超细煤粉在燃料分级燃烧技术中的应用

超细煤粉分级燃烧是当今较有发展前途的低NOx燃烧技术之一,通过试验研究的方法,探讨了超细煤粉分级燃烧技术中部分因素对NOx排放的影响,研究结果表明,对于不同煤种的主燃料,超细煤粉分级燃烧均能起到显著降低NOx排放的作用;高挥发分的褐煤、烟煤是较好的再燃燃料;煤粉越细,对NOx的还原性越强,同常规粒度煤粉再燃相比,以超细煤粉作为再燃燃料,NOx脱除率显著增加,可达到70％,最佳再燃燃料粒度为20μm;温度低于1200℃时,再燃区内温度越高,NOx的脱除率也越高。     

采用超细粉再燃降低300MWW火焰炉燃烧NO排放量

为了研究采用超细粉再燃还原技术对300MWW火焰炉燃烧NO排放量的影响,本文使用Fluent6软件对河北某电厂300MWW火焰炉中的常规燃烧和超细粉再燃的燃烧的NO排放进行了数值模拟,研究表明,超细粉再燃还原技术对降低300MWW火焰炉燃烧NO排放量有显著效果,降低1／3—1／4左右。     

煤种对超细煤粉再燃脱硝效率影响的数值研究

应用CFD计算软件FLUENT6.1,对全尺寸四角切圆锅炉超细煤粉再燃烧过程进行了三维数值模拟。以5种煤质差异较大的超细煤粉作为再燃燃料,研究其NOx排放随再燃区长度、再燃燃料投射位置、再燃区过量空气系数及再燃量的变化规律。结果表明,对于不同煤种的再燃燃料,再燃燃料投射位置存在同一最佳值;煤种挥发分越大,再燃效果越显著;NOx的脱除率随着再燃区长度的增加而增大,随着再燃量的提高亦增大。再燃区过量空气系数对NOx脱除率有重要影响,通过分析计算结果,得到了描述再燃煤粉干燥基挥发分含量Vd和再燃区过量空气系数最佳值αop关系的经验公式,为燃烧参数的优化提供了便利的途径。     

天然气再燃降低NOx排放的实验研究

主燃区停留时间、再燃区停留时间和天然气输入热量比不但影响再燃还原NOx的效果,而且是与天然气喷入位置、燃尽风喷入位置、再燃技术经济性关系紧密的3个因素.利用一维再燃热态实验炉对此3个因素与再燃还原NOx效果的关系进行了实验研究,得到了NOx排放的基本趋势和规律,并着重分析了主燃区停留时间影响再燃还原NOx效果的原因.     

超细粉再燃技术在W火焰锅炉应用

以某300MW燃烧无烟煤发电厂燃烧系统为例,介绍超细粉再燃技术原理,W火焰锅炉超细粉再燃技术特点,超细粉再燃技术优点和应用.采用超细粉再燃技术使低挥发分无烟煤尽快着火和稳定燃烧,有利于无烟煤充分燃尽.提高锅炉效率,同时超细粉再燃技术在不降低原有燃烧效率的前提下可以有效降低NOx排放.通过此实例不断总结和完善,提高上海锅炉厂有限公司燃用无烟煤面技术优势.     

气体燃料再燃对NOx还原的影响

气体燃料再燃是研究较多的降低烟气中ＮＯｘ含量最有效的方法之一。本文以典型的一次燃烧区烟气成分为模拟烟气,研究了不同的气体燃料（ＣＨ４,Ｃ２Ｈ２和Ｃ２Ｈ４）作为再为燃烧料时,再燃区燃烧工况（空气过量系数和再燃温度）对ＮＯｘ再燃过程和ＮＯｘ还原率的影响。通过计算发现,不同组分的气体燃料、再燃区空气过量系数及再燃区对ＮＯｘ的再燃过程和ＮＯｘ还原率都有重要的影响。     

温度及氧含量对煤气再燃还原NOx的影响

再燃技术被认为是最有效降低NOx排放的技术之一.以地下煤气气源作为再燃燃料,研究温度1000～1400 ℃及再燃区入口氧含量2%～10%对煤气还原NOx的影响.探讨了一个适用于煤气再燃还原NOx的化学反应机理(200个反应46种物质);利用该机理进行模拟,并结合已有实验数据进行对比分析.结果表明:温度为1000～1200 ℃时,煤气还原氮氧化物存在一个最佳再燃区入口氧含量,随着温度的升高,最佳入口氧含量减少;温度为1300～1400 ℃时,在较低的再燃区入口氧量条件下,煤气对NO的脱除率较高.     

