山萘酚对脂多糖诱导RAW264.7细胞中COX-2和iNOS表达及产物生成的影响

目的探讨山萘酚对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides,LPS)诱导RAW 264.7细胞COX-2及iNOS表达的影响。方法四氮唑盐法(monote-trazolium test,MTT)检测山奈酚对RAW264.7细胞生长增殖的影响,放射免疫测定法(RIA)检测山萘酚对PGE2和NO生成的影响,免疫印迹法(western blotting)检测COX-2及iNOS蛋白的表达。结果山萘酚抑制LPS诱导的RAW 264.7细胞PGE2和NO的生成,同时下调LPS诱导的RAW 264.7细胞COX-2及iNOS蛋白的表达。结论山萘酚抑制2个诱导酶COX-2和iNOS的表达,从而减少炎性产物PGE2和NO的生成,这可能是山萘酚抗炎的机制之一。     

知母皂苷通过调节NF-κB-iNOS-NO信号通路抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞功能

目的研究知母皂苷(SAaB)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的RAW264.7细胞功能的影响,以及对NF-κB-诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)-NO信号通路的调节。方法以LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞构建体外炎症细胞模型,采用Griess法和ELISA法分别检测SAaB干预下,RAW264.7炎症细胞中的NO、iNOS、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和白介素-6(IL-6)的含量;Western blot检测RAW264.7细胞NF-κB p65蛋白的表达水平。结果 RAW264.7细胞在LPS(10 mg·L~(-1))诱导下,NO、iNOS、TNF-α、IL-6的含量以及NF-κB p65蛋白表达水平与正常对照组比较均明显增高。SAaB(0.3、3、30 mg·L~(-1))可明显降低RAW264.7炎症细胞中NO、iNOS、TNF-α和IL-6的含量(P<0.01),且明显下调NF-κB p65的蛋白表达水平(P<0.01)。结论 SAaB可通过调节NF-κB-iNOS-NO信号通路,抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞功能。     

热休克蛋白70激动剂SW02对脂多糖诱导的巨噬细胞iNOS表达的调控及机制

目的观察热休克蛋白70(Hsp70)激动剂SW02对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的RAW264.7细胞诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)表达及一氧化氮(NO)生成的作用,并探讨其作用机制。方法采用LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞建立细胞炎症模型,将细胞随机分为DMSO组、DMSO+LPS(1 mg·L~(-1))组、SW02组和SW02+LPS(1 mg·L(-1))组。Western blot法测定蛋白表达;Griess试剂法测定NO含量;实时定量PCR法测定iNOS mRNA表达;染色质免疫共沉淀法(ChIP)检测核因子κB(NF-κB)与iNOS启动子结合能力变化。结果 SW02明显抑制由LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞iNOS蛋白、mRNA表达和NO释放(SW02+LPS组iNOS表达量和NO生成量明显低于DMSO+LPS组,P<0.01或P<0.05);SW02不影响由LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞κB-α抑制子(IκB-α)降解(SW02+LPS组IκB-α表达量与DMSO+LPS组比差异无显著性,P>0.05)和NF-κB入核(SW02+LPS组细胞质、细胞核NF-κB表达量与DMSO+LPS组比差异无显著性,P>0.05);SW02明显抑制由LPS诱导的NF-κB与iNOS启动子结合(SW02+LPS组NF-κB与iNOS启动子结合量明显低于DMSO+LPS组,P<0.05)。结论 SW02抑制巨噬细胞iNOS表达和NO生成,其机制可能与抑制NF-κB与iNOS启动子结合有关。     

