手术联合椎体成形术治疗多发性脊柱肿瘤

目的探讨外科手术联合椎体成形术治疗多发性脊柱肿瘤的方法、疗效及并发症。方法2001年2月至2003年11月,采用手术联合椎体成形术治疗包括转移瘤、多发性骨髓瘤和淋巴瘤等在内的多发性脊柱肿瘤患者20例,男性13例,女性7例。病变累及2个脊椎节段者5例,3～4个节段者11例,5个或以上节段者4例。所有患者均存在神经系统损害和严重疼痛,术前Tomita评分,平均7．2分(3～9分)。结果20例患者中17例(85％)术后疼痛得到缓解,12例有神经功能损害的患者中,10例术后麻痹症状改善。术前Frankel分级为B级的患者1例术后改善为C级;1例术前Frankel A级的患者术后无明显变化。椎体成形术的并发症主要与骨水泥渗漏有关：硬膜外少量渗漏2例3椎,椎旁渗漏2例2椎,沿椎旁静脉渗漏和椎问盘内渗漏各1例。结论选择适当病例,对多发性脊柱肿瘤病例采用外科手术联合椎体成形术以及综合其他治疗方法,可以更好的缓解疼痛,改善神经症状,提高生存质量。     

椎体成形术结合经后路椎弓钉棒系统固定治疗胸腰椎骨转移癌的疗效分析（附19例报告）

目的探讨对于已经出现脊髓压迫的胸腰椎转移癌手术治疗的方法和效果。方法对2006—2009年本院收治19例脊柱骨转移癌并出现神经功能受损手术患者,采用后路减压椎弓根系统固定结合骨水泥充填椎体强化治疗,观察术后患者生存质量（包括疼痛、睡眠、食欲）改善程度和神经功能恢复程度。结果全组19例患者中全部脊椎得到稳定,术后患者的疼痛、食欲、睡眠获得显著改善（与术前比较P〈O．01）,术后三月约78．9％的患者神经功能获得至少Frankel 1级以上恢复。结论椎体成形术结合经后路椎弓钉棒系统固定术式相对简单、安全并可有效改善脊柱转移瘤患者的生活质量。     

骨水泥椎体成形在治疗脊柱转移瘤中的临床应用

目的:探讨骨水泥椎体成形在脊柱转移瘤治疗中的应用价值。方法:2000年11月～2011年6月我院应用骨水泥椎体成形治疗脊柱转移瘤患者155例,共251个椎体。颈椎1个,胸椎149个,腰椎101个。男性88例,女性67例,平均年龄63.5岁(36~87岁)。采用两种手术方式:应用经皮穿刺椎体成形术或经皮椎体后凸成形术110例,181个椎体;开放性手术椎管减压脊柱内固定,结合术中骨水泥椎体成形或联合其他部位椎体成形45例70个椎体。所有患者术前有严重的腰背痛或合并不同程度的下肢神经功能损害症状。平均VAS评分7.6分(5～10分),术后第3d根据VAS评分评估患者的疼痛缓解情况,术后2周时根据Frankel分级评估神经损害和ECOG评估活动能力的改善。出院后每3个月门诊随访一次,行X线片、CT或MRI检查,每次随访均进行疼痛、神经功能和活动能力的评估。结果:术中无1例出现肺栓塞、截瘫或围手术期死亡,所有患者术后3d内疼痛缓解,平均VAS评分降至2.6分(1～4分),术后2周评估,有神经功能损害者39例,Frankel分级除2例外均有1级及以上的恢复。ECOG分级4级者18例,其中15例改善为3级;3级者92例,其中63例改善为2级;2级45例中13例改善为1级。椎体成形术中骨水泥的平均注入量为4ml(3~7ml)。108(43%,108/251)个椎体术中出现骨水泥渗漏,19个在椎间隙,86个在椎旁或椎旁静脉,3个椎管内渗漏,但均无临床症状。术后患者均接受化疗和(或)放疗,平均随访20个月(3～36个月),122例死于原发病,33例带瘤存活。结论:对脊柱转移瘤患者选择合适方式的骨水泥椎体成形安全、简单,效果显著,减少了椎体置换或前路开放手术的创伤。     

