新型高效吸水材料(γ-PGA)的农业应用研究初报

对由南京化工大学制药与生命科学学院新研制的生物聚合高效吸水材料——γ—聚谷氨酸(γ—PGA)在农业上的应用前景进行了初步研究。试验结果表明,γ—PGA两次重复的平均吸水率可达到1108．4倍,比目前市售的聚丙烯酸盐类吸水树脂高2．85倍。γ—PGA对土壤水分的吸收率为30～80倍。γ—PGA的水浸液在土壤中有较强的保水力和较理想的释放效果,具有明显的抗旱促苗效应。用不同浓度PEG(6000)试剂(聚乙二醇)模拟土壤吸水力的种子发芽试验表明,γ—PGA有较强的吸水和保水能力,可明显提高小麦和玉米的发芽率。γ—PGA的直接拌种试验和γ—PGA水浸液的鲜切花保鲜试验对提高植物种子发芽率和延长保鲜期都有显著效果。为进一步发挥γ—PGA在农业上的应用价值,需要进一步开展植物—土壤—γ—PGA的水分平衡模型研究。     

新型高效吸水材料(γ-PGA)的农业应用研究初报

对由南京化工大学制药与生命科学学院新研制的生物聚合高效吸水材料——γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)在农业上的应用前景进行了初步研究。试验结果表明,γ-PGA两次重复的平均吸水率可达到1108.4倍,比目前市售的聚丙烯酸盐类吸水树脂高2.85倍。γ-PGA对土壤水分的吸收率为30～80倍。γ-PGA的水浸液在土壤中有较强的保水力和较理想的释放效果,具有明显的抗旱促苗效应。用不同浓度PEG(6000)试剂(聚乙二醇)模拟土壤吸水力的种子发芽试验表明,γ-PGA有较强的吸水和保水能力,可明显提高小麦和玉米的发芽率。γ-PGA的直接拌种试验和γ-PGA水浸液的鲜切花保鲜试验对提高植物种子发芽率和延长保鲜期都有显著效果。为进一步发挥γ-PGA在农业上的应用价值,需要进一步开展植物-土壤-γ-PGA的水分平衡模型研究。     

网格计算及其在气象中的应用

网格是近年来最新发展起来的一种计算技术。通过使用一组开放标准与协议,各机构能够通过互联网或内部网访问数据、存储介质和其它异构计算资源,最终将分布在不同地理位置上的网络、数据、计算资源、存储、应用等在内的资源整合成为一个无缝的计算环境。气象以其高计算量、高吞吐量和密集型服务在美国、欧洲、日本等网格应用计划中占有重要的地位。如ECMWF的EcAccess,美国超级计算应用中心的MEAD等。这些计划的实施将有效地聚合分布在不同地理位置上的高性能计算资源与人力资源,实现计算资源和气象数据的共享,为数值预报乃至地球系统模拟提供一个远程的协同攻关环境。     

近年朝阳地区大气污染时间变化特征分析

根据2003年朝阳市大气环境监测资料,分析了朝阳地区大气污染的时间变化特征。研究结果表明:由于朝阳市存在工业布局不合理,生产工艺、污染处理设施落后等问题,市区大气污染问题较为突出;朝阳地区低空逆温频率偏高,而且贴地逆温强度相对较强,非贴地逆温平均底高相对较低,使得污染源排放的污染物在逆温层下输送扩散,不利于大气污染物的稀释。     

广州天气微博矩阵的服务效果分析

根据2016年广州天气微博矩阵运维数据探讨微博圈话题聚合效应,结果表明:(1)通过气象微博矩阵进行气象服务,可以促使矩阵成员之间加强联动,扩大微博运营效果;(2)话题聚合是广州天气微博矩阵运营的一个重要手段,话题聚合可以整合服务资源,增加矩阵各成员的曝光度,带动整体影响力的增长;(3)微博矩阵的建设可以直接拉动博文阅读量、粉丝量的增长,增强天气官博的互动力,从而提升矩阵成员的整体影响力。     

北京“三伏时节”气候特征分析

为了解"热在三伏"的程度及其随年代的变化,统计分析了三伏时节北京观象台1971～2006年气温等气象要素.结果表明:①三伏时节的平均气温与相对湿度比夏季分别高0.8℃和5%;②"短三伏"的平均气温比"长三伏"高0.6℃.而"短三伏"的平均相对湿度比"长三伏"低5%;③平均气温、平均相对湿度及平均降水量随年代延续的变化幅度为每年0.42℃,-3.13%、-11.25 mm.了解北京三伏时节的高温高湿气候和增温、减湿、少雨的特点.可以给城市供水、供电、交通等行业和市民消夏避暑提供气象服务的科学依据.     

