环烷基瓦斯油催化裂解反应规律及产品性质

利用提升管催化裂解实验装置研究了加拿大合成原油瓦斯油HGO和LGO的催化裂解反应规律和裂解产品性质。发现总低碳烯烃（乙烯、丙烯和丁烯）产率随反应温度和剂油比的增大存在最大值,随反应时间的延长而减小,随水油比的增大而升高。实验确定了HGO催化裂解的优化反应条件：反应温度620～640℃、剂油比16、反应时间2 s、水油比0.5左右。在此反应条件下,乙烯、丙烯和总低碳烯烃产率分别可达9.0%（质量）,15.8%（质量）和32.6%（质量）。催化裂解汽油馏分、柴油馏分和重油馏分含有大量的芳香烃,其中催化裂解汽油馏分总芳香烃含量在80%（质量）以上,主要是甲苯和C₈芳香烃;催化裂解柴油馏分总芳香烃含量在60%（质量）以上,主要是单环和双环芳香烃;催化裂解重油馏分总芳香烃含量在70%（质量）以上,主要是多环芳香烃。     

全馏分页岩油制取催化热裂解原料工艺的研究

本文提出了以全馏分页岩油作为原料,经预处理、常减压蒸馏、加氢处理、产品分馏工艺单元生产催化热裂解原料,主产品为加氢精制蜡油,可作为后续催化热裂解装置的优质原料;副产品为高附加值的LPG、加氢石脑油、加氢柴油;工艺装置甩出的轻质页岩油和残油馏分可去下游进一步加工。该工艺可拓宽催化热裂解装置的原料来源,解决国内由于原料短缺造成催化热裂解装置开工率不足的问题;化解当前油页岩产业结构"大头小尾"和"油-化"结合度不足的难点,提升页岩油炼化一体化的能力。     

反应温度对汽油催化裂解多产低碳烯烃的影响

利用自制的多产低碳烯烃催化剂在小型固定流化床装置上对催化裂化汽油、焦化汽油和直馏汽油的催化裂解性能进行了实验研究,考察了反应温度对催化裂解产物分布和低碳烃收率的影响.实验结果表明焦化汽油、催化汽油和直馏汽油最佳的催化裂解反应温度分别为580、600℃和680℃,随着反应物活性的降低而显著增加.乙烯的收率随着反应温度的升高呈抛物线增长;烯烃与正构烷烃有协同反应作用,烯烃能够加速正构链烷烃的反应速率;在烯烃存在下,芳烃会生成大量的焦炭;烯烃和链烷烃是生成低碳烯烃的主要来源,是催化裂解的理想组分;最佳催化裂解的反应物为催化汽油或者焦化汽油的轻馏分与直馏汽油的轻馏分的混合物.     

废塑料催化裂解制燃料油的研究

阐述了废塑料催化裂解的工艺过程原理和催化剂在催化裂解过程中的催化原理。并讨论催化剂的成分、酸性、孔隙结构、颗粒大小和催化反应温度对催化剂活性、裂解产物的分布和所得燃料油馏分品质的影响。     

异丁烯的开发和应用

一、概述 异丁烯(结构式:CH_3—=CH_2)是一种重要的化工原料,其主要来源是重油或石脑油裂解的碳四馏分,炼厂催化裂解的碳四馏分中也有少量异丁烯。目前,我国乙烯装置总能力已达200万吨,副产异丁烯30多万吨,加上炼厂碳四中的异丁烯,总资源达40万吨左右,但这些异丁烯大部分混于碳四中,未被分离,仅作燃料被烧掉。近年来,随着异     

西安石油学院研制的废塑料炼油装置问世

一种能够将废塑料垃圾通过非催化裂解转化为高燃油或汽油馏分、柴油馏分和液化气的“可连续工业化生产的废塑料炼油装置”问世,并获得国家专利。该技术是由西安石油学院姜皓教授研制成功的,该技术有望为消灭白色污染开辟一条新路。     

温度对地沟油催化裂解产物的影响

以小型固定流化床为实验装置,CIP-2为催化剂,研究了不同温度下地沟油催化裂解的产物分布,特别是丙烯产率和汽油馏分收率随裂解温度的变化规律。实验结果表明,液化气中丙烯质量分数最高,约占30%,且随着温度的增加逐渐增大,但反应温度大于540℃时丙烯质量分数的变化不明显。汽油馏分收率随着温度的升高先增大后降低。13C-NMR分析发现汽油馏分中芳烃取代基主要是短碳链取代,以甲基和乙基取代为主,分别占44. 2%和43. 5%。FT-IR分析表明,汽油馏分和柴油馏分中不含酯类羰基。     

不同馏分烯烃原料对润滑油基础油性能的影响

分别以软蜡裂解全馏分C5～C15轻烯烃、软蜡裂解窄馏分C8～C12轻烯烃、58号半精蜡裂解全馏分轻烯烃为原料,在实验室合成了润滑油基础油,比较了产品的性能,研究了不同馏分烯烃原料对润滑油基础油性能的影响.     

