硼氮配施对棉花产量、叶柄环带以及养分吸收的影响

通过田间试验研究了硼、氮配施对棉花产量及其构成因子、叶柄环带及养分吸收的影响。结果表明:硼、氮在棉花上,有一定的交互作用,在相同施氮量下,棉花叶柄环带出现率、株环带叶数和叶环带圈数均随施硼量的增加而显著降低;施硼量从0 kg/hm~2增至13.5 kg/hm~2时,叶片的氮、磷、硼和叶绿素含量增加,棉花的株高、分枝数、铃数、铃重、衣分和产量均显著提高。施硼量从13.5 kg/hm~2增至27 kg/hm~2时,两个氮水平下的叶片磷、钾、硼和叶绿素含量没有显著变化,270 kg/hm~2氮水平下棉花叶片的氮含量、株高、铃重和铃数降低,产量没有变化,而在375 kg/hm~2氮水平下棉花叶片氮含量、株铃数、铃重、衣分和产量显著增加。对相同量硼处理,增施氮肥提高了棉花叶柄环带出现率、株环带叶数和叶环带圈数、叶片氮和叶绿素含量,而对叶片磷、钾、硼和产量没有显著影响。在施硼肥13.5 kg/hm~2,施氮量为270 kg/hm~2时,棉花产量达到最高值3 592 kg/hm~2。说明湖北天门地区棉田适当增加硼肥的同时减少氮肥用量可有效缓解棉花缺硼症状和提高产量。     

施肥对幼龄腰果植株生长和结果的影响

采用L9(34)正交设计,探讨氮、磷、钾肥配施对幼龄腰果植株生长和结果的影响.试验结果表明,对于2龄腰果植株,最佳施肥组合为N1P1K1,年施氮(N)150 g/株、磷(P2O5) 50 g/株和钾(K2O) 50 g/株处理,可以促进植株生长;对于3龄腰果植株,年施氮250～450 g/株处理,植株的冠幅、株高增量随着氮施用量增加而增大,磷、钾影响不显著;现蕾期和初花期,P2O5 90 g/株和K2O 200 g/株处理的植株现蕾、开花枝梢比例最高,施氮影响不显著;盛花坐果期,施N 350 g/株、P2O5 150 g/株和K2O 150 g/株处理的植株现蕾开花枝梢比例最高.氮和钾对3龄植株结果影响较大,年施N 250～450 g/株处理,平均株产量随着氮施用量的增加而增加,最佳施肥组合为N3P1K2,施N 450 g/株、P2O5 90 g/株和K2O 150 g/株处理,可以促进3龄腰果植株结果.3龄植株腰果产量与初花期叶片钾(K)含量(0.43%～0.47%)和盛花坐果期叶片N含量(1.89%～2.20%)呈直线显著正相关.     

温州蜜柑叶片黄化果园土壤及叶片的养分含量特征

弄清叶片黄化柑橘园土壤与叶片的养分含量特征,为改善柑橘园营养状况,提高柑橘产量和品质提供理论与技术支撑。通过对黄化和无黄化温州蜜柑园土壤、叶片的养分含量进行分析,研究影响温州蜜柑叶片黄化的关键因子。结果表明,温州蜜柑叶片的钙、镁、硼含量与SPAD值呈显著或极显著正相关,叶片黄化是由叶片中钙、镁、硼含量不足所造成的,属于综合缺素型,同时叶片中钾、铁、锰含量较高,叶片对钙、镁、硼的吸收与对钾、铁、锰的吸收之间存在相互拮抗的关系;土壤酸化是叶片黄化的主要驱动因子,pH值较低一方面降低了土壤中钙、镁、硼的有效性,另一方面,土壤中较高的铁、锰含量抑制了柑橘对钙、镁、硼的吸收,最终导致叶片因缺钙、缺镁、缺硼而出现黄化。喷施含钙、镁、硼的叶面肥料,防止土壤酸化是改善温州蜜柑叶片黄化的有效措施。     

