遥感技术在银川市湿地生态研究中的应用

银川市近年湿地生态系统较往年有较大的改善,主要体现在湿地面积的增长。本文主要运用RS技术对遥感图进行处理以及运用GIS技术,以银川市部分地区为研究对象,进行湿地生态系统健康分析研究,从而得出结论,并依据此结论对银川市生态系统健康进行评价与研究,提出相应建议,并希望有关部门能够参考并运用于银川市湿地生态健康的保护。     

基于GIS和RS的郑州黄河湿地生态健康评价

基于遥感影像数据、基础地理数据和湿地监测数据,以郑州黄河湿地为研究区,选取归一化植被指数、景观多样性指数、景观形状指数、斑块密度指数、聚合度指数、平均弹性度、水体面积等7个评价指标,建立生态系统健康评价模型,对其健康状况进行评价。结果表明,郑州黄河湿地生态健康状况中等,湿地格局基本完整并具有一定的恢复能力。     

天津市滨海新区湿地类型变化及其影响分析

通过对天津1993、1998、2004、2006年的遥感影像解译,探索新区开发过程中湿地类型的转化过程、内、外部原因机制,并根据已有湿地生态系统服务价值的研究,讨论变化引发的后果和影响。结果表明,从1993年至2006年,滨海新区湿地、湿地中天然湿地类型面积减少;从转化的趋势来看,湿地类型向着居民点及建设用地转化,天然湿地向着人工湿地转化。这些转变既带来了丰厚的经济效益也会对当地生态系统造成一定的影响,改变湿地生态系统的格局和功能。     

珠海市湿地景观格局演变及其驱动力分析

湿地生态系统是全球三大生态系统之一,为地球上20％的已知物种提供了生存环境,享有"地球之肾"的美誉.然而,在城市快速发展的时代背景下,湿地生态系统遭遇了重大威胁.以珠海市生态系统为研究对象,基于2016-2019年10 m分辨率的Sentinel-2遥感影像,解译得到珠海市湿地景观空间分布格局;再利用ArcGIS空间分析方法和Fragstats计算其景观格局指数,并分析了珠海市湿地景观格局变化及其驱动因素.结果表明:①水库、坑塘是珠海市湿地景观中的优势景观地类,其中坑塘、湖泊、沼泽湿地的破碎度在加剧,空间连通性较差,河流、红树林地的聚集度相对较好;②2016-2019年珠海市湿地面积逐年减少,减少总量达到1656.66 hm2,其中面积减少最多的为坑塘水面和沼泽湿地,面积增加最多的为红树林地湿地;③坑塘、沼泽湿地的减少主要转移为非湿地,而非湿地转移为湿地的现象相对较少;④导致珠海市湿地景观减少的主要因素是经济的飞速发展,人口扩张和渔业发展也给湿地带来了威胁.     

图览中国湿地

湿地与森林、海洋并称为地球三大生态系统,被誉为"地球之肾".我国是世界上湿地生物多样性最丰富的国家之一,湿地类型多,从沿海到内陆、从平原到高原山区都有分布.我国目前共有64个国际重要湿地,899个国家湿地公园,湿地保护率达到50％以上.本期我们将走进我国最大的沼泽分布区和我国第一个国家湿地公园,一睹我国湿地绘就的生态画...     

基于遥感和GIS的北京湿地生态服务功能评价与分区

湿地(特别是大城市湿地)的分布、生态服务功能及其管理与城市的生态环境和居民生活质量关系密切.以北京市湿地为例,综合运用遥感、基础地理、野外实测和社会统计等多源数据,借鉴千年生态系统评估(millennium ecosystem assessment,MA)概念框架,利用价值量评价方法,构建基于遥感与GIS的城市湿地生态服务功能评价指标体系;以行政区(县)为评价单元,应用层次分析(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)和综合指数等方法对湿地生态服务功能的构成要素进行综合建模分析;分别对北京湿地的“调节”、“供给”、“文化”和“支持”功能类别及其功能综合进行评价分析,得到北京湿地4个功能类别及其综合的湿地功能重要程度分级格局.研究结果表明:①在北京湿地生态服务功能类型中,“调节”和“供给”功能最重要,“文化”功能次之,“支持”功能最弱;②就北京市各区县湿地综合功能的重要性等级而论,密云湿地为“最重要湿地”,房山、东城、西城、朝阳、延庆和怀柔的湿地为“重要湿地”,平谷、通州、海淀和门头沟的湿地为“比较重要湿地”,而大兴、昌平、顺义、石景山和丰台的湿地为“一般重要湿地”.     