脊柱转移癌全脊椎切除术后临床疗效分析

目的 :探索脊柱转移癌全脊椎切除术后临床疗效情况,评估术后新发转移情况。方法 :回顾性分析我院2004年1月~2014年12月行全脊椎切除术治疗的脊柱转移癌患者11例,原发灶为甲状腺癌3例,乳腺癌5例,肾癌1例,肺癌1例,胰腺癌1例。胸腰椎5例,均行全脊椎整块切除,下颈椎及颈胸椎6例,均行全脊椎分块切除。术前Tomita评分,2分3例,3分5例,3分以上3例;术前疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue score,VAS)为7.18±1.19分。所有患者根据脊髓损伤神经功能评分标准(Frankel分级):E级6例,D级4例,C级1例。结果:所有病例手术均顺利完成并获得随访,手术时间358.3±155.9min,手术出血量1850.0±969.8ml;术后1~2周复查均未见手术部位癌残余,术后出现并发症3例,胸膜损伤胸腔积液伴肺不张1例,脑脊液漏及胸膜损伤1例,吸入性肺炎及喉反神经麻痹1例,均保守治疗6周后好转。术后患者疼痛均明显改善,VAS评分降至1.64±0.77分(P0.0001),术后疼痛改善优良率为100%;术后无神经功能损害加重病例,术前有神经功能损害者术后均改善一等级。术后随访18~73个月(平均42.4±16.2个月),死亡4例,均因癌症晚期死亡。随访期内无瘤生存3例(27.3%),术后局部复发4例(36.4%),其中整块切除术后复发1例(20%),分块切除术后复发3例(50%),整块切除术后局部复发率数值较分块切除高(P0.05);术后1年内出现远处新发转移(手术部位外新发转移灶)4例(36.4%),均为骨转移灶。结论:全脊椎切除手术是治疗脊柱转移癌的一种有效手术方式,能明显改善患者疼痛及神经功能;但是术后远处新发转移率较高,需引起重视。     

全脊椎切除术与次全脊椎切除术治疗脊柱转移瘤的临床疗效分析

【摘要】 目的：对比分析全脊椎切除术和次全脊椎切除术治疗脊柱转移瘤的临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析2004年5月~2017年2月在我院接受手术治疗的43例脊柱转移瘤患者的资料,根据手术方式分为两组：全脊椎切除组14例,次全脊椎切除组29例。两组患者性别、年龄、原发肿瘤性质、病灶类型等一般资料差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。分别采用KPS（Karnofsky performance scale）评分、视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale,VAS）评分、Frankel分级对患者术前、术后1个月的功能状态、疼痛程度以及神经功能进行评估。术后随访观察患者生存情况,绘制Kaplan-Meier曲线,使用Log-rank检验进行比较。结果：全脊椎切除组与次全脊椎切除组患者术前VAS评分分别为5.29±1.54分、5.00±1.58分,KPS评分分别为70.71±8.29分、69.31±11.00分,术后1个月VAS评分分别为1.00±1.52分、0.97±1.88分,KPS评分分别为85.00±7.60分、85.17±17.45分,均较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）,而两组组内无统计学差异（P>0.05）。两组患者术后Frankel分级较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）,两组组间比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。术后6例出现局部复发,其中全脊椎切除组1例,次全脊椎切除组5例,两组差异有统计学意义（χ2=6.416,P=0.011）。生存分析结果显示全脊椎切除组患者术后中位生存时间为10.0个月（95%CI：0.29~19.71）;次全脊椎切除组患者术后中位生存时间为11.0个月（95%CI：4.60~17.40）,全脊椎切除与次全脊椎切除的两组患者术后半年累积生存率分别为63.6%、63.2%,术后1年生存率分别为45.2%、42.1%,两组间无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论：全脊椎切除与次全脊椎切除手术均能明显改善脊柱转移瘤患者功能状态、疼痛程度以及神经功能,全脊椎切除有助于减少脊柱转移瘤术后局部复发。     