生物质(气)耦合燃煤锅炉燃烧特性数值模拟

为了研究不同类型生物质对煤粉耦合生物质再燃锅炉燃烧特性的影响,基于FLUENT模拟软件,选取某超超临界660 MW锅炉作为研究对象,搭建煤粉锅炉耦合生物质(气)再燃模型,对锅炉进行改造,在最顶层二次风喷口和燃尽风之间增添生物质(气)再燃喷口,分别对纯煤燃烧,生物质固体再燃,生物质气体再燃等不同工况的燃烧特性进行数值模拟,研究燃烧区温度场,组分分布以及炉膛出口烟气中CO2和NOx质量浓度分布的变化规律.结果 表明:生物质再燃降低锅炉煤粉消耗量,使得主燃区燃烧温度降低,同时使得炉内燃烧火焰中心上移,炉膛出口CO体积分数上升,增加了排烟热损失;相比于纯煤工况,生物质固体和生物质气再燃均可以使炉膛出口CO2和NOx的体积分数降低,但是生物质气效果要明显高于生物质固体.其中食物垃圾气体再燃减少CO2排放与降氮效果最好,CO2减排率可达13.87％,降氮率可达24.13％.     

生物质(气)耦合燃煤锅炉燃烧特性数值模拟

为了研究不同类型生物质对煤粉耦合生物质再燃锅炉燃烧特性的影响,基于FLUENT模拟软件,选取某超超临界660 MW锅炉作为研究对象,搭建煤粉锅炉耦合生物质(气)再燃模型,对锅炉进行改造,在最顶层二次风喷口和燃尽风之间增添生物质(气)再燃喷口,分别对纯煤燃烧,生物质固体再燃,生物质气体再燃等不同工况的燃烧特性进行数值模拟,研究燃烧区温度场,组分分布以及炉膛出口烟气中CO2和NOx质量浓度分布的变化规律.结果 表明:生物质再燃降低锅炉煤粉消耗量,使得主燃区燃烧温度降低,同时使得炉内燃烧火焰中心上移,炉膛出口CO体积分数上升,增加了排烟热损失;相比于纯煤工况,生物质固体和生物质气再燃均可以使炉膛出口CO2和NOx的体积分数降低,但是生物质气效果要明显高于生物质固体.其中食物垃圾气体再燃减少CO2排放与降氮效果最好,CO2减排率可达13.87％,降氮率可达24.13％.     

天然气再燃降低NO_x排放的热态工业试验研究

根据对某电厂采用天然气再燃技术进行低氮改造220 t/h煤粉炉的热态工业试验,研究炉膛氧量、再燃量、停留时间、配风方式等运行因素对再燃还原NOx效果的影响,并与前人的研究成果进行对比。通过分析得出以下结论:排放浓度都随着氧量的增加而增大,随着锅炉负荷降低而减小,最佳氧量为5%(表盘氧量为3.5%左右);随着再燃量的增加NOx浓度下降,最佳再燃量保持在15%;最佳停留时间为0.67 s,过长的停留时间对再燃还原效果影响不大;主燃区最佳配风方式为正宝塔式;最佳运行工况下NOx排放浓度平均值为137 mg/Nm。     

再燃中超细煤粉热解机理及挥发份释放的数值模拟

在煤粉再燃还原NO的过程中,挥发份的释放过程对其再燃还原NO有重要影响。对立式管式携带炉内再燃还原NO过程中超细煤粉热解化学机理及挥发份的释放进行了分析和数值模拟研究。再燃煤粉为100目筛下和320目筛下两种粒度的混煤煤粉。计算结果表明:在相同的条件下,粒度较细的煤粉升温速率较高;挥发份释放总量大;各挥发份组成物质释放早,在50ms内都已经基本释放完毕,其中CO2 释放速率最快,其次是CH4,再其次是C2H4、CO、HCN、H、NH,C2H6 释放速率最慢。使用超细煤粉作为再燃燃料,较常规煤粉更有利。图4表4参13     

温度对超细煤粉再燃降低NO排放的影响

超细煤粉再燃技术是控制燃煤电站NOx排放的有效方法之一。以3种煤的超细煤粉作为再燃燃料,用N2、O2、CO2、NO配制模拟烟气,在立式管携带炉中,研究了温度对再燃降低NO排放的影响。结果表明,在实验温度范围内,随着再燃区温度的增加,再燃还原NO的效果增大;对于挥发份含量较高的超细煤粉,再燃还原NO的效果受温度的影响更大;对于同一煤种,再燃还原NO的效果受温度的影响随再燃料比增加而增大。采用化学动力学理论对这种影响机制进行了分析。图2表1参6     