氨与乙腈对镍系催化聚合丁二烯的影响

从裂解碳四馏分或丁烯氧化脱氢馏分中萃取丁二烯,目前国内采用的萃取剂有二甲基甲酰胶和乙腈两种。关于二甲基甲酰胺及其副产物二甲胺对镍体系催化聚合丁二烯的影响,前报已介绍,本文将报导乙腈及其水解生成物氨对该体系的影响。     

废塑料制燃料油研究进展

介绍了当前废塑料制燃料油的发展状况和4种废塑料油化工艺及原理,并分析催化剂特性对催化裂解废塑料的过程、产物分布和燃料油馏分品质的影响,为广泛进行废塑料制燃料油奠定了基础。     

有机硅裂解生产装置改造

介绍了以溶剂油为载热体的甲基氯硅烷水解物裂解技术原理、工艺流程、产业化过程和效果.通过用溶剂油为载热体进行水解物裂解及混合环硅氧烷精馏,生产出聚合物中间体八甲基环四硅氧烷(D4),该产品用于合成高温硫化硅橡胶、室温硫化硅橡胶、硅油等.     

Fat splitting by the twitchell process at low temperature

Summary A study was made of the degree of splitting of coconut and soybean oils by the Twitchell process at 35±0.1°C. with no shaking or stirring, using an agent consisting mainly of tetrabutyl naphthalene sulfonic acid with water or dilute sulfuric acid. The degree of splitting was greater with sulfuric acid than with water. In general, the degree of splitting of soybean oil was greater when the sulfonic acid was dissolved in the oil layer than when it was in water. The reverse was true with coconut oil. Although addition of glycerol had no effect on the degree of splitting, addition of glacial acetic acid to the coconut oil system decreased fat splitting to a considerable extent. Addition of coconut fatty acids to the coconut oil system had little effect, but soybean fatty acids added to the soybean oil system markedly increased the degree of splitting. For the first time it has been demonstrated that, at 35±0.1°C., splitting of a fat by the Twitchell process occurs in a stepwise way. Coconut oil in contact with 1N sulfuric acid containing the sulfonic acid, corresponding to 1% by the weight of the oil, was about 90% split in 15 to 30 days, depending on the area of contact of the two layers. The diglyceride concentration reached a maximum during the early days of the reaction and then decreased somewhat. Monoglyceride concentration appeared to reach a maximum more slowly and then continued at that level as the concentrations of free fatty acids and glycerol steadily increased. Presented at the symposia on fat of the Chemical Society of Japan, Nov. 10, 1954, and Nov. 8, 1955, Nagoya, Japan; and the 8th annual meeting of the Chemical Society of Japan, Apr. 2, 1955, Tokyo, Japan.     

Experimental studies on the instabilities of viscous fingering in a Hele-Shaw cell

When air is injected into silicone oil contained in a horizontal Hele-Shaw cell, a single air bubble forms and grows showing various interesting phenomena. In this study the effects of the bubble front velocity, air injection velocity at a nozzle, fluid properties and cell depth on the stability of the growing bubble were investigated experimentally. By using the modified capillary number involving the aspect ratio, we obtained the onset conditions of the unstable bubble. Also, the bubble width was analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Before the bubble experiences splitting, the bubble front velocity is almost proportional to the air injection velocity. Therefore the latter velocity may be used in a practical sense.     

癸二酸的生产方法及应用

介绍了癸二酸的生产方法,如裂解蓖麻油法、电解己二酸法、发酵法等。其中裂解蓖麻油法是目前普遍采用的方法,并对癸二酸的应用做了简介。     

降低由蓖麻油制得癸二酸产品色值的技术进展

通过分析癸二酸的生产工艺，对其生产过程中影响色值的主要因素进行了研究，指出了一些导致色值偏高的原因。介绍了几种提纯癸二酸、降低色值的改进措施，如在裂解工序加碱量要小心控制、加入的采甲酚要除去以及建议用大孔性树脂代替活性炭，并对使用脲以及使用甲酸和高纯氨气进行的反应提纯两种方法进行了着重说明。     

Photocatalytic hydrogen production from water with nonfood hydrocarbons as oxidizing sacrifice agents