基于时间序列多源遥感数据的长江河口湿地生态系统长期演变过程与机制研究

受全球气候变化和人类活动的影响,长江河口湿地生态系统面临湿地面积萎缩、外来物种入侵、环境污染以及海岸侵蚀等诸多退化风险,实际应用中由于缺乏高质量长期连续的湿地变化监测资料,严重制约着湿地生态系统的长期演变规律及其驱动机制的研究,这对长远的湿地生态修复策略制定、湿地的生态修复和重建效果评估、湿地资源的合理保护和科学管理等产生了重大的影响。随着遥感技术的快速发展以及遥感数据可获取能力的不断提高,基于高质量长时间序列遥感数据分析湿地生态系统长期演变过程、规律、机制及其生态效应成为可能。本文以长江河口湿地生态系统为例,利用长时间序列多源遥感数据,针对已有湿地产品存在的时空不连续、一致性差、精度不高的问题,提出面向典型河口海岸湿地生态系统长期演变的遥感监测新方法,开展了长时间序列的长江河口湿地的遥感制图和变化监测研究,并在此基础上深化分析并探索了长江河口湿地生态系统结构和功能的长期演变过程、特征与驱动机制。     

分层提取法在黄河三角洲湿地信息提取中的应用

黄河三角洲湿地是世界暖温带保存最广阔、最完善、最年轻的湿地生态系统,具有重要的研究与保护价值。本文以LandsatTM影像作为数据源,采用分层提取思想,利用人工目视解译与决策树分类,运用多种指数模型,提取了2004年黄河三角洲湿地信息。研究表明,采用分层提取法,能够较高精度地提取各种湿地信息,总体精度达到85．53％,其中浅海水域（100％）、养殖池塘（100％）、滩涂（87．5％）、建筑用地（84．62％）的分类精度较好,盐碱地（71．43％）和裸地（73．91％）的分类精度有待进一步的提高。     

湿地数字孪生技术及其应用综述

湿地为自然界提供着巨大的生态服务功能,对维持区域、国家生态安全和促进可持续发展具有重要意义。数字孪生技术则为湿地的研究提供了一种新的方法和工具,既有助于理解湿地生态系统的运行机制,又可以推进湿地研究的智能化进程。本文将湿地特征与数字孪生技术相结合,研究分析了湿地数字孪生系统的构建可从湿地信息监测层、湿地信息处理层、湿地模型分析层和湿地应用交互层4个方面进行,从而实现信息化、数字化和智能化高度融合的湿地数字孪生系统。介绍了建立湿地数字孪生系统的关键技术,主要包括实时监测技术、高性能数据处理技术、复杂湿地模型和可视化交互技术等。从湿地资源动态监测、湿地分类、湿地生态系统评估、湿地旅游、湿地规划和管理5个方面探讨了数字孪生技术在湿地研究中的应用,并讨论了构建湿地数字孪生当前存在的问题,主要包括多源数据的融合、复杂湿地建模与优化、湿地多元场景可视化等,以期为数字孪生在湿地研究中进一步发展和应用提供参考。     

湿地资源质量评价方法——以湖南东洞庭湖国际重要湿地为例

湿地是全球重要生态系统之一,由于环境污染、过度开荒、非法矮围等不利因素的影响,当前湿地资源正面临着巨大威胁。本文从自然要素和人为活动两个方面构建评价指标体系,运用层次分析法和德尔菲法确定评价指标权重,初步探讨了国际重要湿地质量评价的总体思路和技术方法,并以湖南东洞庭湖国际重要湿地为例进行验证。结果表明,该质量评价方法切实可行,能够为加强国际重要湿地保护管理和履约能力建设提供科学依据。     