穿琥宁抗炎作用的血红素加氧酶-1的信号转导机制

目的初步探讨穿琥宁抗炎作用的信号转导机制。方法用WST-8细胞计数试剂盒检测穿琥宁的细胞毒性;用IN Cell Analyzer 2000活细胞成像系统及组成型增强表达绿色荧光蛋白偶联NF-κBP65(EGFP-NF-κBP65)融合蛋白的CHO细胞和EGFP偶联促分裂原活化蛋白激酶APk2(EGFP-MAPK-APk2)融合蛋白的BHK细胞观察穿琥宁对白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)或肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)诱导NF-κBP65核转位及脂多糖(LPS)诱导的P38MAPK下游分子MAPK-APk2核转位的影响;Western印迹法检测穿琥宁和血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)特异性抑制剂锌原卟啉(ZnPP)对RAW264.7细胞HO-1、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和环氧化酶2(COX-2)表达的影响;Griess反应和ELISA法测定穿琥宁对RAW264.7细胞一氧化氮(NO)和前列腺素E2(PGE2)生成的影响。结果穿琥宁3～100μmol·L-1作用24 h对RAW264.7细胞无细胞毒性。穿琥宁不能抑制由IL-1β诱导的NF-κBP65核转位和LPS诱导的MAPK-APk2核转位,对TNF-α诱导的NF-κBP65核转位有较弱的抑制作用,抑制率为20%,无明显浓度效应关系。穿琥宁3,10,30和100μmol·L-1作用4 h能诱导RAW264.7细胞HO-1表达,穿琥宁100μmol· L-1作用6 h显著抑制IL-1β诱导的COX-2表达和PGE2产生,作用12 h抑制iNOS表达和NO产生。HO-1活性抑制剂ZnPP能部分逆转穿琥宁的上述作用。结论穿琥宁的抗炎作用可能主要通过HO-1信号转导,继而抑制iNOS和COX-2的表达及NO和PGE2的产生。对NF-κB信号传导系统的调节作用尚不清楚。     

豆蔻明对TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB/iNOS信号通路的调节作用

目的探讨豆蔻明(cardamonin,CDN)对RAW264.7小鼠巨噬细胞Toll样受体4(toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)/My D88/NF-κB/i NOS信号通路的调节作用。方法利用脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)处理RAW264.7细胞建立炎性细胞模型并分组:正常对照组(Vehicle组)、模型组(LPS组)和药物处理组(LPS+CDN组);CCK-8方法检测细胞活力,Griess法检测细胞培养上清一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)含量,RT-PCR检测诱导型NO合成酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,i NOS)、环氧化酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemotactic protein 1,MCP-1)、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-ɑ、白介素(interleukin,IL)-1β和IL-6的mRNA表达,Western blot检测i NOS、TLR4、髓样分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor 88,My D88)、核因子-κB(nuclear factorκB,NF-κB)phosphorylated(p)-p65、inhibitorκBα(IκBα)和p-IκBα的蛋白表达。结果1~50μmol·L~(-1)豆蔻明对RAW264.7细胞没有毒性,但可以剂量依赖性抑制LPS诱导的NO分泌和i NOS、COX-2、MCP-1、TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6的mRNA表达,25μmol·L-1豆蔻明可下调LPS诱导的i NOS、TLR4、My D88、p-NF-κB p65和p-IκBα蛋白表达及抑制IκBα降解。结论豆蔻明通过抑制TLR4/My D88/NF-κB/i NOS信号通路从而抑制NO的产生。     

蟛蜞菊内酯对脂多糖诱导RAW264.7细胞环氧化酶2、NO及TNF-α的影响

目的:研究蟛蜞菊内酯对脂多糖(lipopo-lysaccharide,LPS)诱导RAW264.7巨噬细胞环氧化酶2(COX-2)、NO及TNF-α的作用。方法:ELISA方法检测0.2、2、20μmol/L不同浓度蟛蜞菊内酯对终浓度为10μg/mL LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞产生TNF-α、NO及前列腺素E2(PGE2)的影响,Western blot方法检测蟛蜞菊内酯对LPS诱导COX-2酶蛋白表达的影响。结果:LPS能够明显诱导小鼠RAW264.7细胞产生的COX-2酶蛋白,蟛蜞菊内酯低中高3个浓度均能抑制LPS诱导产生的COX-2酶蛋白表达。PGE2可以被LPS诱导增加,与空白组比有显著差异。蟛蜞菊内酯低中高3个浓度均能抑制LPS诱导产生的PGE2、NO和TNF-α,呈现剂量依赖性。结论:蟛蜞菊内酯抗炎的作用机制可能为抑制COX-2的蛋白表达,进而抑制PGE2的生成,也可能与抑制NO和TNF-α生成有关。     