不同施硼量对油菜叶片中不同形态硼含量的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了不同施硼量对不同生育期不同部位叶片中水溶性硼和全硼含量的影响,并对以水溶性硼代替全硼作为植株营养诊断的方法进行了初步探讨。当施硼量达到5 1kg/hm2,油菜苗期、抽薹期的生物产量以及子粒产量均下降,但叶片中的全硼和水溶性硼含量仍随施硼量的增加而增加。不同生育期和不同部位叶片的全硼含量虽然与施硼量有较好的相关性,但是不同处理之间的差异,特别是过量差异过小,很难用于营养诊断。水溶性硼含量与施硼量也有较好的相关性,而且苗期未完全展开叶片和完全展开叶片的水溶性硼含量可以较敏感地反应油菜的硼营养差异,因此,可以用作硼的营养诊断方法,但是水溶性硼的诊断临界指标需要进一步的研究。     

河北省主要作物施用涂层尿素配合微量元素的增产效果

在冀中南平原地区低锌低锰低硼土壤不同作物上施用涂层尿素配合微量元素锌、锰、锌锰或硼。比涂层尿素有显著的增产作用,而且能够改善植株性状,提高产品品质。与涂层尿素相比,配施锌涂层尿素、配施锰涂层尿素、配施锌锰涂层尿素在冬小麦上施用分别平均增产5.6%,6.1%和13.7%,在夏玉米上施用,分别增产11.0%,2.3%和6.8%,且植株穗部性状得到改善,穗粒数、千粒重等显著提高。棉花施用配锌锰涂层尿素和配硼涂层尿素后,分别比单施涂层尿素平均增产13.3%和11.3%,蕾铃脱落减少,纤维和衣分增加。并探讨了不同作物适宜配施的不同微量元素。     

不同施硼量对油菜叶片中不同形态硼含量的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了不同施硼量对不同生育期不同部位叶片中水溶性硼和全硼含量的影响，并对以水溶性硼代替全硼作为植株营养诊断的方法进行了初步探讨。当施硼量达到5．1 kg／11m^2，油菜苗期、抽薹期的生物产量以及子粒产量均下降，但叶片中的全硼和水溶性硼含量仍随施硼量的增加而增加。不同生育期和不同部位叶片的全硼含量虽然与施硼量有较好的相关性，但是不同处理之间的差异，特别是过量差异过小，很难用于营养诊断。水溶性硼含量与施硼量也有较好的相关性，而且苗期未完全展开叶片和完全展开叶片的水溶性硼含量可以较敏感地反应油菜的硼营养差异，因此，可以用作硼的营养诊断方法，但是水溶性硼的诊断临界指标需要进一步的研究。     

红壤地区直播油菜施硼对籽粒产量和品质的影响

红壤地区是我国重要的油菜种植区,研究直播冬油菜硼肥施用效果,为直播油菜科学施硼提供理论依据,对促进区域油菜产业发展有重要意义。2017—2018年在江西、湖南、湖北南部和广西北部油菜主产区布置7个硼肥大田试验,设置不施硼、施硼肥(含硼量100 g·kg~(–1))4.5 kg·hm~(–2)、9.0 kg·hm~(–2)、13.5 kg·hm~(–2)四个处理。结果表明,红壤地区土壤有效硼普遍含量低,直播油菜施硼增产效果显著,油菜籽平均产量和施硼经济效益在硼肥用量9.0kg·hm~(–2)时最高,与不施硼相比增产1 021 kg·hm~(–2),增产率达110.6%,分别较施用硼肥4.5 kg·hm~(–2)和13.5 kg·hm~(–2)增产16.6%和3.1%。施硼显著增加直播油菜收获密度、单株角果数和每角粒数,进而增加了油菜产量;同时硼肥的施用可显著提高油菜籽的含油率、油酸和亚油酸含量,与不施硼相比,施用硼肥9.0 kg·hm~(–2)处理各品质指标分别增加26.9%、45.9%和72.6%,相应增加产油量136.1%。在硼肥用量13.5 kg·hm~(–2)范围内,油菜地上部硼含量和硼累积量随着施硼量的增加而增加,但硼肥利用率呈现降低的趋势,硼肥用量为9.0 kg·hm~(–2)处理的硼肥当季利用率也仅为9.4%。综合结果显示,红壤地区直播油菜施硼增产增收效果显著,直播油菜生产中应重视硼肥的合理施用,区域硼肥的推荐用量为9.0 kg·hm~(–2)左右。     