脊柱转移性肿瘤的手术治疗及疗效分析

目的：探讨脊柱转移性肿瘤的手术治疗方法和疗效。方法：回顾性分析自2005年9月至2010年8月收治的36例接受手术治疗的脊柱转移性肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中男15例,女21例;年龄27～79岁,平均58岁。原发灶来源分别为乳腺癌、肺癌、前列腺癌、结肠癌、肝癌、食管癌、肾癌、膀胱癌,10例原发灶来源不明。肿瘤分布部位：颈椎5例,胸椎17例,腰椎13例,骶椎1例。根据Tokuhashi脊柱转移瘤的预后评分系统：0～8分9例,9～11分25例,12～15分2例。根据术前Tokuhashi评分,肿瘤侵犯的节段、范围和有无神经症状选择单纯经皮椎体成形术（percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP）或肿瘤切除椎管减压内固定术;椎体功能重建采用钛网植入、人工椎体置换、骨水泥填塞等方法。手术前后对患者的疼痛、脊髓功能及体力状况进行评估并对患者术后3、6个月及1、2年的生存率进行观察。结果：随访2～60个月,平均10.8个月。患者术后疼痛较术前减轻或消失（P〈0.05）。14例脊髓损伤的患者术后Frankel分级评估：12例分别提高1～2级。术后体力状况ECOG分级评估：28例分别提高1～2级。患者术后3、6个月及1、2年生存率分别为97.2%、63.9%、38.9%和16.7%。骨水泥渗漏6例,无严重手术并发症发生。结论：依据单发或多发转移、有无神经功能损害和脊柱失稳、全身状况选择不同的手术方法治疗脊柱转移性肿瘤,可明显减轻患者疼痛,维持和改善神经功能,改善患者生存质量,提高患者生存率。     

全脊椎切除及脊柱稳定性重建治疗颈胸段脊柱肿瘤

目的探讨全脊椎切除术及脊柱稳定性重建治疗颈胸段脊柱肿瘤的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2008年3月~2015年4月我院收治的50例行全脊椎切除术及脊柱稳定性重建的颈胸段脊柱肿瘤患者临床资料,术前Frankel脊髓损伤分级:A级2例,B级7例,C级14例,D级22例,E级5例。结果本组患者均顺利完成手术,手术时间为3.4~10.8 h,平均(6.9±1.3)h,术中出血量1 440~2 430 ml,平均(2 050±107)ml,围术期内无死亡,患者伤口愈合良好,疼痛均明显减轻。术后脊髓神经功能Frankel分级为C级3例,D级5例,E级42例,较术前有显著改善(P0.05),患者行走功能亦较术前明显改善(P0.05)。术后随访12个月,所有患者内固定稳定,植骨融合满意。术前伴神经功能损害的9例患者得到完全恢复。有1例骨母细胞瘤和2例甲状腺滤泡型转移癌局部复发。结论根据颈胸段脊柱肿瘤患者的病症特性,实施相应的全脊椎切除术和合理的脊椎稳定性重建,可有效改善患者的脊柱损伤程度和神经功能,临床效果显著,术后并发症发生率低。     

脊柱转移性肿瘤的手术切除与脊柱稳定性重建

目的观察脊柱转移性肿瘤的手术切除和脊柱稳定性重建的外科疗效。方法对29例脊柱转移眭肿瘤患者进行脊椎肿瘤切除减压，单纯植骨或钛网、人工椎体植骨加椎弓根钉棒或钢板螺钉内固定，一期重建脊柱稳定性，术后根据病理结果均给予化疗、放疗和激素等综合治疗。观察术后局部疼痛缓解，脊髓神经功能恢复及脊柱椎节的稳定性情况。结果随访6个月～62个月，平均26个月。所有病人术后局部疼痛缓解，脊髓神经功能无加重损伤，其中12例患者脊髓神经功能得到不同程度恢复。术后影像学检查提示：脊柱内固定物在位，椎体序列恢复良好，椎问高度恢复。结论脊柱转移性肿瘤的手术切除和脊柱稳定性重建的外科疗效肯定，适应征具备者应积极手术治疗。     

