辐射供冷系统末端形式对比及发展研究

介绍几种辐射供冷空调的末端形式,比较冷吊顶、楼板辐射供冷、毛细管席的供冷能力、热舒适性、能耗及投资等方面的不同,并建议完善辐射供冷系统试验研究方法,着重进行拥有自主产权产品的制造工艺的研究。     

Experimental performance of a thermoelectric ceiling cooling panel

An experiment has been performed to investigate the cooling performance of a thermoelectric ceiling cooling panel (TE‐CCP). The TE‐CCP was composed of 36 TE modules. The cold side of the TE modules was fixed to an aluminum ceiling panel to cool a test chamber of 4.5 m³ volume, while a copper heat exchanger with circulating cooling water at the hot side of the TE modules was used for heat release. Tests were conducted using various system parameters. It was found that the cooling performance of the system depended on the electrical supply, cooling water temperature and flow rate through the heat exchanger. A suitable condition occurred at 1.5 A of current flow with a corresponding cooling capacity of 289.4 W which gives the coefficient of performance (COP) of 0.75 with an average indoor temperature of 27°C. Using thermal comfort test data in literature for small air movements under radiant cooling ceilings, results from the experiments show that thermal comfort could be obtained with the TE‐CCP system. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ceiling radiant cooling panel capacity enhanced by mixed convection in mechanically ventilated spaces

The main thrust of this research is to estimate the impact of the mixed convection effect on the cooling capacity of a ceiling radiant panel in mechanically ventilated spaces. To estimate panel cooling capacity enhancement caused by mixed convection, a verified analytical panel model was used. The simplified correlation for mixed convection heat transfer coefficient which can be easily adopted in panel cooling capacity estimation was derived from established mixed convection and natural convection correlations. It was found that the total cooling capacity of radiant panels can be enhanced in mixed convection situations by 5–35% under normal operating panel surface temperatures.     

Solar hybrid air-conditioning system for high temperature cooling in subtropical city

Although solar energy is able to power the heat-driven refrigeration, its contribution is quite limited due to the conventional cooling requirement. In building air-conditioning, it is common to supply low temperature chilled water, usually in 5–7 °C. If this temperature can be elevated, it would enhance the effectiveness to harness solar energy and minimize auxiliary heating. Solar refrigeration would then be more effective through high temperature cooling, by providing 15–18 °C chilled water instead. In such provision, radiant ceiling cooling can be coupled to handle the space cooling load, particularly space sensible load. And the space latent load and ventilation load are handled by a separate dehumidification provision, like the heat-driven desiccant dehumidification. Therefore, a solar hybrid air-conditioning system is formulated, using adsorption refrigeration, chilled ceilings and desiccant dehumidification. In this study, the year-round performances of the proposed solar hybrid air-conditioning systems were evaluated for two typical office types. The performance metrics include the solar fraction, coefficient of performance, solar thermal gain, primary energy consumption and indoor conditions. Comparative study was conducted for the hybrid air-conditioning system worked with the three common types of chilled ceilings, namely the chilled panels, passive chilled beams and active chilled beams. The solar hybrid air-conditioning system was also benchmarked with the conventional vapour compression refrigeration for office use. It is found that the proposed solar hybrid air-conditioning system is technically feasible through high temperature cooling. Among the three types of chilled ceilings, the passive chilled beams is the most energy-efficient option to work with the solar adsorption refrigeration for space conditioning in the subtropical city.     

吊顶辐射冷却塔供冷系统试验研究与性能分析

通过供冷试验及TRNSYS软件模拟研究了吊顶辐射冷却塔供冷系统的运行效果,分析了气象参数、部件结构等因素对系统供冷效果的影响,并与常规供冷系统全年的运行能耗进行对比。试验与理论分析结果表明,吊顶辐射冷却塔供冷系统的有效供冷量能够满足用户供冷需要,供冷房间温度稳定且分布均匀。冷却塔供冷效果与大气湿球温度、建筑内部负荷、热交换器结构等因素有关。辐射顶板末端与冷却塔供冷匹配性高,系统全年运行时数增加,应用于需全年供冷的建筑节能效果显著。     

Performance analysis of a waste heat driven activated carbon based composite adsorbent – Water adsorption chiller using simulation model

This study aims at improving the performance of a waste heat driven adsorption chiller by applying a novel composite adsorbent which is synthesized from activated carbon impregnated by soaking in sodium silicate solution and then in calcium chloride solution. Modeling is performed to analyze the influence of the hot water inlet temperature, cooling water inlet temperature, chilled water inlet temperatures, and adsorption/desorption cycle time on the specific cooling power (SCP) and coefficient of performance (COP) of the chiller system with the composite adsorbent. The simulation calculation indicates a COP value of 0.65 with a driving source temperature of 85 °C in combination with coolant inlet and chilled water inlet temperature of 30 °C and 14 °C, respectively. The most optimum adsorption–desorption cycle time is approximately 360 s based on the performance from COP and SCP. The delivered chilled water temperature is about 9 °C under these operating conditions, achieving a SCP of 380 W/kg.     