氮磷配施对甘啤7号籽粒品质及植株氮磷钾含量的影响

研究了氮磷配施对啤酒大麦甘啤7号籽粒品质及植株氮磷钾含量的影响,结果表明,不施氮磷肥的对照组相对于施N 10 kg/hm2+P2O5 10 kg/hm2的试验组,全磷在茎秆、叶片、叶鞘、籽粒中含量分别增加了45.4%,64.5%,56.4%,12.9%;全氮在茎秆、叶片、叶鞘、籽粒中分别增加了4.8%,5.0%,1.8%,1.5%;钾在茎秆、叶片、叶鞘中分别增加了18.9%,48.1%,11.7%,籽粒中不显著。不同部位肥素积累程度从大到小依次为叶、茎、鞘、籽粒。籽粒蛋白质增加了7.6%,饱满粒和千粒重含量分别下降了7.3%和4.6%。     

硫氮或硫硼配合对油菜籽产量及品质的影响

1995～ 1 996年进行的田间和盆栽试验表明 ,硫氮或硫硼配施可以显著增加菜籽产量 .硫氮配施比对照增产 1 0 8 2～ 3 1 4 0kg/hm2 和 5 5～ 1 9 6% ,硫硼配施比对照增产 83 4～ 2 4 8 2kg/hm2 和 6 9～2 3 1 % .施硫可以增加油菜植株体内的硫含量并改善其硫素营养 ;在缺硫土壤上施硫可以降低菜籽硫甙及芥酸含量 ,提高油酸含量 ,因此有改善菜籽品质的作用 .     

灰棕紫泥土上玉米施钾效应初报

农民施肥普遍"重氮磷、轻钾肥",造成土壤严重缺钾,制约玉米持续增产增收。本文在灰棕紫泥土上进行玉米施钾效应试验,结果表明:(1)玉米施钾能促进植株健壮生长,增强抗逆性,增加穗数、穗粒数、千粒重;(2)每667m2施K2O3～15kg,可使玉米增加产量33.9～112.1kg/667m2,增产6.5%～21.5%,平均每kgK2O增产玉米8.8kg,投入产出比为1:7.66;(3)在本试验范围内,以施K2O9kg/667m2最为合理,其产量和效益增加最显著。     

桂林福本和纽荷尔脐橙前期花芽形态分化比较研究

对福本和纽荷尔花芽分化时期和形态解剖特征进行研究,以便为桂林地区早熟脐橙的花期花量调控提供科学依据。采用石蜡切片法对福本和纽荷尔脐橙花芽分化过程进行解剖观察研究。研究表明：福本和纽荷尔花芽分化都从10月下旬开始,但在时间上也存在一定的差异,其中福本多数集中在12月中上旬,历时3.5个月;纽荷尔多数集中在12月中下旬,历时4个多月。福本和纽荷尔均从12月中旬开始萼片分化,福本翌年1月上中旬达到盛期;纽荷尔直至翌年2月上中旬才达到盛期。福本翌年1月下旬进入花瓣形成期,纽荷尔在2月上旬的切片中还未观察到花瓣分化。两个品种未分化时芽体均小,花芽芽体横径从萼片形成期开始明显增大。实验还观察到,两个品种有些花芽数个叠生,聚伞花序。     

