Simulation Modeling for Efficient Groundwater Management in Balasore Coastal Basin,India

The Balasore coastal groundwater basin in Orissa, India is under a serious threat of overdraft and seawater intrusion. The overexploitation resulted in abandoning many shallow tubewells in the basin. The main intent of this study is the development of a 2-D groundwater flow and transport model of the basin using the Visual MODFLOW package for analyzing the aquifer response to various pumping strategies. The simulation model was calibrated and validated satisfactorily. Using the validated model, the groundwater response to five pumping scenarios under existing cropping conditions was simulated. The results of the sensitivity analysis indicated that the Balasore aquifer system is more susceptible to the river seepage, recharge from rainfall and interflow than the horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities and specific storage. Finally, based on the modeling results, salient management strategies are suggested for the long-term sustainability of vital groundwater resources of the Balasore groundwater basin. The most promising management strategy for the Balasore basin could be: a reduction in the pumpage from the second aquifer by 50% in the downstream region and an increase in the pumpage to 150% from the first and second aquifer at potential locations.     

How Subsurface Water Technologies (SWT) can Provide Robust,Effective, and Cost-Efficient Solutions for Freshwater Management in Coastal Zones

Freshwater resources in coastal zones are limited while demands are high, resulting in problems like seasonal water shortage, overexploitation of freshwater aquifers, and seawater intrusion. Three subsurface water technologies (SWT) that can provide robust, effective, and cost-efficient solutions to manage freshwater resources in the subsurface are evaluated using groundwater modelling and validation at field-scale: (1) ASR-coastal to store freshwater surpluses in confined brackish-saline aquifers for recovery in times of demand, (2) the Freshkeeper to counteract salinization of well fields by interception and desalination of upconing brackish groundwater, and (3) the Freshmaker to combine ASR and Freshkeeper to enlarge the volume of natural freshwater lenses for later abstraction. The evaluation indicates that SWT can be used in various hydrogeological settings for various hydrogeological problems like seawater intrusion, upconing, and bubble drift during ASR and have significant economic benefits. Although only sporadically applied to date, we foresee that SWT will stimulate (cost-)efficient and sustainable exploitation of various freshwater sources (like groundwater, rainwater, treated waste water, surface water) in coastal zones. Prolonged SWT testing in the current pilots, replication of SWT in other areas worldwide, and the development of technical and non-technical support tools are required to facilitate potential end-users in investment decision making and SWT implementation.     

Groundwater Exploitation and Its Impact on the Environment in the North China Plain

Abstract

The North China Plain (NCP) is one of China's most important social, economic, and agricultural regions. Currently, the Plain has 17,950 thousand ha of cultivated land, 71.1 percent of which is irrigated, consuming more than 70 percent of the total water supply. Increasing water demands associated with rapid urban and industrial development and expansion of irrigated land have led to overexploitation of both surface and the ratio of groundwater resources, particularly north of the Yellow River. In 1993, the ratio of groundwater exploitation to recharge in many parts of the NCP exceeded 1.0; in some areas, the ratio exceeded 1.5. Consequently, about 1.06 million ha of water-short irrigated areas in the NCP also have poor water quality. Persistent groundwater overexploitation in the northern parts of the NCP has resulted in water-level declines in both shallow and deep aquifers. According to data from 600 shallow groundwater observation wells in the Hebei Plain, the average depth to water increased from 7.23 m in 1983 to 11.52 m in 1993, indicating an average water-table decline of 0.425 m/year. Water table declines are not uniformly distributed throughout the area. Depletion rates are generally greatest beneath cities and intensively groundwater-irrigated areas. Water-table declines have also varied over time. With the continued decline of groundwater levels, large depression cones have formed both in unconfined and confined aquifers beneath the Hebei Plain. Groundwater depletion in the NCP has severely impacted the environment. Large tracts of land that overlie cones of depression have subsided, seawater has intruded into previously freshwater aquifers in coastal plains, and ground-water quality has deteriorated due to salinization, seawater intrusion, and untreated urban and industrial wastewater discharge. In order to balance groundwater exploitation with recharge, the major remedial measures suggested are to strengthen groundwater management, to raise water use efficiency, to adjust the water-consumed structure, and to increase water supply     