经皮椎体成形术与开放性椎体成形术治疗脊柱转移瘤

目的:探讨经皮椎体成形术与开放性椎体成形术在脊柱转移瘤治疗中的临床应用。方法 :对2012年1月至2016年3月行手术并获得随访的126例脊柱转移性肿瘤患者进行回顾性分析,126例患者依据手术方式不同分为两组,转移性肿瘤进入椎管压迫脊髓、神经根的患者,行开放性手术治疗(开放手术组,43例);无明显脊髓或神经根受压,或不适宜开放手术者行经皮椎体成形术治疗(PVP组,83例)。采用VAS评分、ECOG分级、Frankel分级分别对患者的疼痛、功能状况和脊髓功能进行评价;出院后每3个月门诊随访1次,行X线、CT或MRI检查,每次随访均进行疼痛、神经功能和活动能力的评估。结果:PVP组治疗112个椎体,基本无出血,中位手术时间50 min;术后2 d时VAS评分即有显著降低,并持续至术后1个月;ECOG分级在术后1个月时有显著降低;除了无症状的骨水泥渗漏(44/112)外,未发生神经损伤或肺栓塞等严重并发症;中位生存时间为16个月。开放手术组中位手术时间160 min,中位出血量1 000 ml;术后1个月时VAS评分显著降低;ECOG分级在术后1个月有显著降低;术前41例有脊髓功能障碍患者中有36例术后Frankel分级得到提高(87.8%);40例运动功能不完全丧失患者中有29例完全恢复(76.3%)。术后12例出现并发症(27.9%),中位生存时间为11个月。结论 :对脊柱转移瘤患者选择合适方式的椎体成形术可以有效重建脊柱稳定性,减轻疼痛,提高患者的生活质量。     

经后路一期全脊椎切除治疗胸椎单脊椎肿瘤的临床疗效

目的：探讨胸椎单脊椎肿瘤通过后路一期病椎切除、单纯植骨支撑融合或钛网支撑植骨融合、后路椎弓根钉系统内固定，达到切除病灶并同时重建脊柱稳定性的可行性。方法：对18例胸椎单脊椎肿瘤患者行后中一期全脊椎切除、环脊髓减压，同时进行后路单纯植骨融合或椎间钛网支撑植骨，应用后路CD、TSRH或Scofix椎弓根钉系统内固定。男3例，女15例；年龄14－58岁，平均23岁。T41例，T51例，T62例，T84例，T93例，T104例，T112例，T121例。病理诊断：动脉瘤样骨囊肿4例，血管瘤2例，骨母细胞瘤2例，神经鞘瘤1例，骨巨细胞瘤5例，单发骨髓瘤1例，转移瘤3例。术前Frankel分级：A组6例，B级7例，C级3例，E级2例。结果：术后随访3个月－2年，16例脊髓功能障碍者，12例完全恢复，4例部分恢复，所有患者局部疼痛均消失。1例术后出现一过性瘫痪加重，1例出现脊柱滑脱。术后平均植骨融合时间为3个月。1例骨巨细胞瘤患者复发；1例神经鞘瘤患者1年后局部出现包块，取活检报告为恶性肿瘤（未报组织学类型），4个月后死亡；1例肺癌转移患者术后6个月死亡；其余病例存活至今。结论：对于胸段脊椎肿瘤行后路手术可一期实施单脊椎肿瘤彻底切除，并通过椎体间钛网支撑或植骨及后路椎弓根钉系统内固定重建脊柱的稳定性，效果满意。     

瘤椎全切与重建治疗胸腰椎肿瘤伴神经功能障碍

目的探讨瘤椎全切与重建,治疗胸腰椎肿瘤伴神经功能障碍的手术适应证及临床疗效。方法1999年1月～2005年12月收治胸腰椎肿瘤伴神经功能障碍16例。男10例,女6例;年龄16～62岁,平均31.5岁。原发肿瘤10例,其中骨巨细胞瘤4例,软骨肉瘤3例,动脉瘤样骨囊肿术后复发2例,骨肉瘤1例;转移瘤6例。肿瘤侵犯T53例,T6、T6、7、T9、T11、L2、L4及L5各1例,T8、L1及L3各2例。Tomita外科分型：4型9例,5型6例,6型1例。Frankel神经功能分级：A级1例,B级4例,C级7例,D级4例。采用前后路联合手术,行瘤椎彻底切除,椎管减压,植骨重建。术后根据肿瘤病理类型行相应的辅助治疗。结果术后16例获随访10～63个月,平均27.5个月。患者疼痛均完全缓解,术后神经功能恢复至D级5例（其中1例术前为A级）,E级11例。10例原发肿瘤中,1例骨肉瘤术后18个月双肺转移死亡,余9例均无瘤生存。6例转移瘤中,2例全身转移死亡,1例术后10个月肺部带瘤无症状生存,3例均无瘤生存。16例随访期内手术部位均无肿瘤复发。结论瘤椎全切与重建是治疗胸腰椎肿瘤伴神经功能障碍的一种安全有效的手术方法,可缓解疼痛,改善神经功能,减少肿瘤局部复发。手术适用于胸腰椎原发恶性肿瘤,有复发倾向的侵袭性肿瘤及Tomita外科分型为3～5型的胸腰椎单发转移瘤。     