硼对油菜花器官发育和结实性的影响

在缺硼和正常供硼条件下，油菜花器官的含硼量明显高于叶片，尤其是雌蕊和雄蕊中的含量可达同期叶片的两倍左右；硼过量时则以叶片含硼量最高。缺硼导致雄蕊长度，干重下降，花药绒毡层异常，花粉囊化化受阻。缺硼和硼过量均使油菜单株有效角果数，每角果籽粒数及结角率，结籽率，油菜籽产量下降。硼对角果的胚珠数没有影响。与宁油７号相比，宁油８号油菜品种更易受缺硼和过量硼的影响。     

Seasonal Changes of Mineral Nutrients in Fruit and Leaves of ‘Newhall’ and ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ Navel Oranges

In southern Jiangxi province of China, ‘Newhall’(Citrus sinensis Osbeck) navel orange presented a conspicuous symptom of boron (B) deficiency in mature leaves, whereas B deficiency symptoms were not manifested on ‘Skagg's Bonanza’(C. sinensis Osbeck) navel orange. In this study, changes in concentrations of B, calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were comparatively investigated in the structural parts of the fruit (rind and pulp) and leaves (old leaves from last season and spring-flush leaves from current year) of ‘Newhall’ and ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ navel orange during the growing season. Two peaks of B concentrations were observed in the rind of the two cultivars during fruitlet growth and fruit enlargement, respectively. Boron concentrations were relatively high in the rind during fruitlet growth, and then decreased in both rind and pulp, whereas, during middle and late fruit enlargement significant increases were found for B in both rind and pulp of the two cultivars. Boron concentrations in old leaves of ‘Newhall’ decreased progressively and remained relatively low, whereas that of ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ was relatively high and changed slightly as the season progresses. Both Ca and K concentrations were above the critical threshold values, while their dynamics were reverse to that of B in fruit and leaves during certain times. Old leaf Mg concentrations of samples at 140 days after full bloom from the two cultivars and spring-flush leaves from ‘Newhall’ were below the threshold limit for sufficiency. In addition, Mg in old leaves was much lower from ‘Newhall’ than from ‘Skagg's Bonanza’. Spring-flush leaf concentrations of Mn and Zn and Mn concentrations in old leaves from ‘Newhall’ were relatively lacking during middle and late season, which accelerated the occurrence of B deficiency symptoms on mature leaves of ‘Newhall.’     

云南湿热地区优良牧草距瓣豆的磷钾营养

采用单因子随机区组设计,在湿热地区赤红壤上开展优良热带豆科牧草—距瓣豆的磷、钾营养需求的试验。结果表明,施用磷、钾肥单位面积距瓣豆的干物质产量、氮磷钾总吸收量和粗蛋白产量明显提高;施磷可使距瓣豆的磷含量增加,氮含量相对稳定,钾含量逐渐下降;而且年均干物质产量和粗蛋白产量分别与施磷量存在的一元二次曲线方程的拟合程度较好（Yp＝1289+50.5X-0.55X2, r=0.9519**;Ycp＝254+12.2X1-0.14X12,r＝0.9398**）。施钾使距瓣豆的氮、磷含量趋于相对稳定,钾含量有所提高;年均干物质产量和粗蛋白产量分别与施钾量亦存在的一元二次曲线方程的拟合程度较好（Yk＝1259+19.2X-0.087X2,r=0.8546**;Ycp＝248+4.3X1-0.0204X12,r=0.8055**）。结果还表明,距瓣豆定植的第三年,必须按照磷钾比例1∶0.5～1.2施入磷、钾肥,以满足距瓣豆生长的营养需求和维持距瓣豆的高产稳产。     