3次南海秋季台风在宁波沿海强天气过程对比分析

通过常规观测站和卫星、雷达等资料,对1619号"艾利"、1720号"卡努"和1822号"山竹"3个南海秋季台风在宁波沿海造成的强降水和大风天气过程进行对比分析。结果表明,3次过程分别由台风本体倒槽、近地层风辐合和强对流主导,强降水主要集中在宁波沿海区域,台风外围东南气流提供远距离持续充沛的水汽输送,低层弱冷空气渗透大幅提高降水效率;高的整层比湿积分、不稳定大气层结和高对流能量条件均有利于强降水的发生;强降水发生时,宁波沿海低层存在比湿和水汽通量散度辐合高值区,850 hPa强的东南风水汽输送有利于强降水的发生;3次过程大风成因不同,"艾利"由台风倒槽低压大风主导,"卡努"为冷高压与近海低压间梯度堆积造成,而"山竹"为强对流雷雨大风。     

浙江省空气负离子浓度分布特征

利用2016年浙江省53个站的负氧离子监测结果,制定了负氧离子数据质量控制方法,从年均值、最大值、日最大最小值、各等级浓度占比、清新度等多个指标评价了负氧离子资源,全面分析了全省负氧离子时空分布特征及地区差异。结果表明:浙南和浙西山区空气负氧离子含量高、浙北平原含量相对较低。浙江省负氧离子浓度具有明显日、月变化特征,午后(13:00—16:00)浓度低,夜间和早晨(22:00—07:00)浓度高;4—9月浓度高,冬季浓度低,高山林区站的月变化最显著。高山林区负氧离子浓度基本保持在"清新"级别;浅山景区站"清新"、"一般"、"不清新"级别各约1/3;平原公园站的"不清新"级别占到一半。高山林区的"清新"空气日平均小时数多在20h以上,"非常清新"空气也多在16h以上。在浅山和平原地区的风景区、林区、水体型公园等,"清新"空气时间也在10h以上。     

2013年8月14-16日辽源连续两场大暴雨天气对比分析

本文通过对两场过程的降水性质、成因、强对流天气特征等方面进行对比分析,初步得到以下结论:"8.14"大暴雨为副高后部冷涡背景下的强对流天气,局地性、突发性强,伴有强雷暴、短时强降水、大风、冰雹等强对流天气灾害;而"8.16"大暴雨为系统性的降水过程,主要影响系统为地面暖锋,影响范围更广、持续时间更长。两场强对流天气发生条件有显著差别。"8.14"过程为典型上干冷下暖湿结构;而"8.16"整层均为湿层,强对流天气主要以短时强降水为主。连续出现两场大暴雨天气,与高温高湿的天气背景密切相关。高、低空急流的配置起着决定性作用。高、低空急流交叠处形成较强的垂直风切变环境,是强风暴产生发展的有利条件,这两次大暴雨的落区均在急流交叠处下方。     

四川盆地极端暴雨过程基本特征分析

本文利用实况观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,选取1981-2015年四川盆地出现的23次极端暴雨天气个例,分析了其基本气候特征、主要环流形势、影响系统及中尺度对流环境条件,结果表明:(1)大多数极端暴雨都出现在持续性暴雨过程中,且极端暴雨出现前至少12 h已开始出现暴雨,暴雨中心主要出现在盆地西北部和西南部。(2)极端暴雨过程主要出现在500 hPa为"东高西低"型和"两高切变"型这两种环流背景形势下,"东高西低"型过程前24 h内副热带高压将西伸北抬,过程中仍保持稳定甚至会继续西伸北抬,而"两高切变型"过程前24 h内和暴雨过程中,副热带高压动态均无明显规律。(3)有3次极端暴雨过程有登陆台风,其外围环流形成的强水汽输送对暴雨有直接影响,6次过程有远距离海上台风向西或向北移动,对盆地内降水系统东移有一定的阻挡作用,利于强降雨维持。(4)"东高西低"型暴雨主要触发系统是西南低涡和高原低涡,"两高切变"型暴雨主要触发系统是切变线,且700 hPa有冷平流入侵,两种类型暴雨在200 hPa均为南亚高压东北侧的分流辐散区,暴雨中心均位于低层高比湿区和辐合中心,其中"东高西低"型暴雨低层偏南气流更强,暴雨中心主要位于盆地西北部,而"两高切变"型暴雨低层偏南气流更弱,暴雨中心位于盆地西南部的频次更高。(5)极端暴雨过程具有低层高比湿、整层相对湿度大、暖云层厚、CAPE呈狭长形态、垂直风切变小等特征,因此降水效率高,同时850 hPa比湿和假相当位温具有显著正距平,过程结束后850 hPa假相当位温明显下降。并据此建立了四川盆地极端暴雨概念模型,可供今后极端性过程的预报参考。     