狐臭柴茎挥发油体外抗炎活性及基于NF-κB和MAPKs信号通路作用机制的研究

目的:探究狐臭柴茎挥发油的体外抗炎活性及其作用机制。方法:通过水蒸气蒸馏法制备狐臭柴茎挥发油,采用GC-MS对其化学成分进行分析。通过Griess法和ELISA法测定挥发油对LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞上清液中一氧化氮(NO)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)水平的影响;qRT-PCR检测iNOS、COX-2、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β mRNA的表达;Western blot测定挥发油对iNOS、COX-2、NF-κB和MAPKs信号通路蛋白的影响。结果:从挥发油中共鉴定出74种化学成分,其中主要的化学成分是茅术醇(13.50%)。挥发油显著抑制NO、TNF-α和IL-6的分泌(P＜0.01),同时降低了促炎因子(TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β)和促炎酶(iNOS和COX-2)的mRNA表达水平(P＜0.01)。Western blot研究表明挥发油能下调NF-κB信号通路细胞核p65蛋白表达、p65和IκBα磷酸化(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)。此外,还降低了MAPKs信号通路p38、JNK和ERK蛋白的磷酸化(P＜0.01)。结论:狐臭柴茎挥发油对LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞炎症模型具有较好的抗炎效果,其内在的分子机制与下调NF-κB和MAPKs信号通路有关。     

鱼腥草素钠对脂多糖诱导单核巨噬细胞RAW264.7炎性反应的抑制作用

目的 探讨鱼腥草素钠(SH)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW264.7炎性反应的抑制作用及其机制。方法 实验分为空白对照组(等体积培养基)，模型组(等体积培养基)，SH低、中、高剂量组(1.25,5,10μmol/L)，以含不同浓度SH的常规培养基培养细胞2 h，后4组细胞加入LPS继续培养24 h。收集细胞上清液，测定一氧化氮(NO)水平，采用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法测定肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)及前列腺素E₂(PGE₂)的水平；提取细胞总蛋白，采用Western blot法检测诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、环氧合酶2(COX-2)蛋白及核因子-κB(NF-κB)通路相关蛋白(NF-κB-P-P65蛋白和P-IκB-α蛋白)的表达水平。结果 与模型组比较，SH中、高剂量组细胞NO水平显著降低，SH低、中、高剂量组细胞TNF-α,IL-6,PGE₂水平和COX-2,NF-κB-P-P65,P-IκB-α蛋白表达水平均显著降低，SH中、高剂量组细胞iNOS蛋白表达水平显著降低...     

原花青素对脂多糖诱导RAW2647细胞COX-2酶活性、mRNA及蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨原花青素对脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠巨噬细胞株RAW264.7细胞COX-2酶活性及蛋白表达的影响。方法放射免疫法检测COX-2酶活性，RT-PCR检测COX-2 mRNA表达，Western blotting检测COX-2蛋白表达。结果原花青素(0.8，4和20 mg·L^-1)不影响LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞COX-2酶活性，可下调LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞COX-2 mRNA表达；原花青素(4和20 mg·L^-1)下调LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞COX-2蛋白表达。结论原花青素不影响LPS诱导RAW2647细胞COX-2酶活性，但对LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞COX-2 mRNA及蛋白表达抑制作用明显。     