The effect of air staged combustion on NOx emissions in dried lignite combustion

Experiments were carried out in a multi-path air inlet one-dimensional furnace to assess NOx emission characteristics of the staged combustion of BRXL lignite and its dried coals. The impact of moisture content, multiple air staging, pulverized coal fineness and burnout air position on NOx emissions under deep, middle and shallow air-staged combustion conditions. Moreover, the impact of blending coals on NOx emissions was investigated in this paper. The unburned carbon concentration in fly ash was also tested. Experimental results based on the combustion of BRXL lignite and its dried coals show that NOx emissions can be reduced drastically by air-staged combustion. NOx emissions reduce with the increase of the air that is staged and the distance between the burner and burnout air position. Dried coal of BRXL lignite emits a smaller amount of NOx than that of BRXL lignite. However, the dried degree of BRXL lignite is closely related to R₉₀ fineness. Dried coal with optimal moisture content yields least NOx emissions. When deep or middle staged combustion was adopted, the application of multi-staged combustion is conducive to NOx reduction. However, when shallow staged combustion was adopted, NOx emissions are higher in multi-staged combustion than that in single-staged combustion with M_S = 0.54. Thus, the existence of a certain concentration of O₂ in reduction zone would significantly reduce NOx emissions. The blending coals that dried coals of BRXL lignite were blended with bituminous coals emit a larger amount of NOx than that of the dried coal alone. NOx emissions decrease with the increase of the proportion of dried coal in the blending coal. Moreover, the unburned carbon concentration in fly ash of dried coal in staged combustion is lower than that of BRXL lignite in staged combustion. On the whole, the dried coal of BRXL lignite is conducive to NOx reduction in staged combustion.     

Mechanism analysis on the pulverized coal combustion flame stability and NOx emission in a swirl burner with deep air staging

Low NOx burner and air staged combustion are widely applied to control NOx emission in coal-fired power plants. The gas-solid two-phase flow, pulverized coal combustion and NOx emission characteristics of a single low NOx swirl burner in an existing coal-fired boiler was numerically simulated to analyze the mechanisms of flame stability and in-flame NOx reduction. And the detailed NOx formation and reduction model under fuel rich conditions was employed to optimize NOx emissions for the low NOx burner with air staged combustion of different burner stoichiometric ratios. The results show that the specially-designed swirl burner structures including the pulverized coal concentrator, flame stabilizing ring and baffle plate create an ignition region of high gas temperature, proper oxygen concentration and high pulverized coal concentration near the annular recirculation zone at the burner outlet for flame stability. At the same time, the annular recirculation zone is generated between the primary and secondary air jets to promote the rapid ignition and combustion of pulverized coal particles to consume oxygen, and then a reducing region is formed as fuel-rich environment to contribute to in-flame NO_X reduction. Moreover, the NOx concentration at the outlet of the combustion chamber is greatly reduced when the deep air staged combustion with the burner stoichiometric ratio of 0.75 is adopted, and the CO concentration at the outlet of the combustion chamber can be maintained simultaneously at a low level through the over-fired air injection of high velocity to enhance the mixing of the fresh air with the flue gas, which can provide the optimal solution for lower NOx emission in the existing coal-fired boilers.     

煤粉炉的分级燃烧技术研究

分析了煤粉燃烧过程NOx的形成机制和特点,研究了减少NOx生成量的基本途径和分级燃烧的基本原理,并进行了数值分析。在乌拉山电厂100MW煤粉炉上进行了分级燃烧改造,将以轴向空气分级和径向空气分级为核心的现代低NOx燃烧技术引入了传统的煤粉炉燃烧系统中,考察了炉膛轴向和径向分级风,过量空气系数,锅炉负荷等因素对炉内NOx形成的影响。NOx排放浓度降低了250－500mg/m^3(干烟气,70％O2）。     

燃尽风喷口位置对NOx排放的影响

针对一台采用旋流式燃烧器的煤粉炉NOx排放质量浓度较高的问题,采用空气分级燃烧方式以降低NOx排放量,基于CFD软件平台,在额定负荷下,分别对3种不同燃尽风喷口位置的改造方案进行了炉内燃烧及污染物生成的数值模拟,并通过综合比较炉内各参数的变化确定了最佳燃尽风喷口位置．结果表明：燃尽风喷口位置的上移降低了主燃区氧气的体积分数,同时使炉膛内的最高温度降低了23～29K．燃尽风喷口位置对NO,的还原效果、出口烟气温度以及煤粉焦炭转化率的影响较大．当燃尽风喷口位置升高时,NOx质量浓度降低,炉膛出口烟气温度升高,煤粉焦炭转化率下降．经综合比较炉膛出口烟气温度、NOx质量浓度以及煤粉焦炭转化率得出,距最上层燃烧器7．7m处为最佳燃尽风喷口位置．     