国内外地下水资源立法研究

我国许多地区过度开发利用地下水,造成了地面沉降、盐渍化、海水入侵等环境问题,严重影响人类生存环境及经济社会可持续发展。通过介绍国外地下水资源立法情况,结合我国地下水资源立法现状,分析了我国现阶段地下水立法中存在的问题,提出了加强和完善我国地下水资源立法的相关措施建议。     

莱州湾地区海水入侵与宏观经济发展和水资源关系模型的研究

采用系统分析的方法，以水资源作主线，把区内海水入侵，宏观经济紧密结合在一起，作为一个大系统研究，建立了莱州湾海水入侵区宏观经济水资源多目标决策分析模型，提出了不同工程方案下，不同水平年的宏观经济、水资源和海水入侵协调发展指标。     

Groundwater Vulnerability Modeling to Assess Seawater Intrusion: a Methodological Comparison with Geospatial Interpolation

Seawater intrusion has become a growing threat in coastal urban cities due to overexploitation of groundwater. This study examines the accuracy of the commonly used geospatial quality assessment models (GQA) and groundwater vulnerability assessment models (GVA) in determining the extent of seawater intrusion in urban coastal aquifers. For that purpose, interpolation methods (kriging, IDW and co-kriging) and vulnerability assessment models (DRASTIC, EPIK) were compared using groundwater salinity criteria (TDS, Cl^?) collected at three pilot areas along the eastern Mediterranean (Beirut, Tripoli, Jal el Dib). The results showed that while the GIS-based interpolation methods and the vulnerability assessment models captured elements of the groundwater quality deterioration, both had a limited ability to accurately delineate saltwater intrusion. This emphasizes that while interpolation methods and conventional vulnerability models may give general information about groundwater quality, they fail to capture the status of the aquifer at a finer spatial resolution.

     

葫芦岛地区节水潜力分析

葫芦岛是缺水海滨城市,地下水开发利用程度很高,地下水的超采易造成海滨城市发生海水入侵、地面沉降等现象,葫芦岛地区节水潜力分析对缓解和解决城市水危机有着巨大的作用。     

大连地区地下水化学特征分析及形成机制研究

本文利用舒卡列夫分类法、Piper三线图、Person相关性、Gibbs图以及离子比值图等对大连地区地下水化学特征及形成机制进行了分析研究。结果表明:地下水化学类型主要为HCO₃^-·Cl-Ca²⁺型和HCO₃^-·Cl-Na·Ca²⁺型,占比为41.9%,并且表现出明显的地域分布特点;研究区Ca²⁺和Cl^-为优势阴阳离子,HCO₃^-次之,碳酸岩盐是Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-的主要来源,而Cl^-主要来源于海水入侵;地下水化学组成主要受岩石风化作用控制,主要水岩作用为碳酸盐岩溶解,并受海水入侵影响发生显著阳离子交换作用。该研究结果可为沿海山地丘陵地区地下水资源的管理、开发利用与保护提供依据。     

A Cost-Effective Method to Control Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers

Intrusion of seawater into coastal aquifers is considered one of the most important processes that degrade water-quality by raising the salinity to levels exceeding acceptable drinking standards. Therefore saltwater intrusion should be prevented or at least controlled to protect groundwater resources. This paper presents a cost-effective method to control seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers. This methodology ADR (Abstraction, Desalination and Recharge) includes; abstraction of saline water and recharge to the aquifer after desalination. A coupled transient density-dependent finite element model is developed for simulation of fluid flow and solute transport and used to simulate seawater intrusion. The simulation model has been integrated with an optimization model to examine three scenarios to control seawater intrusion including; abstraction, recharge and a combination system, ADR. The main objectives of the models are to determine the optimal depths, locations and abstraction/recharge rates for the wells to minimize the total costs for construction and operation as well as salt concentrations in the aquifer. A comparison between the combined system (ADR) and the individual abstraction or recharge system is made in terms of total cost and total salt concentration in the aquifer and the amount of repulsion of seawater achieved. The results show that the proposed ADR system performs significantly better than using abstraction or recharge wells alone as it gives the least cost and least salt concentration in the aquifer. ADR is considered an effective tool to control seawater intrusion and can be applied in areas where there is a risk of seawater intrusion.     

基于“三条红线”的海水入侵区地下水保护体系

随着沿海经济的快速发展,当地对淡水资源、特别是地下淡水的开发利用强度不断加大,地下水超采日益严峻,地面沉降、海水入侵等环境地质灾害频繁发生。现以烟台市区为例,应用最严格水资源管理制度指导思想,以"三条红线"为约束,通过实施多水源联合调度,提出了海水入侵区地下水调控方案和保护对策,在此基础上构建海水入侵区地下水保护体系,用以科学指导地下水开发、利用、保护和管理实际工作。     

Groundwater Assessment at Santiago Island (Cabo Verde): A Multidisciplinary Approach to a Recurring Source of Water Supply

Groundwater resources are in many parts of the world the only source for private domestic, agricultural and public water supply. Subsurface has also become major recipient of wastewater and solid waters especially in the developing countries. Overexploitation of coastal aquifers and pollution are among the main problems related to groundwater resources assessment and management in Santiago Island (Cabo Verde). Brackish groundwater is the only available water type in the region that is being provided to numerous parts of the Island such as Praia Baixo, Montenegro, and Charco for agriculture and human supply. Solute and isotope data obtained in different groundwater systems were used in the identification of groundwater resources degradation. In order to understand the influence of the anthropogenic activities on the water quality and the main origin of the salts in groundwater, a statistical approach (Principal Components Analyses—PCA) was performed on the physico-chemical data. The results obtained indicate water–rock interaction mechanisms as the major process responsible for the groundwater quality (mainly calcium-bicarbonate type), reflecting the lithological composition of the subsurface soil. Also, anthropogenic contamination was identified, in several points of the island. Isotopic techniques (δ²H, δ¹⁸O and ³H content) combined with geochemistry provided comprehensive information on groundwater recharge, as well as on the identification of salinization mechanisms (e.g. seawater intrusion, salt dissolution, and marine aerosols) of the groundwater systems, at Santiago Island.     

高开采强度下库尔勒市地下水位埋深动态与影响因素浅析

库尔勒市社会经济快速发展对水资源的需求使其地下水开发经历了临界超采期(2000—2006年)、超采增长期(2007—2011年)和高位超采稳定期(2012—2015年)过程。为探究高开采强度下的地下水位埋深动态特征,以库尔勒市地下水监测网覆盖区作为研究区,对以上3个开采强度时段地下水位埋深进行线性趋势分析。所有监测井地下水位埋深均呈持续增大趋势,研究区2000—2011年地下水位埋深总体呈“加速”增大状态;2012—2015年转变为“减速”增大状态。地下水长期超采已使山前倾斜平原地下水位埋深累计增大4.10～12.67 m,冲积平原累计增大9.07～22.26 m,天然生态受到威胁。逐步回归分析表明,研究区监测井地下水位埋深与径流量呈负相关关系,与地下水开采量呈正相关关系,径流量、开采量实质是研究区地下水补给项与排泄项的综合反映。地下水位埋深持续增大是地下水补给量减少、地下水开采强度增大共同作用的结果。研究成果可为库尔勒市水资源开发利用与保护提供一定的参考。     