Intralesional resection of primary and metastatic sarcoma involving the spine: outcome analysis of 59 patients

OBJECTIVE: Surgery plays an important role in achieving local tumor control and cure for primary and metastatic tumors of the spine. As has been established with regard to sarcomas at extraspinal sites, these goals may best be achieved by en bloc resection with negative histological margins. Unfortunately, sarcomas of the spine often present with tumor patterns that are amenable only to intralesional resection, if neurological preservation is a priority. This study is a retrospective analysis of the long-term outcomes of patients who had operations for sarcomas of the spine using modern surgical approaches, intralesional resections, and spinal instrumentation. METHODS: Between 1985 and 1997, 59 patients had spinal operations for sarcoma involving the extrasacral spine. Data regarding tumor histology, grade, surgical indications, patterns of spinal tumor involvement, and neurological and functional outcomes were reviewed at presentation and at tumor recurrence. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients underwent a single operation, and 24 patients required reoperation for locally recurrent tumors. At presentation, only nine patients (15%) had tumors that were amenable to marginal or wide resections. Functional outcomes after initial spinal surgery and after operations performed at first tumor recurrence showed that 95% of patients had maintained or regained ambulation. Intradural extension of tumor was seen in 5 of 12 patients who had three or more operations for locally recurrent disease. The median survival from first spine operation was 18 months, and the median event-free interval between the first and second spine operations was 13 months. CONCLUSION: Surgery for sarcoma of the spine is useful for maintaining or improving neurological and functional outcomes, but local tumor recurrences are common. Because of the anatomy of the tumor at presentation and concern for neurological preservation, few patients are candidates for marginal or wide resections.     

胸腰椎转移瘤的外科治疗策略和效果分析

目的：探讨胸腰椎转移瘤的外科治疗策略和效果。方法：回顾性分析2009年1月到2010年12月收治的行外科手术干预治疗并获得随访的胸腰椎转移瘤患者共42例。男30例,女12例;平均年龄56.8岁（28～76岁）;胸椎转移瘤25例,腰椎转移瘤17例;单节段34例,双节段6例,3节段2 例。2例无症状,40例有腰背部或下肢疼痛。18例脊髓功能受损,其中ASIA分级 A级5例,B级3例,C级4例,D级6例。Tomita评分2～7分,术前根据Tomita评分制定手术目标,根据Tomita外科分期制定具体手术方案,分别行全椎体切除,肿瘤彻底刮除及姑息性椎管减压稳定手术。术后1周、3个月、6个月、1年及2年对患者疼痛、脊髓功能、肿瘤局部控制、生存、内置物情况进行评估。结果：42例术中死亡1例。术后1周38例疼痛缓解,5例完全性瘫痪中2例神经功能恢复至E级,2例恢复至D级,1例未恢复,13例不全瘫痪者均有1级以上恢复。随访24～48个月,内固定物失效1例,5例局部肿瘤复发或失去控制。术后3个月、6个月、1年及2年存活率分别为95.2%、85.7%、58.2%和37.6%.结论：对于脊柱转移瘤患者,通过Tomita评分和外科分型选择合适手术方式,可缓解疼痛,改善神经功能,增加脊柱稳定性,控制局部病灶,提高患者生存质量。     