Parametric analysis of space cooling systems based on night ceiling cooling with PCM‐embedded piping

A parametric analysis is conducted for space cooling systems based on cold water flowing, during the night, within regularly arranged pipes embedded in a layer of phase change material (PCM), located among the structural layers of the ceiling. The introduced PCM layer in conjunction with night cooling add to the usual ceiling cooling systems offers the advantages of low energy consumption, high cool storage capacity, operation under reduced night electricity price, smoothing of electricity consumption by eliminating daily peak loads, improved thermal comfort and elimination of ceiling dripping. Our parametric analysis is based on a transient three‐dimensional finite‐difference solution of the related heat‐transfer problem for various values of all the main system parameters. PCM phase change process is simulated by using the effective thermal capacity function, which is determined experimentally for PCM suitable for air‐conditioning applications. Our tests showed that the main parameters of the system are pipe spacing, PCM layer thickness, pipe depth within the ceiling, cooling water inlet temperature, night cooling duration and PCM properties (thermal conductivity, phase change heat and ends of phase change temperature range). The effect of all the above parameters is analysed and suggestions are made for selecting the proper combinations of their values in order to obtain the lowest energy consumption in conjunction with the highest level of thermal comfort. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于辐射供冷的太阳能吸收式空调试验研究

对基于辐射供冷的太阳能吸收式空调系统进行了试验。该系统采用96 m2的U型管式真空管太阳能集热器驱动额定制冷量为8 kW的吸收式制冷机组,吸收式制冷机产生的冷冻水被输送到辐射吊顶中,为50 m2的实验室提供夏季空调。吸收式制冷机运行在夏季晴朗天气时,平均制冷量为4.5 kW。辅助独立除湿机组与辐射吊顶联合运行。试验房间的热舒适指标PMV为-0.29~0.32,可满足热舒适要求。     

Study on a compact silica gel–water adsorption chiller without vacuum valves: Design and experimental study

A compact silica gel–water adsorption chiller without vacuum valves was manufactured and experimentally studied. This chiller contains two adsorption/desorption chambers and one chilled water tank. Each adsorption/desorption chamber consists of one adsorber, one condenser and one evaporator. The chilled water tank is adopted to mitigate the variation of the chilled water outlet temperature. A mass recovery-like process, which is a heat recovery process between the two evaporators, was carried out in this chiller. A novel heat recovery process was also fulfilled after the mass recovery-like process to improve the coefficient of performance (COP). The cooling power and COP were 9.60 kW and 0.49 respectively when the average hot water inlet temperature, cooling water inlet temperature, and chilled water outlet temperature were 82.0, 31.6 and 12.3 °C, respectively.     

Transient cooling of a room with a chilled ceiling

Using passive systems or solar energy for space cooling is highly conditional upon the heat transfer potential between the building components and the interior space. This paper presents a simplified theoretical model that describes the evolution of temperature in a room that is cooled by a chilled ceiling in the presence of a heat source on the floor. Using arguments of dynamic similarity, the theoretical model is confirmed with scale-model experiments run in a rectangular tank. The scale model uses a metallic heat exchanger to simulate the chilled ceiling and an electric heater as the heat source. The greatest heat transfer from the fluid towards the ceiling occurs immediately with the simultaneous activation of the heater and the chilled ceiling. As time elapses and the heat transfer decreases, the room cools more slowly and its temperature tends asymptotically towards equilibrium. This is achieved when the heat loss through the ceiling equals the heat supply from the heat source. The theoretical model can predict when a chilled ceiling, acting as transient a heat sink, will achieve a comfortable temperature in a room with an internal heat source.     