Modeling Groundwater Flow and Seawater Intrusion in the Coastal Aquifer of Wadi Ham,UAE

Groundwater pumping from Kalbha and Fujairah coastal aquifer of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has increased significantly during the last two decades to meet the agriculture water demands. Due to the lack of natural replenishment from rainfall and the excessive pumping, groundwater levels have declined significantly causing an intrusion of seawater in the coastal aquifer of Wadi Ham. As a result, many pumping wells in the coastal zone have been terminated and a number of farms have been abandoned. In this paper, MODFLOW was used to simulate the groundwater flow and assess the seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifer of Wadi Ham. The model was calibrated against a five-year dataset of historical groundwater levels and validated against another eleven-year dataset. The effects of pumping on groundwater levels and seawater intrusion were investigated. Results showed that reducing the pumping from Khalbha well field will help to reduce the seawater intrusion into the southeastern part of the aquifer. Under the current groundwater pumping rates, the seawater will continue to migrate inland.     

滨海盆地变密度地下水流与溶质运移三维耦合数值模型研究

针对滨海含水层的复杂性,以北部湾经济区合浦盆地地下水资源应急潜力评价为例,通过概化出合浦盆地水文地质概念模型的基础上,采用SEAWAT模块建立了合浦盆地变密度地下水流与溶质运移三维耦合数值模型。在对模型进行识别、验证的基础上,假设2025年10月出现极端干旱,在保证不发生海水入侵的条件下,获得了度过整个枯水期各水源地地下水资源应急潜力。结果表明:合浦盆地地下水资源应急潜力为83.13万m~3/d,集中开采区中心地下水水头下降3～8 m, 2 a后水位基本恢复;集中开采区降落漏斗远离海岸线,不受到海水入侵的影响。该方法将滨海水源地地下水应急供水预测和盆地的水文地质结构及当地发展规划紧密结合起来,为合浦盆地地下水资源的合理开发利用和应急能力建设提供了可靠依据。     

莱州湾南岸海底地下水交换量研究

相对于定性研究海水入侵的程度及规律,定量研究能更直观的给出海水入侵地区的SGD(Submarine groundwater discharge)以及流入量。选择潍坊昌邑市北部潮间带地区,布设3km长监测剖面,通过监测地下水水位、水温、以及电导率数据,运用数学方法定量估算海底地下水交换量。同时,运用计算所得结果,对研究区海水入侵情况进行评估,为将来该地区地下水监测提供科学依据。计算结果表明,潮间带流入量明显大于流出量,海水呈现朝陆推进趋势。     

海河平原区地下水累计可恢复超采量评价

地下水累计可恢复超采量评价对于地下水超采态势评判和超采综合治理实施都具有重要意义。本文以海河平原区为研究对象，提出超采量评价方法，旨在客观准确评价地下水累计可恢复超采量。针对浅层地下水超采量，提出生态临界水位作为传统“水位动态法”评价浅层地下水超采量的临界水位，据此得到研究区1959-2019年累计浅层超采量为869亿m³；针对深层地下水超采量，提出“不可恢复超采量”评价指标，采用地面沉降体积法评价深层地下水超采量，根据地面沉降体积计算深层承压含水层系统压密释水量体积，据此估算1970-2019年深层累计超采量为756亿m³；通过建立的一维非线性压密释水数值模型，模拟了深层承压含水层系统压密释水过程，计算得到非弹性压密释水量，评估研究区累计不可恢复超采量为558亿m³。因此本文认为，自1960年代以来，海河平原区地下水浅层和深层累计超采量1625亿m³，其中可恢复的超采量仅为1067亿m³。该研究结果可为未来地下水回补水量和南水北调规划调水量的确定提供参考。     