Tumors of the spine

Spine tumors comprise a small percentage of reasons for back pain and other symptoms originating in the spine.The majority of the tumors involving the spinal column are metastases of visceral organ cancers which are mostly seen in older patients.Primary musculoskeletal system sarcomas involving the spinal column are rare.Benign tumors and tumor-like lesions of the musculoskeletal system are mostly seen in young patients and often cause instability and canal compromise.Optimal diagnosis and treatment of spine tumors require a multidisciplinary approach and thorough knowledge of both spine surgery and musculoskeletal tumor surgery.Either primary or metastatic tumors involving the spine are demanding problems in terms of diagnosis and treatment.Spinal instability and neurological compromise are the main and critical problems in patients with tumors of the spinal column.In the past,only a few treatment options aiming short-term control were available for treatment of primary and metastatic spine tumors.Spine surgeons adapted their approach for spine tumors according to orthopaedic oncologic principles in the last 20 years.Advances in imaging,surgical techniques and implant technology resulted in better diagnosis and surgical treatment options,especially for primary tumors.Also,modern chemotherapy drugs and regimens with new radiotherapy and radiosurgery options caused moderate to long-term local and systemic control for even primary sarcomas involving the spinal column.     

脊椎肿瘤的外科治疗

目的：探讨采用不同经路切除脊椎肿瘤与改进的人工椎体和自体植骨术治疗脊椎不同节段肿瘤的疗效。方法：对13例脊椎肿瘤采取切除瘤椎、人工椎体置换和自体植骨术;肿瘤包括颈椎4例,胸椎3例,腰椎6例。术前颈脊髓瘫痪1例,不完全瘫痪4例,肿瘤的术后病理学诊断有骨巨细胞瘤3例,骨囊肿、Ewing瘤、骨神经鞘瘤、软骨瘤、骨成纤维细胞瘤、骨纤维细胞瘤、骨嗜酸性肉芽肿、骨转移瘤、骨肉瘤和骨血管瘤各1例。结果：13例安全度过围手术期,无脊髓神经症状加重。除1例3个月恢复良好后失访外,余12例获平均4．3年随访,瘫痪5例完全恢复,12例均恢复家务和工作,X线片显示假体无松动、移位,植骨融合。结论：应根据肿瘤的脊柱节段和类型,选择手术治疗方式,采用人工椎体置换和自体植骨术,对完全切除脊椎肿瘤和重建脊椎稳定性是十分有益的。     

Outcome between surgical and non-surgical treatment of metastatic tumors of the spine: a retrospective study of 259 patients

AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of patients with metastatic tumors of the spine after surgical and non-surgical treatment. METHODS: The charts of 259 patients with metastatic tumors of the spine were reviewed retrospectively to define predictors of outcome. Our data included patient demographics, primary tumor, location of the metastatic tumor within the spine, indication for surgical or non-surgical treatment, type of surgical and non-surgical intervention, post-treatment outcome in terms of neurology, use of adjuvant radiation therapy or systemic therapy. RESULTS: The most frequent indication for surgical treatment was the combination of neurological deficit (ND), pathological vertebral fracture, and pain (50 %). Surgical intervention was performed by the posterior approach in 67 %, by the anterior approach in 13 %, and by an anterior/posterior approach in 10 %. The post-surgical outcome, depending on the type of surgical approach in terms of ND, was for the posterior approach 29 % improved, for the anterior approach 53 % improved, and for the anterior/posterior approach 15 % improved. DISCUSSION: Our data suggest that the indications for metastatic tumor surgery in the spine depend on the location of the metastatic tumor in the spine, clinical symptoms, and prognosis.     

Metastatic spinal cord compression — options for surgical treatment

Summary Fourty-three cases with metastatic spinal cord compression were reviewed post-operatively to clarify the usefulness of the procedures concerning restoration of neurological function, and pain relief. Only patients with pathological spinal instability and neurological sequelae were included. Posterior decompression and stabilization was performed in all but six patients. All but four patients (91%) reported decrease of pain symptoms. Amelioration of neurological function was achieved in 58%. Re-establishment of walking ability was obtained in 57%. Post-surgery life expectancy averaged 11 months. In patients with widespread metastatic disease and/or multi-level instability of the spine restriction to palliative dorsal procedures is sensible. Post-operative ancillary treatment is necessary.     