基于周长面积分形维数的柑橘品种机器识别

柑橘品种自动识别是有针对性的柑橘病虫害防治、肥培管理、采摘等自动化作业的重要环节。为了评价宫川温州蜜柑、脐橙朋娜和沪溪无核椪柑3个柑橘品种机器自动识别的可行性,采集3个柑橘品种花萼面和侧面数字图像,以图像中柑橘轮廓像素数和区域像素数作为柑橘周长与面积,通过周长—面积方法计算其分形维数。将周长、面积和分形维数作为品种特征值,用小波神经网络识别3个品种,正确识别率分别为95%、95%、97.5%。试验结果表明,用周长、面积和分形维数3个特征值能有效识别3个柑橘品种,并具有较高的识别精度。     

氮、钾营养对香蕉生长的影响

研究了氮、钾不同供应水平对香蕉产量、品质、贮藏性和抗冻能力的影响。结果表明,以适量配施氮钾肥的N2PK2处理香蕉果实农艺性状最佳,品质最优,产量最高,较不施肥处理增产16.1%;且果实贮藏性好,吸芽受冻死亡率最低。在广州市番禺区香蕉产区,为获得第一年蕉45 t/hm2左右的高产,需要施 N 667～709、P2O5 200～213、K2O 748～851 kg/hm2;保持氮钾肥施用比例N: K2O为1: 1.12～1.20为宜。     

Nitrogen‐use efficiency of young citrus trees as influenced by the timing of fertilizer application

The aim of this study was to improve the fertilizer‐nitrogen‐use efficiency (NUE) for a sustainable citrus production where yield, fruit quality, and environment are reconciled. A soil pot experiment was conducted using 5‐year‐old orange trees (Citrus sinensis cv. Navel Lane Late) to determine the response of NUE to timing of N‐fertilizer supply. An equal N rate (50 g tree^–1) following two seasonal supply distributions was tested: (1) ENS (early supply from March to June of 75% of the N rate, with the remaining 25% administered between July and October) and (2) LNS (late supply of the bulk of the N rate with 25% between March and June and 75% between July and October). Labeled fertilizer (5 atom% ¹⁵N excess) was applied in order to accurately quantify N uptake, its partitioning among plant–soil compartments and NUE at the end of fruit drop and at fruit maturity. LNS resulted in a significant increase in NUE in both stages (up to 19% at the end of fruit drop and 9% at fruit maturity), while also increasing summer/autumn flush development. ENS showed lower fruit abscission, an enhanced final fruit load (up to 45%), and a more profuse development of spring flush. It is worth mentioning that LNS led to higher ¹⁵N content in the majority of the tree storage organs available for next spring growth resumption. The amount of ¹⁵N remaining in the soil of ENS trees at the end of the trial, which represented 16% of the supplied ¹⁵N, was 1.5‐fold higher than that of LNS trees as a result of the lower NUE of the former. Irrespective of the seasonal distribution of the fertilizer, mean ¹⁵N recovery in the soil–plant system at the end of the trial was about 71%. The results clearly confirm that the N seasonal distribution curve affects NUE in young citrus trees and NUE increases when the bulk of supply of the N rate is delayed to the summer months.     

Accumulative effects of humic acid and multinutrient foliar fertilizers on the vegetative and reproductive attributes of citrus (Citrus reticulata cv. kinnow mandarin)

Abstract

Field trials were performed to investigate the effects of humic acid (HA) and multinutrient foliar fertilizer “Micro Power” (MP) coupled with farmer’s practices ( FP ), addressed in single and/or split dose frames at different plant phenological stages on various vegetative, reproductive, and physiological attributes of citrus trees (Citrus reticulata cv. kinnow mandarin). The results exhibited a profound response of treatments on various growth parameters (32.5% increase in plant height, 22.2% increase in fruit set branch^?1, 5.25% decrease in fruit drop percentage, 89.81% increase in fruit yield (kg), etc.) of citrus trees when compared to the control (FP). Likewise, a significant positive response was observed regarding various plant physiological parameters (leaf nutrients, total chlorophyll content, etc.) and physicochemical characteristics (ascorbic acid, total sugars, etc.) of citrus fruits. This study confirmed the reproducibility of HA and MP applications to improve the yield/quality of citrus and can lead to an organically sustainable citriculture.     