Experimental study of a solid adsorption cooling system using flat-tube heat exchangers as adsorption bed

In this paper, a solid adsorption cooling system with silica gel as the adsorbent and water as the adsorbate was experimentally studied. To reduce the manufacturing costs and simplify the construction of the adsorption chiller, a vacuum tank was designed to contain the adsorption bed and evaporator/condenser. Flat-tube type heat exchangers were used for adsorption beds in order to increase the heat transfer area and improve the heat transfer ability between the adsorbent and heat exchanger fins. Under the standard test conditions of 80 °C hot water, 30 °C cooling water, and 14 °C chilled water inlet temperatures, a cooling power of 4.3 kW and a coefficient of performance (COP) for cooling of 0.45 can be achieved. It has provided a specific cooling power (SCP) of about 176 W/(kg adsorbent). With lower hot water flow rates, a higher COP of 0.53 can be achieved.     

Numerical simulation of closed wet cooling towers for chilled ceiling systems

A numerical technique for evaluating the performance of a closed wet cooling tower for chilled ceiling systems is presented. The technique is based on computational flow dynamics (CFD) for the two-phase flow of gas and water droplets. The eulerian approach is used for the gas phase flow and the lagrangian approach for the water droplet phase flow, with two-way coupling between two phases. Numerical simulation indicates that CFD can be used to predict the performance of a closed wet cooling tower, given the appropriate rate of heat generation from the heat exchanger. The technique is suitable for optimization of the design and operation of the cooling tower for chilled ceilings.     

Study on a silica gel–water adsorption chiller integrated with a closed wet cooling tower

A silica gel–water adsorption chiller integrated with a closed wet cooling tower is proposed. This adsorption chiller consists of two vacuum chambers, each with one adsorber, one condenser and one evaporator. Vacuum valves were not adopted in this chiller in order to enhance the reliability. A novel heat recovery process was carried out after a mass recovery-like process to improve the coefficient of performance (COP). Integration of the closed wet cooling tower into the chiller could ensure the cleanliness of cooling water circulating in the chiller and also promote the convenient setup of the chiller. A transient one-dimensional mathematical model was adopted to study this adsorption chiller. The simulated results showed that the cooling power and COP were 10.76 kW and 0.51 respectively when the hot water inlet temperature, the chilled water inlet temperature, the air inlet wet bulb temperature and dry bulb temperature were 85, 15, 28 and 30 °C respectively.     

采用复合吸附剂和高效吸附床的吸附制冷机性能测试

利用平行流换热器和自制的硅胶/氯化钙复合吸附剂研制了一台小型吸附式制冷样机,并对样机进行了试验测试。测试结果表明:相对于硅胶吸附制冷样机,复合吸附剂吸附制冷样机的COP和制冷功率都有了明显的提高;在热源温度为90℃,冷却水温度为35℃,冷冻水进口温度为16.5℃、出口温度为14.4℃,吸附10min,脱附5 min的运行工况下,在整个循环周期内(15 min),制冷功率为1.03 kW,SCP为128.3 W/kg,COP为0.29;在吸附周期内(10 min),制冷功率为1.54 kW,SCP为192.4 W/kg,样机的能量密度为10.3 kW/m3,平行流换热器的换热系数为472.3 W/(m2.K)。     

Design and performance of a solar-powered heating and cooling system using silica gel/water adsorption chiller

In this paper, a solar-powered compound system for heating and cooling was designed and constructed in a golf course in Taiwan. An integrated, two-bed, closed-type adsorption chiller was developed in the Industrial Technology Research Institute in Taiwan. Plate fin and tube heat exchangers were adopted as an adsorber and evaporator/condenser. Some test runs have been conducted in the laboratory. Under the test conditions of 80 °C hot water, 30 °C cooling water, and 14 °C chilled water inlet temperatures, a cooling power of 9 kW and a COP (coefficient of performance for cooling) of 0.37 can be achieved. It has provided a SCP (specific cooling power) of about 72 W/(kg adsorbent). Some field tests have been performed from July to October 2006 for providing air-conditioning and hot water. The efficiency of the collector field lies in 18.5–32.4%, with an average value of 27.3%. The daily average COP of the adsorption chiller lies in 33.8–49.7%, with an average COP of 40.3% and an average cooling power of 7.79 kW. A typical daily operation shows that the efficiency of the solar heating system, the adsorption cooling and the entirely solar cooling system is 28.4%, 45.2%, and 12.8%, respectively.     