Integrated resource study for conservation and management of Ropar wetland ecosystem, Punjab

Integrated resource study in Ropar wetland ecosystem was undertaken to analyse physiography, drainage, landuse and vegetation status. Various thematic maps have been prepared using black and white aerial photographs on 1:20,000 scale and IRS 1A LISS-II (FCC) on 1:50,000 scale. The Ropar wetland ecosystem is comprised of six major landforms i.e. Siwalik hills, Valley, Piedmont plain, Alluvial plain, River terraces and River courses. The study area show high drainage density with sub dendritic and sub parallel drainage. The area has poor vegetative cover which results in extensive erosion and sedimentation of Ropar lake. The water spread and. qualitative turbidity level in the notified wetland area was also monitored. Anthropogenic pressure, industrial pollution, sedimentation, eutrophication, illegal fishing and flooding have been identified as major threats to the wetland. Keeping in view the threats to Ropar wetland, the conservation measures have been suggested.     

MAPPING VEGETATION COMMUNITIES INSIDE WETLANDS USING SENTINEL-2 IMAGERY IN IRELAND

Wetlands provide habitat for a wide variety of plant and animal species and contribute significantly to overall biodiversity in Ireland. Despite these known ecosystem services, the total wetland area in Ireland has reduced significantly over the past few decades leading to an ongoing need to protect such environments. The EU Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) has recognised several wetlands types as “priority” habitats. This study concentrates on a subset of the priority habitats focussing on some groundwater dependent terrestrial ecosystems, (in particular calcareous fens and turloughs), as well as raised bogs. Monitoring these sites across the country by field visits is resource-intensive. Therefore, this study has evaluated remote sensing as a potentially cost-effective tool for monitoring the ecological health of the wetlands. Identification and presence of certain vegetation communities can indicate the condition of the wetland, which can be used for monitoring, for example, activities causing degradation or the progress of restoration attempts. The ecological composition of the wetlands has been analysed using open-source Sentinel-2 data. 10 bands of Sentinel-2 Level-2 data and 3 indices, Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Normalised Difference Water Index (NDWI) were used to create vegetation maps of each wetland using Bagged Tree (BT) ensemble classifier and graph cut segmentation also known as MAP (maximum a posteriori) estimation. The proposed methodology has been validated on five raised bogs, five turloughs, and three fens at different times during 2017 and 2018 from which three case studies are presented. An overall classification accuracy up to 87% depending on the size of the vegetation community within each wetland has been achieved which suggests that the proposed method is appropriate for wetland health monitoring.     

Characterizing wetland dynamics: a post-classification change detection analysis of the East Kolkata Wetlands using open source satellite data

The East Kolkata Wetlands is a unique resource recovery system. The Ramsar Convention recognized it as a ‘Wetland of International Importance’ in August 2002. However, the long-term resource exploitation and land use changes in the dynamic ecosystem have resulted in non-linear environmental responses. This is an attempt using open source remote sensing datasets to capture the spatio-temporal transformation of the wetland resulting from various anthropogenic activities. Landsat MSS and TM imageries of 1973, 1980, 1989, 2001 and 2010 were classified using Maximum Likelihood Classifier to monitor the wetland change; however, to study wetland dynamics, the post-classification wetland change detection maps have been generated for two temporal phases, i.e. 1973–1989 and 1989–2010. This study finds that the area under wetlands has reduced comprehensively in the past 40 years due to the conversion of wetlands into various other uses such as urban expansion of the Kolkata metropolitan city.     

Application of Remote Sensing in Monitoring Unsustainable Wetlands: Case Study Hamun Wetland