海河平原区浅层地下水位健康修复目标研究

随着南水北调通水、地下水超采综合治理等措施实施,海河平原区地下水位下降态势得到初步缓解,在此背景下,如何确定地下水位修复目标十分迫切。本研究在已有生态地下水位概念基础上,提出适应于强人类活动区-海河平原区的健康地下水位概念,并将健康地下水位作为研究区地下水位修复目标。根据地下水位波动变化对生态环境的影响,将健康地下水位分为维持地表水体健康地下水位、遏制海水入侵地下水位等七类功能型健康地下水位,在现有研究方法和研究成果基础上,采用机理研究、统计分析、实践调查等方法确定各功能健康地下水位临界阈值。研究建立了兼顾地下水多功能属性的空间分布式健康地下水位量化方法,确定了海河平原区健康地下水位上限和下限。并对海河平原区现状地下水位健康状态进行诊断,依据诊断结果建立地下水管理分区,为研究区水资源管理提供支撑。     

Uncertainty analysis of seawater intrusion forecasting

In order to describe the importance of uncertainty analysis in seawater intrusion forecasting and identify the main factors that might cause great differences in prediction results, we analyzed the influence of sea level rise, tidal effect, the seasonal variance of influx, and the annual variance of the pumping rate, as well as combinations of different parameters. The results show that the most important factors that might cause great differences in seawater intrusion distance are the variance of pumping rate and combinations of different parameters. The influence of sea level rise can be neglected in a short-time simulation （ten years, for instance）. Retardation of seawater intrusion caused by tidal effects is obviously important in aquifers near the coastline, but the influence decreases with distance away from the coastline and depth away from the seabed. The intrusion distance can reach a dynamic equilibrium with the application of the sine function for seasonal effects of influx. As a conclusion, we suggest that uncertainty analysis should be considered in seawater intrusion forecasting, if possible.     

Simulation-Optimization Modelling for Sustainable Groundwater Management in a Coastal Basin of Orissa, India

The Balasore coastal groundwater basin of Orissa in eastern India is under a serious threat of overdraft and seawater intrusion. Two optimization models were developed in this study for the efficient utilization of water resources in Balasore basin during non-monsoon periods: (a) a non-linear hydraulic management model for optimal pumpage, and (b) a linear optimization model for optimal cropping pattern in integration with a calibrated and validated groundwater flow simulation model. Based on the simulation-optimization modeling results, optimal pumping schedules, cropping patterns, and corresponding groundwater conditions are presented for three scenarios viz., wet, normal and dry years. It was found that optimal pumping schedules and corresponding cropping patterns differed significantly under the three scenarios, and the groundwater levels improved significantly under the optimal hydraulic conditions compared to the existing condition. In dry years, the groundwater levels under the present pumping pattern and the optimal pumpage indicated that the non-monsoon pumpage should not exceed the optimal pumpage in the absence of remedial measures in the basin. It is concluded that in order to ensure sustainable groundwater utilization in the basin, the optimal cropping pattern and pumping schedule should be adopted by the farmers.     

快速评价海水入侵区地层渗透性实验研究

为快速评价海水入侵区不同埋深地层渗透性,减少实施常规水文地质试验对存在污染含水层的扰动,提出利用振荡试验技术确定滨海地层渗透系数。室内海水入侵砂槽物理模型中实施了注水式振荡试验,在人工潜水含水层和承压含水层中同步监测了试验主井和相邻观测井中水位响应;龙口海水入侵区地下水分层监测井中实施了提水式和注水式振荡试验;利用配线法计算了室内实验和现场实验中目标地层渗透系数。结果表明：海水入侵砂槽物理模型中实施振荡试验为滨海含水层现场利用振荡试验确定不同埋深含水层渗透系数提供了重要经验;相比于提水式振荡试验,注水式振荡试验更易于实施,激发方式（提水和注水）的不同并没有对试验结果造成明显的影响;利用振荡试验在非常短时间内（单井水位恢复时长大部分少于5 min）确定了龙口海水入侵区重要监测断面上不同埋深含水层渗透系数,实验结果准确可靠。