赣南脐橙叶片营养状况对果实品质的影响

为了探讨赣南产区纽荷尔脐橙果园叶片营养状况与果实品质的相互关系,测定了9个县（市、区）58个脐橙园叶片的矿质营养元素、果实可溶性固形物（TSS）、可滴定性酸（TA）含量和单果重（SFW）。结果表明,大部分果园叶片氮含量高于适宜范围,而所有果园叶片磷、钾含量均处于适宜范围或以上;分别有87.9%、55.2%、5.2%的果园叶片镁、钙、硫含量低于适宜范围;所有果园叶片的钼含量均处于适宜范围,铁含量处于适宜范围或以上,少量果园的叶片硼、锰含量低于适宜范围,接近1/3果园的叶片铜含量低于适宜范围,96.6%果园的叶片锌含量低于适宜范围;随着果园果实品质的提高,TSS与TA显著增加,SFW显著下降。相关性分析表明,果实TSS与叶片钾含量呈显著负相关,与镁、锌含量呈极显著正相关;SFW与叶片12个营养元素均无显著相关;TA与叶片氮含量呈显著正相关,与锰含量呈极显著正相关。因而,生产上需要重视补充镁、锌肥,适量补充钙、铜肥,合理控制氮、磷和钾肥的施用量。     

Effects of excess boron on growth,gas exchange,and boron status of four orange scion–rootstock combinations

Field observations indicate that boron (B)‐toxicity symptoms may occur in citrus plants from inappropriate foliar spraying or overfertilizing with B especially under low‐rainfall conditions, where B can accumulate to levels that become toxic to plant growth. Previous work has indicated that different rootstocks can greatly influence the scion's tolerance to B toxicity, however, little is known about the response of different citrus scion–rootstock combinations to excess‐B conditions. In the present study, we investigated the effects of excess B on plant growth, gas exchange, B concentration, and distribution of four scion–rootstock combinations, Newhall and Skagg's Bonanza navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osb.) scions grafted on Carrizo citrange (C. sinensis L. Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) and Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) rootstocks. One‐year‐old plants of the four scion–rootstock combinations were grown for 183 d in sand–perlite (1 : 1, v/v) medium under greenhouse conditions. The plants were irrigated with half‐strength Hoagland's nutrient solution containing two B concentrations, 0.25 (control) and 2.50 (excess B) mg L^–1. It was found that, apart from the combination of Newhall grafted on Carrizo citrange, the dry weights in various parts of the other three combinations were reduced by the excess‐B treatment. Furthermore, the plants of Skagg's Bonanza grafted on Carrizo citrange showed the highest growth reduction amongst the four scion–rootstock combinations. In most cases, the greater reductions in dry weight were found in roots as compared to the other plant parts under excess‐B conditions, indicating that roots were more sensitive to B toxicity than the other tissues. In the case of Newhall plants grafted on Carrizo citrange, the entire plant growth was increased by excess‐B treatment. Boron concentrations in all plants parts increased significantly by increasing the B supply in the nutrient solution. Leaves were the dominant sites of B accumulation and showed the greatest increase in B concentration compared to the other plant parts, as B concentration in the nutrient solution increased. Our results indicate that the combination of Newhall grafted on Carrizo citrange was more tolerant to B toxicity, while the combination of Skagg's Bonanza grafted on Carrizo citrange was relatively more sensitive to B toxicity, in comparison with the other scion–rootstock combinations. However, Newhall plants contained more B in leaves and in roots than Skagg's Bonanza plants when they were both grafted on Carrizo citrange, indicating that the mechanism underlying such great differential growth responses of the two scion–rootstock combinations to B toxicity may not be associated with B exclusion from roots or reduced translocation of B to shoots. Furthermore, B distribution in different plant parts implied that the mechanism was also unlikely related to altered distributions of accumulated B in plant tissues. However, inherent ability to tolerate excessive B concentration in plant tissues may be involved in B tolerance.