To enhance photocatalytic water splitting, various oxidizing sacrifice agents (OSA) have been added to the system in order to scavenge the coproduced O₂, and, thus, to hinder the reverse reactions. In the aim of achieving carbon‐neutral photocatalytic water splitting, nonfood hydrocarbons of castor‐ and jojoba‐oils were evaluated as OSA. Moreover, various surfactants were tested as emulsifiers for W/O binary solution for promoting photocatalytic water splitting rate. Among the OSA used, the castor‐oil was found to be more suitable candidate compared to jojoba‐oil, which was attributed to its smaller carbon chain numbers of mainly 18. Without surfactants, around 20 vol %‐castor‐oil aqueous binary solution with TiO₂/Pt(0.10 wt %) provided the highest water splitting rate of about 30 mL‐H₂/(m²·h). Among tested surfactants, liquid‐detergent was the best due to its optical transparency. 40 vol %‐ or 60 vol %‐castor‐oil emulsion with a drop of liquid‐detergent resulted in a water splitting rate of 125 mL‐H₂/(m²·h), which was four times greater that the aforementioned highest value. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011     

Oil splitting in industrial cleaning systems as studied by conductivity and interfacial tension

Characteristics of emulsion formation and splitting into aqueous and oily phases in simple and formulated surfactant systems were studied via conductivity. In systems composed of mixed nonionic ethoxylated alcohol surfactants, K₂CO₃, and emulsified n-hexadecane, conductivity decreased linearly with increasing oil volume fraction at HLB (hydrophile-lipophile balance) values of 12.9 and 13.9. The slope of the plot was ca. −3/2, in agreement with the Maxwell expression. At values less than or equal to an HLB of 11.3, conductivity first increased with a small addition of oil and then decreased nearly linearly with subsequent amounts. This was probably due to low HLB surfactants partitioning into the oily phase. When the type of oil was varied, the reduced conductivity also decreased linearly with volume fraction of emulsified oil. The slope was ca. −3/2 for oil weights ranging from very light (n-hexadecane) to very heavy (80W–90 gear oil), also in agreement with the Maxwell expression. Oil separation rates were measured by monitoring the change in conductivity in the lower region of the emulsion (where the aqueous layer formed) during splitting of the oily phase. Heavier oils were found to separate faster than light oils. Oils containing lubricity agents split at the slowest rate. Systems with lower HLB surfactants also displayed slower splitting rates. Splitting rates for a variety of systems, from simple oil and saline systems to more complex formulated systems, over temperatures from 23 to 75°C, were related to oil-aqueous interfacial tension values through a power law expression composed of the maximum splitting rate and the interfacial tension between saline and oil at 23°C.     

Betriebserfahrungen mit einer Strahlgaswaschanlage für die Abluft der Seifenspaltung

Process Experiences with a Stream Gas Washer for Soap Splitting Procedure and process data for a stream gas washer with superposed cocondenser for cooling and desodorization of vapours from soap splitting are reported. The plant treats vapours from splitting of about 250 m³ soap solution a day (soapstock of palm oil, coconut oil, liquid oils and hardened fats). The exhaust air, treated with water and oxidation chemicals is nearly free of acids and odourless purified.     

注水量与产液量的劈分方法研究

注水井注水量向各产层的劈分或在平面上向各生产井的劈分以及生产井产液量在纵向及横向上的劈分,是了解注入水流场分布和储层中原油动用状况,制定井网调整与调堵措施方案的基础性工作.本文叙述了劈分系数法,提出了劈分量的最小二乘近似求解法,当未知量个数少于方程个数时,先关于未知量求偏导使其等于零,得到与未知量个数相同的方程数,再利用矩阵运算解出未知量,通过实例验证该方法是正确和可行的.     

Seifenspaltung – kontinuierlich und umweltfreundlich

Soap Splitting – Continuous and Ecologically Harmless In the classical refining of vegetable oils the free fatty acids are saponified and separated from oil by centrifuging. The centrifuged soap solution also contains neutral oil and non hydrationable sliming substances. The resulting emulsion impedes splitting and the separation of the aqueous phase from the oily fatty acid phase. Therefore you often work with high surplus of sulphuric acid and direct vapour for heating and stirring. The direct vapour carries away fatty acid and sulphuric acid as aerosol and must be washed before drawing out into the enviroment. If the mixture from the centrifuges undergoes a saponification reaction, splitting can be continuously carried out by addition of sulphuric acid, regulated by the pH-value, without direct vapour. Thus an important requirement for an ecologically harmless procedure of soap splitting is given.