Response of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre to persistent North Atlantic oscillation like forcing

The response of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre (SPG) to a persistent positive (or negative) phase of the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) is investigated using an ocean general circulation model forced with idealized atmospheric reanalysis fields. The integrations are analyzed with reference to a base-line integration for which the model is forced with idealized fields representing a neutral state of the NAO. In the positive NAO case, the results suggest that the well-known cooling and strengthening of the SPG are, after about 10 years, replaced by a warming and subsequent weakening of the SPG. The latter changes are caused by the advection of warm water from the subtropical gyre (STG) region, driven by a spin-up of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and the effect of an anomalous wind stress curl in the northeastern North Atlantic, which counteracts the local buoyancy forcing of the SPG. In the negative NAO case, however, the SPG response does not involve a sign reversal, but rather shows a gradual weakening throughout the integration. The asymmetric SPG-response to the sign of persistent NAO-like forcing and the different time scales involved demonstrate strong non-linearity in the North Atlantic Ocean circulation response to atmospheric forcing. The latter finding indicates that analysis based on the arithmetic difference between the two NAO-states, e.g. NAO+ minus NAO?, may hide important aspects of the ocean response to atmospheric forcing.     

North Atlantic gyre circulation in PRIMAVERA models

We study the impact of horizontal resolution in setting the North Atlantic gyre circulation and representing the ocean–atmosphere interactions that modulate the low-frequency variability in the region. Simulations from five state-of-the-art climate models performed at standard and high-resolution as part of the High-Resolution Model Inter-comparison Project (HighResMIP) were analysed. In some models, the resolution is enhanced in the atmospheric and oceanic components whereas, in some other models, the resolution is increased only in the atmosphere. Enhancing the horizontal resolution from non-eddy to eddy-permitting ocean produces stronger barotropic mass transports inside the subpolar and subtropical gyres. The first mode of inter-annual variability is associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in all the cases. The rapid ocean response to it consists of a shift in the position of the inter-gyre zone and it is better captured by the non-eddy models. The delayed ocean response consists of an intensification of the subpolar gyre (SPG) after around 3 years of a positive phase of NAO and it is better represented by the eddy-permitting oceans. A lagged relationship between the intensity of the SPG and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is stronger in the cases of the non-eddy ocean. Then, the SPG is more tightly coupled to the AMOC in low-resolution models.

     

Reversed North Atlantic gyre dynamics in present and glacial climates

The dynamics of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre (SPG) are assessed under present and glacial boundary conditions by investigating the SPG sensitivity to surface wind-stress changes in a coupled climate model. To this end, the gyre transport is decomposed in Ekman, thermohaline, and bottom transports. Surface wind-stress variations are found to play an important indirect role in SPG dynamics through their effect on water-mass densities. Our results suggest the existence of two dynamically distinct regimes of the SPG, depending on the absence or presence of deep water formation (DWF) in the Nordic Seas and a vigorous Greenland?CScotland ridge (GSR) overflow. In the first regime, the GSR overflow is weak and the SPG strength increases with wind-stress as a result of enhanced outcropping of isopycnals in the centre of the SPG. As soon as a vigorous GSR overflow is established, its associated positive density anomalies on the southern GSR slope reduce the SPG strength. This has implications for past glacial abrupt climate changes, insofar as these can be explained through latitudinal shifts in North Atlantic DWF sites and strengthening of the North Atlantic current. Regardless of the ultimate trigger, an abrupt shift of DWF into the Nordic Seas could result both in a drastic reduction of the SPG strength and a sudden reversal in its sensitivity to wind-stress variations. Our results could provide insight into changes in the horizontal ocean circulation during abrupt glacial climate changes, which have been largely neglected up to now in model studies.     

Decadal predictions of the cooling and freshening of the North Atlantic in the 1960s and the role of ocean circulation

In the 1960s North Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SST) cooled rapidly. The magnitude of the cooling was largest in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre (SPG), and was coincident with a rapid freshening of the SPG. Here we analyze hindcasts of the 1960s North Atlantic cooling made with the UK Met Office’s decadal prediction system (DePreSys), which is initialised using observations. It is shown that DePreSys captures—with a lead time of several years—the observed cooling and freshening of the North Atlantic SPG. DePreSys also captures changes in SST over the wider North Atlantic and surface climate impacts over the wider region, such as changes in atmospheric circulation in winter and sea ice extent. We show that initialisation of an anomalously weak Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), and hence weak northward heat transport, is crucial for DePreSys to predict the magnitude of the observed cooling. Such an anomalously weak AMOC is not captured when ocean observations are not assimilated (i.e. it is not a forced response in this model). The freshening of the SPG is also dominated by ocean salt transport changes in DePreSys; in particular, the simulation of advective freshwater anomalies analogous to the Great Salinity Anomaly were key. Therefore, DePreSys suggests that ocean dynamics played an important role in the cooling of the North Atlantic in the 1960s, and that this event was predictable.     