海菖蒲黄酮FEA对LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞炎症反应的改善作用研究

目的 研究海菖蒲黄酮FEA(Enhalus acoroides in flavonoids, FEA ) 对LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞引起的炎症反应的改善作用。方法 用浓度为1 μg/mL的LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞6个小时后,用含有不同浓度的海菖蒲黄酮FEA作用RAW264.7细胞20 h,采用ELISA方法测定RAW264.7细胞分泌的NO、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的含量,采用western-blot方法检测NF-κB信号通路中IκBα、P-IκBα、p65、P-p65的蛋白表达含量。结果 海菖蒲黄酮FEA可以抑制由LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞引起的NO、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6细胞因子的分泌,减少磷酸化蛋白IκBα和p65的表达量。结论 海菖蒲黄酮FEA可以减少细胞炎症因子的产生和抑制NF-?B信号通路的活化来改善炎症作用。     

Rheosmin,a naturally occurring phenolic compound inhibits LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression in RAW264.7 cells by blocking NF-κB activation pathway

Inflammation is part of the host defense mechanism against harmful matters and injury; however, aberrant inflammation is associated to the development of chronic disease such as cancer. Raspberry ketone is a natural phenolic compound. It is used in perfumery, in cosmetics, and as a food additive to impart a fruity odor. In this study, we evaluated whether rheosmin, a phenolic compound isolated from pine needles regulates the expression of iNOS and COX-2 protein in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Rheosmin dose-dependently inhibited NO and PGE₂ production and also blocked LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression. Rheosmin potently inhibited the translocation of NF-κB p65 into the nucleus by IκB degradation following IκB-α phosphorylation. This result shows that rheosmin inhibits NF-κB activation. In conclusion, our results suggest that rheosmin inhibits LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression in RAW264.7 cells by blocking NF-κB activation pathway.     

3‑Bromo‑5‑(ethoxymethyl)‑1,2‑benzenediol inhibits LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses by preventing ROS production and downregulating NF-κB in vitro and in a zebrafish model

The anti-inflammatory effects of 3‑bromo‑5‑(ethoxymethyl)‑1,2‑benzenediol (BEMB) from Polysiphonia morrowii were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells and zebrafish embryo. BEMB showed anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells and zebrafish embryo without cytotoxicity. Moreover, BEMB suppressed the protein and mRNA expression levels of nuclear factor (NF)-κB (p65 and inhibitor of NF-κB [IκB]-A) in RAW264.7 cells and zebrafish embryo, respectively. Collectively, the results of this study indicate that BEMB suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as NO, iNOS, and COX-2 as well as their regulation in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells and zebrafish embryos by inhibiting ROS production and NF-κB expression. Therefore, this study suggests that BEMB could be a potential anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.     

Anti-inflammatory activity of bark of Dioscorea batatas DECNE through the inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 expressions in RAW264.7 cells via NF-κB and ERK1/2 inactivation

We identified a bioactive herbal medicine with anti-inflammatory activity from an ethanol extract derived from the bark of Dioscorea batatas DECNE (BDB) in RAW264.7 cells. We examined the effects of BDB on nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. BDB consistently inhibited both NO and PGE₂ production in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC₅₀ of 87–71 μg/ml, respectively. The reduction of NO and PGE₂ production were accompanied by a reduction in iNOS and COX-2 protein expression, as evaluated by Western blotting. To evaluate the action mode of BDB and its ability to inhibit iNOS and COX-2 protein expression, we assessed the effects of BDB on nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) DNA-binding activity, NF-κB-dependent reporter gene activity, inhibitory factor-κB (IκB) phosphorylation and degradation, and p65 nuclear translocation. BDB suppressed DNA-binding activity and reporter gene activity as well as translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit. BDB also down-regulated IκB kinase (IKK), thus inhibiting LPS-induced both phosphorylation and the degradation of IκBα. In addition, BDB also inhibited the LPS-induced activation of ERK1/2.     

