效载荷;与自冲铆接头相比,铆焊复合接头中铆钉与板材、板材与板材之间接触更致密;铆焊复合接头的失效形式为铆钉腿被切断,同时伴随下板撕裂,自冲铆接接头的失效形式为铆钉腿被切断;在能量吸收值方面,铆焊复合接头相比自冲铆接头更大。     

铆钉对TA1与1420自冲铆接工艺及失效行为的影响

采用自冲铆接技术对TA1与1420异质薄板组合铆接工艺进行了详细分析,且以长度6 mm,硬度44 HRC ±2 HRC和48 HRC ±2 HRC的铆钉制备了TA1-1420接头（TAF）、1420-TA1接头（ATF）和TA1-1420接头（TAS）.通过拉伸-剪切和疲劳试验获取了三组接头的失效模式,借助电子扫描显微镜研究了铆钉对TA1与1420异质薄板接头失效行为的影响.结果表明,铆钉对TA1与1420异质薄板组合的铆接工艺有明显影响,采用6 mm长度的铆钉能够实现对其有效连接,采用高硬度铆钉可减轻铆钉墩粗程度.铆钉硬度提高使接头失效部位由下板大变形区域下移至接头底部,导致异质薄板组合接头的失效行为存在差异.     

5052铝合金空心铆钉与半空心铆钉的自冲铆接强度对比研究

分别采用高度为7和8 mm的空心铆钉和半空心铆钉对厚度为3 mm+3 mm的5052铝合金板料进行了铆接实验,并通过接头表面和接头截面对各自连接接头质量进行了分析;利用万能实验机对铆接件进行了拉伸实验,并分析其接头失效形式。实验结果表明:半空心铆钉铆接接头质量优于空心铆钉铆接接头,随着铆钉高度的增加两者的接头质量也更接近;半空心铆钉铆接静强度大于空心铆钉铆接静强度。当铆钉高度由7 mm增加到8 mm时,空心铆钉铆接件承受的最大载荷由半空心铆钉铆接件的85%提高到了87%,失效位移由半空心铆钉铆接件的50%提高到了80%。     

铝合金自冲铆接头疲劳性能及失效机理

自冲铆是轻量化材料的有效连接技术,为促进该技术的广泛应用,文中基于两组铝合金自冲铆接头,采用疲劳测试、统计方法、断口分析和X-射线能谱仪元素分析,获得接头疲劳特性和断口典型部位微观组织特征,从而对铝合金自冲铆接头疲劳性能及失效机理进行研究。结果表明,随着疲劳载荷降低,接头疲劳寿命稳定性和相对滑移量下降。由于多铆钉接头有效减小了应力集中,其疲劳强度比单铆钉接头提高了31.36%~23.14%,且多铆钉接头的疲劳寿命稳定性较高。多铆钉接头中存在首要和次要承载顺序,疲劳断裂表面为首要承载顺序所在位置。接头疲劳宏观失效模式均为下板断裂,疲劳裂纹主要萌生于铆钉管腿与下板接触部位,微振磨损区域自铆钉管腿底部向铆钉头方向生长。减缓该部位的摩擦作用,可有效延迟疲劳裂纹萌生和减缓裂纹扩展,从而提高接头疲劳寿命。     

Influence of resistance heating on self-piercing riveted dissimilar joints of AA6061-T6 and galvanized DP590

The hybrid use of aluminum alloy and advanced high strength steel (AHSS) has become an inevitable trend for fabricating a lightweight auto-body. Self-piercing riveting (SPR) as a preferred cold-forming fastening method is facing problem like weak interlocking when joining dissimilar combinations with considerably unequal thickness. In this study, a hybrid joining method, named rivet-welding (RW) was proposed to improve the robustness and strength of the SPR joint, by applying an electric current to it. For better evaluating the new process, the effects of heating time and electrode design on the microstructure, micro-hardness distribution, and mechanical performance of the RW joints were studied and compared systematically with the traditional SPR ones. The results showed that the electric current could improve the microstructure of the steel rivet and bottom DP590, and under long heating time, the inter-metallic compounds (IMC) could be formed at the interface of trapped AA6061-T6 and bottom DP590. Meanwhile, the electric current could increase the micro-hardness of the rivet and bottom DP590, and soften the AA6061-T6 around the rivet leg. In addition, the RW process using lower annular electrode A (LAE_A) could obtain 12.1% higher tensile-shear strength compared with the traditional SPR process.     