Monitoring wetland as one of the important parts of the global ecosystem is necessary for conservational programs. But, usually, collecting in situ data is restricted in these areas because of their remote locations, vast area and dynamic conditions. Remote sensing provides a cost effective tool to investigate hydrological patterns and the seasonal trend of changes in wetlands. In this paper, Land-use/land-cover change during water inundation period of Hamun wetland was investigated in order to determine change trend during this period. Hamun wetland is an unsustainable ecosystem, and monitoring this wetland is essential for conservation goals. This trend is critical for decision makers in order to plan the conservational scheme in all unsustainable ecosystems. To reach this objective, the land-use/land-cover maps during inundation period of Hamun were produced using Landsat 8 time series images. The results of accuracy assessment showed the classification of water and vegetation have the highest accuracy (94% and 93%, respectively). And the accuracy of plants in the water classes was the lowest (water–veg?=?89.9%, veg–water 1?=?88.8%, veg–water 2?=?87.6%). This means the higher misclassification is in determining the vegetation in the water. Then, the changes in the land-cover classes in relation to wetland inundation were investigated. Results of land-use/land-cover change illustrate the regions that were suitable for water birds but lost their suitability when the wetland dried out. These areas are crucial for water bird’s conservation. Satellite data determined these areas with acceptable accuracy.     

国产卫星数据在黑龙江省湿地调查中的应用

基于2015年度国产卫星数据(高分一号、高分二号、资源一号、02C卫星、资源三号、天绘一号等系列卫星),通过全分辨率遥感解译方式,获取黑龙江省各区域、各类型湿地资源具体分布面积,同时依据其分布情况,采用定性分析和定量分析相结合的方法,对大兴安岭区域、小兴安岭区域、松嫩平原西部区域、松嫩平原东部区域、东南部山区区域、三江平原区域等6大区域湿地的生态等级进行评价分析,得出黑龙江省湿地实际生态效果评价为"良好"。草本沼泽湿地、森林和灌丛湿地在湿地生态系统中发挥重要作用。     

Mapping and characterization of inland wetlands using remote sensing and GIS

Sustainable management of wetland ecosystem is necessary as it serves the important functions such as food storage, water quality maintenance and providing habitat for different species of wildlife. Hence, an inventory of wetlands in any given area is a pre-requisite for their conservation and management. A study has been carried out to delineate the wetlands of east Champaran district of Bihar, India, using IRS ID LISS III data. The data for the pre and post monsoon seasons have been analysed and the wetlands have been qualitatively characterized based on the turbidity and aquatic vegetation status. The extent of water logging problem in the study area was inferred from the seasonal variation of waterspread during both the seasons. The three categories of wetlands (ponds/lakes, water logged areas and oxbow lakes) have been identified. From the analysis, it has been observed that the inland wetlands constitute 2.7% of the study area, of which 1.8% is subjected to water logging. Thus, this study highlights the usefulness of remotely sensed data for wetland mapping, seasonal monitoring and characterization.     

基于遥感影像的哈尔滨市湿地动态演变及驱动分析

基于1987年、1996年、2002年、2007年的多时相、多分辨率遥感影像,对哈尔滨湿地进行解译,分析哈尔滨湿地近20多年的空间分布及动态演变,并探讨了自然和人为因素对湿地生态系统的影响。     

Insight to Ecosystem Based Approach (EBA) at Landscape Level Using a Geospatial Medium

Ecosystem based approach (EBA) for resource management is a concerted, environmentally tuned and an integrated framework that holistically addresses the ecological character of the natural resource, its societal benefit spectrum and its environmental functions. In this paper, the EBA concept is closely linked with the emerging concept of multiple use systems (MUS) while taking account of environmental, economic, and social factors that govern the ecosystems services and benefits. We elucidate a multi-scalar approach and multiple case studies to understand EBA particularly in context of a wetlandscape. At the global scale, Ramsar sites of international importance are geospatially analyzed with reference to their agro-ecology and biodiversity. At regional scale, the agrarian use of inland wetlands in India was re-evaluated taking account of database from a recent inland wetland inventory. At the local scale, drawing on the landscape characterization and the ecological economics for fresh water Lake Kolleru in India and the Muthurajawela Marsh-Negombo Lagoon coastal marsh in Sri Lanka, we illustrate some of the practical challenges in balancing wetland conservation, development needs and the overall well-being of local people. We also discuss how variability in the scale, geophysical characteristics of the site and the data availability confines the ability to simplify a single complete approach to address issues in complex ecosystem such as wetlands. All levels of the study are supported by a variety of earth observation data and the geographical information system (GIS) tools. The site level analysis also draws on socio-economic assessment tools.