Anti-inflammatory effect of tricin 4′-O-(threo-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether,a novel flavonolignan compound isolated from Njavara on in RAW264.7 cells and in ear mice edema

Although recent study has shown tricin 4′-O-(threo-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether (TTGE), an isolated compound from Njavara rice, to have the most potent anti-inflammatory effects, the action mechanism has not been fully understood. Here, we examined the effect of TTGE on the inflammation and elucidated the potential mechanism. We demonstrated that TTGE significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO and ROS generation in RAW264.7 cells, which was correlated with the down-regulating effect of TTGE on the iNOS and COX-2 expression via NF-κB and STAT3. TPA-induced ear edema was also efficiently inhibited by the TTGE treatment. TTGE blocked the induction of iNOS and COX-2 through the regulation of NF-κB and STAT3, which could explain the reduced TPA-induced edema symptoms. Moreover, the introduction of ERK inhibitor abrogated the anti-inflammatory effect of TTGE via the recovery of NF-κB and STAT3 signalings. Taken together, these results suggest that TTGE has anti-inflammatory properties through down-regulation of NF-κB and STAT3 pathways.     

Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase by phenolic (3E)-4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)but-3-en-2-one in RAW 264.7 macrophages

The large amount of nitric oxide (NO) produced by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) contributes to cellular injury in inflammatory disease. In the present study, a novel synthetic compound (3E)-4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)but-3-en-2-one (HPB) was found to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO generation, but not through the inhibition of iNOS activity, in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Administration of HPB into mice also inhibited the LPS-induced increase in serum nitrite/nitrate levels. To evaluate the underlying mechanisms of HPB inhibition of NO generation, the expression of the iNOS gene in RAW 264.7 macrophages was examined. HPB abolished the LPS-induced expression of iNOS protein, iNOS mRNA and iNOS promoter activity in a similar concentration-dependent manner. LPS-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) DNA binding and NF-κB-dependent reporter gene activity were both significantly inhibited by HPB. This effect was mediated through the inhibition of inhibitory factor-κBα (IκBα) phosphorylation and degradation, and of p65 nuclear translocation. HPB had no effect on the LPS-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase (JNK). However, HPB suppressed the LPS-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. These results indicate that HPB down-regulates iNOS gene expression probably through the inhibition of LPS-induced intracellular ROS production, which has been implicated in the activation of NF-κB.     

Fulvic acid promotes extracellular anti-cancer mediators from RAW 264.7 cells,causing to cancer cell death in vitro

Fulvic acid (FA) is known to promote electrochemical balance as a donor or a receptor possessing many biomedical functions. Nevertheless, the effect of FA on the anti-cancer activity has not been elucidated. In the current study, we first isolated FA from humus and investigated whether FA regulates immune-stimulating functions, such as production of nitric oxide (NO), in RAW 264.7 cells. Our data showed that FA slightly enhances cell viability in a dose-dependent manner and secretion of NO from RAW 264.7 cells. It upregulated the protein and mRNA expression of inducible NO synthesis (iNOS). In addition, FA enhanced the DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in RAW 264.7 cells; the NF-κB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) effectively attenuated the expression of FA-stimulated iNOS, suggesting that FA stimulates NF-κB to promote iNOS and NO production. Finally, FA-stimulated culture media (FA-CM) from RAW 264.7 cells were collected and MCA-102 fibrosarcoma cells were cultured in this media. The FA-CM augmented MCA-102 fibrosarcoma cell apoptosis; however, an NO inhibitor N^G-monomethyl-l-arginine (NMMA) slightly inhibited the FA-CM-mediated MCA-102 fibrosarcoma cell apoptosis, which was accompanied by low levels of NO. In the present study, we found that FA induces the generation of NO and iNOS in RAW 264.7 cells by inducing NF-κB activation; however, NO did not significantly stimulate MCA-102 fibrosarcoma cell apoptosis in the current study. In addition, FA-CM enhanced cell death in various human cancer cells such as Hep3B, LNCaP, and HL60. Taken together, FA most likely stimulates immune-modulating molecules such as NO and induces cancer cell apoptosis.