一个耦合气候模式中的副极地涡旋指数与北大西洋经向翻转流

The subpolar gyre index (SPG), derived from the analysis of sea surface height (SSH), is proposed to be a potential indicator for the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) based on observation as well as the Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM). We investigated the correspondence between the SPG and the AMOC in a coupled climate model. Our results confirm that the SPG can be used as an early indicator for the AMOC in the subtropical North Atlantic. Changes in the SPG are closely related to variations in the air-sea heat exchange in the Labrador Sea, and variations in deep water formation and southward dense water transport with the deep western boundary current (DWBC) in the North Atlantic. Citation: Gao, Y. Q., and L. Yu, 2008: Subpolar gyre index and the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in a coupled climate model, Atmos. Oceanic Sci. Lett., 1, 29-32     

Stochastically-forced multidecadal variability in the North Atlantic: a model study

Observations show a multidecadal signal in the North Atlantic ocean, but the underlying mechanism and cause of its timescale remain unknown. Previous studies have suggested that it may be driven by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), which is the dominant pattern of winter atmospheric variability. To further address this issue, the global ocean general circulation model, Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO), is driven using a 2,000 years long white noise forcing associated with the NAO. Focusing on key ocean circulation patterns, we show that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and Sub-polar gyre (SPG) strength both have enhanced power at low frequencies but no dominant timescale, and thus provide no evidence for a oscillatory ocean-only mode of variability. Instead, both indices respond linearly to the NAO forcing, but with different response times. The variability of the AMOC at 30°N is strongly enhanced on timescales longer than 90 years, while that of the SPG strength starts increasing at 15 years. The different response characteristics are confirmed by constructing simple statistical models that show AMOC and SPG variability can be related to the NAO variability of the previous 53 and 10 winters, respectively. Alternatively, the AMOC and the SPG strength can be reconstructed with Auto-regressive (AR) models of order seven and five, respectively. Both statistical models reconstruct interannual and multidecadal AMOC variability well, while on the other hand, the AR(5) reconstruction of the SPG strength only captures multidecadal variability. Using these methods to reconstruct ocean variables can be useful for prediction and model intercomparision.     

南京"03.7"大暴雨中云物理过程的数值模拟研究

利用三维全弹性、双参数化对流云模式和南京站探空资料,对南京“03．7”特大暴雨过程进行了数值模拟研究,着重分析产生这次大暴雨的云物理机制。模拟结果表明,此次暴雨属于积雨云降水,其中云雨碰并是最主要的成雨过程,贡献率达到74％,其次是霰／雹融化,占22％,说明此次降水以暖雨过程为主。通过暖雨过程对比试验表明,虽然冰相过程对雨水的贡献较小,但加入冰相过程能使模拟结果更接近云的实际情况。     

Sensitivity of North Atlantic subpolar gyre and overturning to stratification-dependent mixing: response to global warming

We use a reduced complexity climate model with a three-dimensional ocean component and realistic topography to investigate the effect of stratification-dependent mixing on the sensitivity of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre (SPG), and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), to idealized CO₂ increase and peaking scenarios. The vertical diffusivity of the ocean interior is parameterized as κ ∼ N ^−α, where N is the local buoyancy frequency. For all parameter values 0 ≤ α ≤ 3, we find the SPG, and subsequently the AMOC, to weaken in response to increasing CO₂ concentrations. The weakening is significantly stronger for α ≥ α_cr ≈ 1.5. Depending on the value of α, two separate model states develop. These states remain different after the CO₂ concentration is stabilized, and in some cases even after the CO₂ concentration has been decreased again to the pre-industrial level. This behaviour is explained by a positive feedback between stratification and mixing anomalies in the Nordic Seas, causing a persistent weakening of the SPG.     

Characterization of atmospheric surfactants in the bulk precipitation by electrochemical tools

Characterization of atmospheric surfactants in bulk precipitations was carried out by adsorption study at the mercury electrode/solution interface using phase sensitive AC voltammetry. The structure and permeability of the adsorbed organic films at the mercury electrode was tested using the redox processes of lead and cadmium ions as electrochemical tools. The effects of organic matter from the bulk precipitations (rainwater and melted snow) were compared to those obtained for aqueous solutions of model substances: aromatic hydrocarbon (naphtalene), anionic surfactant (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, NDBS), protein (albumine) and selected model substances suggested to be representative of water soluble organic compounds (WSOC) in atmospheric water (monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic, and polyacidic compounds and levoglucosan). It was found that substances like humic acid and 3-hydroxybutanoic acid may play an important role in atmospheric heterogeneous chemistry because of their surface active potential.