Numerical calculation on combustion process and NO transformation behavior in a coal-fired boiler blended ammonia: Effects of the injection position and blending ratio

Ammonia (NH₃), as a potential carbon-free alternative fuel, can be blended into coal-fired boiler to achieve significant pollution reduction and carbon reduction, but there are concerns about high NOx emissions due to high nitrogen content. According to the characteristics of coal/NH₃ co-combustion, a dual-fuel co-combustion model with strong adaptability and high accuracy was established in this study through Chemkin software to study the influence of different injection positions and blending ratios on combustion characteristics and NOx generation process. Then, the co-combustion model was applied to the three-dimensional CFD calculation process of a 330 MWe front-fired boiler, and the combustion characteristics, NOx distribution and reaction process were calculated when cal. 20% NH₃ was blended in the primary air. The results show that when cal. 20% NH₃ is blended, the change of NO content mainly occurs in ignition zone and flame zone, and the transformation behavior of N in NH₃ is optimized to a 15-step elementary reaction; The temperature distribution in the furnace is similar, and the average temperature at the furnace outlet decreases from 1033 °C to 988 °C, while NH₃ have a preferential combustion reaction with air than coal, resulting in a decrease in the burnout rate of coal; The NOx concentration at the furnace outlet decreases from 355 mg/Nm³ to 281 mg/Nm³, which is 20.85% lower than that under the pure coal burning condition, and the variation range of O₂ concentration and unburned NH₃ concentration is small.     

Numerical study on reduction of NOx and unburned carbon in micronized coal reburning

Three dimensional numerical simulation of bituminous coal reburning in a full-scale tangentially fired boiler was conducted with CFD method to study the effects of reburn zone length, the height of reburn nozzles, the stoichiometric ratio in reburn zone, the reburn fuel fraction and the reburn coal fineness on NOx reduction efficiency and unburned carbon in fly ash. The results indicate that the NOx reduction efficiency reaches the largest value when the relative height of reburn nozzles is about 0.21 and the stoichiometric ratio is between 0.8 and 0.9 in reburn zone; NOx reduction efficiency increases with reburn zone length, reburn fuel fraction and the decrease of reburn coal particle size; the smaller the coal particle size is, the better the burnout performance of coal is.     

Comparison of staged combustion properties between bituminous coals and a low-rank coal; Fiber-shaped crystallized carbon formation,NOx emission and coal burnout properties at very high temperature

Previously, we developed a new-concept for a drop-tube furnace in order to investigate staged combustion properties for pulverized coals. Two high-temperature electric furnaces were connected in series. Coal was burnt under fuel-rich conditions in the first furnace, then, staged air was supplied at the connection between the two furnaces. In the present study, we investigated influence of burning temperature on NOx emission and combustion efficiency by using the furnace. The influence of the temperature differed between hv-bituminous coals and a sub-bituminous coal. For the hv-bituminous coals, combustion efficiency was improved when burning temperature in the fuel-rich region rose. When combustion efficiency was improved, NOx emission decreased. The NOx reduction reaction in the fuel-rich region was promoted by increasing the burning temperature in this region. On the other hand, NOx emission increased for the sub-bituminous coal when the temperature was higher than 1800 K. Usually, combustion efficiency was increased with burning temperature. However, combustion efficiency lowered for the sub-bituminous coal when burning temperature was higher than 1900 K. We observed the ash obtained by this temperature condition using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and observed fiber shaped carbon. The difference in NOx properties was derived as a difference of hydrocarbon concentration. For low-rank coals (sub-bituminous or lignite), the hydrocarbon formation rate was smaller than that for hv-bituminous coals. When the hydrocarbon contribution to the NOx reduction reaction was large, NOx emission decreased with increasing burning temperature; however, hydrocarbon content in volatile matter was small for low-rank coals.     

低NO_x燃烧与脱硝经济运行的实践

吴泾热电厂2×300MW级燃煤供热机组脱硝设备,采用低NOx燃烧加选择性催化还原法(SCR)脱硝系统。介绍了SCR的化学反应机理、反应器安装位置、分段配风燃烧技术,分析了低NOx燃烧工况和运行参数,结果证实了:对分段配风的低NOx燃烧器来说,有效控制主燃烧区的风量,在总风量不变的条件下,加大可水平摆动的分离燃烧器(SOFA)配风量和加大SOFA配风距离是有效降低NOx的生成、减轻SCR的负载、降低耗NH3的有效方式;当燃用低值煤和可磨性差煤,使相对一次风量增加时,应降低二次风的配风量,用一次风总量自动实时修正二次风的配风量是实现自动低NOx燃烧调整的有效途径;适当降低二次风与炉膛的差压是防止二次风配风不均和控制主燃烧区风量的有效方法。