溶液除湿的地源热泵毛细管顶板空调系统

提出了一种基于溶液除湿的地源热泵毛细管顶板复合空调系统。该系统采用了溶液除湿承担潜热负荷,地源热泵制取的高温冷水承担显热负荷的方式,达到了节省高品位电能、减轻大气污染、减少运行费用的效果,与传统的空调系统相比具有节能、环保、高舒适性的特点。     

Experimental research on a new solar pump-free lithium bromide absorption refrigeration system with a second generator

This paper is concerned with experimental research on a new solar pump-free lithium bromide absorption refrigeration system with a second generator. By using the second generator together with a lunate thermosiphon elevation tube, the required minimum driving temperature of the heat source is only 68 °C compared to above 100 °C in traditional absorption refrigeration systems. Based on the horizontal-tube falling-film method, the performance of the absorber can be enhanced by the second generator due to an increase in the differential concentration of the solution between the inlet and the outlet of the absorber and an increase in the temperature difference between the inlet and the outlet of the cooling water in the absorber. The yield of condensate with the second generator open is increased by 68% compared to that with the second generator closed. The performance of the evaporator is significantly improved due to the increase in temperature drop of the chilled water and the decrease in the outlet temperature of the chilled water. This leads to an improvement of the performance of the overall refrigeration system. The maximum coefficient of performance (COP) approaches 0.787.     

Effect of radiation and convection heat transfer on cooling performance of radiative panel

The radiative panel is an equipment combining the solar heating and nocturnal radiant cooling technology. This study conducted the thermal performance of radiative panels for both radiation and convection cooling. Using the cover test by the mirror polished aluminum plate, the net cooling capacity of radiative panel was tested. The net cooling capacity of the radiative panel and contribution degree of the radiation heat transfer and convection heat transfer to the net cooling capacity was computed using the simulation model, and the influences of the cloud, ambient temperature and inclination angle on the radiation cooling were discussed. From the experimental results, the net cooling capacity was 45–70 W/m² when the radiative panel wasn’t covered, and the net cooling capacity was 10–30 W/m² when the mirror polished aluminum plate existed on a clear night in February in Tianjin. From the simulation results, the net cooling capacity of the radiative panel was about 50–70 W/m², and the radiation cooling was about 45 W/m², being responsible for 64%–90% of the net cooling capacity. The temperature differences between radiative panel and environment were the main influencing factors for the radiation cooling capacity. With an increase of the temperature difference, the radiation cooling capacity increased, and when the variation 5 °C of the temperature difference, the radiation cooling capacity will increase about 10–20 W/m². When it was partly cloudy, the radiation cooling capacity was about 50 W/m² and the fall rate of the radiation cooling capacity was less than 24%. With an increase of the cloud, the radiation cooling will decrease significantly. When it was overcast, the radiative panel even absorbed heat around 45 W/m² from the environment. When the tilt angle of radiative panel was less than 30°, the fall rate of the radiation cooling capacity was less than 11.3%. When the tilt angle was greater than 30°, the radiation cooling decreased significantly. In the case of being placed vertically, the radiation cooling capacity reduced by 84.8%.     

Simulation of dynamics and control of a double-effect LiBr–H2O absorption chiller

A dynamic model has been developed to simulate dynamic operation of a real double-effect absorption chiller. Dynamic behavior of working fluids in main components was modeled in first-order nonlinear differential equations based on heat and mass balances. Mass transport mechanisms among the main components were modeled by valve throttling, ‘U’ tube overflow and solution sub-cooling. The nonlinear dynamic equations coupled with the subroutines to calculate thermodynamic properties of working fluids were solved by a numerical method. The dynamic performance of the model was compared with the test data of a commercial medium chiller. The model showed a good agreement with the test data except for the first 83 min during which different flow rates of the weak solution caused some discrepancy. It was found that the chiller dynamics is governed by the inlet temperatures of the cooling water and the chilled water when the heat input to the chiller is relatively constant. For a step change of load at constant inlet temperatures of the cooling water and the chilled water, the response time of the chilled water exit temperature was about 15 min and it was due to the thermal capacities of the chiller. The dilution cycle was found to be an essential means for improvement of control performance as well as anti-crystallization.     

Experimental and theoretical investigation of surface temperature non-uniformity of spray cooling

In this study, a test system for spray cooling, in which the heating surface temperatures were simultaneously measured by thermocouples and an infrared imager, was set up. A mathematical model of spray cooling heat transfer characteristics was presented based on the fundamentals of dynamics and heat transfer. The temperature distribution on the heating surface was investigated by the experimental and theoretical methods, the surface temperature non-uniformity and its influencing factors were analyzed. The predictions by the model coincided with the experimental results well, and a comparison was demonstrated with a deviation below 10%. It can be concluded that the surface temperature non-uniformity is influenced by the spray characteristics, nozzle-to-surface distance, inlet pressure, heat flux, spray angle and the system pressure. In the case of the same heat flux, the surface temperature non-uniformity can be reduced by the small spray angle, low system pressure, low nozzle-to-surface distance, and the high inlet pressure.