脊柱转移瘤的外科治疗

目的：脊柱转移瘤可引起顽固性疼痛及脊髓压迫，其外科治疗仍存在许多争议，探讨脊柱转移瘤外科治疗的临床效果。方法：自1998年7月－2001年7月，北京大学人民医院骨肿瘤科手术治疗脊柱转移瘤患者62例，包括颈椎转移6例，胸椎转移37例，腰椎转移19例。无明显神经系统受累者19例；出现神经系统受损者43例，其中完全瘫痪者19例，不完全瘫痪者24例。病变累及一个脊柱节段者43例，二个脊柱节段者14例，三具脊柱节段者5例。结果：62例患者中，58例（94％）术后疼痛得到缓解。43例有神经功能损害的患者中，33例术后麻痹症状改善。25例术前膀胱及直肠功能受损的患者中，术后12例膀胱及直肠功能明显改善。术前Frankel A、B级的患者，5例术后恢复到E级或D级，9例改善为C或D级。结论：从肢体功能减退到完全瘫痪所经历的时间是最重要的预后因素，在48h内完全瘫痪为预后不良的重要因素；膀胱和直肠功能的完全丧失也提示预后不良。甲状腺癌和乳腺癌的脊柱转移一般预后较好，肺癌和肝癌的脊柱转移通常存活期较短。     

The validity of multimodal intraoperative monitoring (MIOM) in surgery of 109 spine and spinal cord tumors

In a prospective study of 109 patients with tumor of the spine MIOM was performed during the surgical procedure between March 2000 and December 2005. To determine the sensitivity and specificity of MIOM techniques used to monitor spinal cord and nerve root function during surgical procedure of spinal tumors. MIOM become an integrated procedure during surgical approach to intramedullar and extramedullar spine tumors. The combination of monitoring ascending and descending pathways may provide more sensitive and specific results than SEP alone giving immediate feedback information regarding any neurological deficit during the operation. Intraoperative sensory spinal and cerebral evoked potential combined with EMG recordings and motor evoked potential of the spinal cord and muscles were evaluated and compared with postoperative clinical neurological changes. One hundred and nine consecutive patients with spinal tumors of different aetiologies were monitored by the means of MIOM during the entire surgical procedure. Eighty-two patients presented true negative findings while two patients monitored false negative, one false positive and 24 patients true positive findings where neurological deficits after the operation were present. All patients with neurological deficit recovered completely or to pre-existing neurological situation. The sensitivity of MIOM applied during surgery of spinal tumors has been calculated of 92% and specificity 99%. Based upon the results of the study MIOM is an effective method of monitoring the spinal cord and nerve root function during surgical approach of spinal tumors and consequently can reduce or prevent the occurrence of postoperative neurological deficit.

     

Single-stage posterolateral transpedicle approach for spondylectomy, epidural decompression, and circumferential fusion of spinal metastases

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of prospectively maintained institutional spine database. OBJECTIVES: To assess the pain, neurologic, and functional outcome of patients with metastatic spinal cord compression using a posterolateral transpedicular approach with circumferential fusion. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Patients with spinal metastases often have patterns of disease requiring both an anterior and posterior surgical decompression and spinal fusion. For patients whose concurrent illness or previous surgery makes an anterior approach difficult, a posterior transpedicular approach was used to resect the involved vertebral bodies, posterior elements, and epidural tumor. This approach provides exposure sufficient to decompress and instrument the anterior and posterior columns. METHODS: During the past 15 months, 25 patients were operated on using a posterolateral transpedicular approach. The primary indications for surgery were back pain (15 patients) and neurologic progression (10 patients). All patients had vertebral body disease, and 21 patients had high-grade spinal cord compression from epidural disease as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Seven patients underwent preoperative embolization for vascular tumors. In each patient, the anterior column was reconstructed with polymethyl methacrylate and Steinmann pins and the posterior column with long segmental fixation. RESULTS: All patients achieved immediate stability. Pain relief was significant in all 23 patients who had had moderate or severe pain. Neurologic symptoms were stable or improved in 23 patients. One patient with an acutely evolving myelopathy was immediately worse after surgery, and one patient had a delayed neurologic worsening, progressing to paraplegia. CONCLUSIONS: The posterolateral transpedicular approach provides a wide surgical exposure to decompress and instrument the anterior and posterior spine. This technique avoids the morbidity associated with anterior approaches and provides immediate stability. Vascular tumors may be removed safely after embolization. Patients can be mobilized early after surgery.