铝锂合金自动铆接干涉量及残余应力分析

铝锂合金是航空制造中的新型合金材料,其铆接技术是现代飞机制造重要研究方向。铆接后的铝锂合金板孔的干涉量影响到残余应力分布,为了研究铆接过程与残余应力分布特征之间的关系,利用自动钻铆装备对不同厚度的铝锂合金板进行铆接。使用ABAQUS/Explicit对铝锂合金自动压铆过程进行了仿真,通过试验和仿真的方法分析不同压铆力、铆钉长度、壁板厚度和铆钉材料等组合条件下铝锂合金壁板内部所产生的干涉量,进而推导出各工艺条件下铝锂合金壁板厚度方向上残余应力的分布规律。结果表明,2060-T8铝锂合金壁板孔壁产生的干涉量及沿板厚方向分布的残余应力随压铆力的增大而增大,随铆钉长度的增大而减小,随壁板厚度的增加呈现非单调增长的趋势。壁板总厚度为4.2 mm时,平均干涉量及平均残余应力可以达到最大值。相比于2117-T4铝合金铆钉,采用7050-T3铝合金铆钉压铆后2060-T8铝锂合金壁板产生的平均干涉量降低6%～12%,平均残余应力降低8%～12%。     

钉脚张开度对自冲铆构件机械内锁刚度的影响

利用数字图像分析技术研究了铆钉张开度对自冲铆接头机械内锁结构刚度的影响.借助材料性能试验机对具有不同铆钉张开度的5052铝合金板自冲铆接头进行单向静拉伸试验,加载过程中利用CCD获取自冲铆机械内锁结构形变的图像序列,利用图像相关分析计算不同载荷水平下铆钉脚与底板的滑移错动量,建立滑移-载荷曲线,并据此评估结构件刚度大小;建立自冲铆接头有限元模型,对比分析不同钉脚张开度的自冲铆机械内锁的失效过程.结果表明,在受载状态下,自冲铆接头存在一个临界滑移启动载荷值,当外载荷小于此临界值时,机械内锁结构保持相对完整,处于弹性变形阶段;大于此临界值时,滑移错动量明显增大,结构发生塑性大变形,并最终呈现脱离失效模式.其次,钉脚张开度对自冲铆构件的强度和刚度影响较大,提高钉脚张开度有助于增大构件整体刚度.     

Strength estimation of self-piercing rivets using lower bound limit load analysis

Abstract

This paper summarises the authors' work on strength and failure mode estimation of self-piercing rivets (SPRs) for automotive applications. First, the static cross tension strength of an SPR joint is estimated using a lower bound limit load based strength estimator. Failure mode associated with the predicted failure strength can also be identified. It is shown that the cross tension strength of an SPR joint depends on the material and gage combinations, rivet design, die design and riveting direction. The analytical rivet strength estimator is then validated by experimental rivet strength measurements and failure mode observations from nine SPR joint populations with various material and gage combinations. Next, the estimator is used to optimise rivet strength. Two illustrative examples are presented in which rivet strength is improved by changing rivet length and riveting direction from the original manufacturing parameters.     

Assembly dimensional prediction for self-piercing riveted aluminum panels

Self-piercing riveting (SPR) is a high-speed mechanical fastening technique for joining sheet components. It has drawn more attention in recent years because it can join some advanced materials that are dissimilar, coated and hard to weld, such as aluminum sheets. Research results have shown that SPR improves joint properties in aluminum and steels. However, there has been concern that there might be dimensional issues due to relatively large material flows at SPR joint configurations. This paper presents the latest research progress in the assembly dimensional prediction area, using experimental data and finite element analysis results. It is found that the joint distortion of SPR as tested is much larger than that from resistance spot welding (RSW), and the inclusion of SPR joint distortion is generally needed for accurate global assembly predictions. To include the local SPR effect, a new algorithm to represent the SPR distortion has been developed. The new algorithm can be incorporated into special finite element analysis codes such as EAVS (elastic assembly variation simulation) to efficiently predict body assembly dimensions where spot joining processes are involved.     

Self-piercing riveting process: An experimental and numerical investigation

The self-piercing riveting is a young technology for joining sheet metals in automotive structures. In this paper, the riveting process has been simulated numerically using the finite element code LS-Dyna. A 2D axisymmetric model was generated including two sheets to be joined, rivet and tools. The rivet and tools geometries are based on the Böllhoff standards. An implicit solution technique with r-adaptivity has been used. The advantages and the limits of using r-adaptivity in this class of metal forming process are discussed. In addition, parametric studies on important parameters for the forming process, i.e. friction, mesh size and failure criteria are presented. In order to validate the numerical simulation of the riveting process, a new test device was developed in order to record the force applied on the rivet during the riveting process. An extensive experimental program on specimens made of aluminium alloy 6060 in two different tempers, T4 and T6, has been used as a database for the validation of the numerical simulations. The results show the capability to simulate the riveting process for different combination of plate material and rivet geometries.