克氏原螯虾大颚器对卵巢发育的影响

采用埋植和离体方法进行克氏原螯虾的大颚器（ＭＯ）对卵巢发育作用的研究,埋植大颚器７次能显著提高成熟系数和促进卵径增大,处于不同卵巢发育时期的克氏原螯虾大颚器提取物（ＭＯＥ）的离体研究发现,卵黄发生期的ＭＯＥ对初级和次级卵黄发生期卵径增大均有极显著的作用,而对卵黄发生前期的卵径增大无作用,处于卵巢发育早期的ＭＯＥ对卵黄发４生期卵巢小块总ＲＮＡ含量升高无显著作用,处于卵黄发生前期,卵黄发生期和恢复期卵     

广东鲂性腺发育组织学研究

利用组织学方法,对珠江下游野生广东鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)性腺进行了显微观察和研究,描述了其卵巢、精巢的结构特征以及各类型生殖细胞形态。结果显示,广东鲂属于一次性产卵类型,卵巢发育类型为部分同步型。其卵巢为细线或条状,卵巢发育经历卵原细胞期、单层滤泡细胞期、卵黄泡期、卵黄充满期、成熟期和退化期。卵细胞发生经历3个阶段:卵原细胞、初级卵母细胞和次级卵母细胞;卵巢初级卵母细胞中核仁外排现象出现在第2时相末期至第3时相早期;精巢呈线状或直棒状,精巢为叶状型结构。精细胞发生经历5个阶段:精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞及精子;繁殖季节精子充满于精小叶内,精小囊消失。     

双须骨舌鱼性腺发育的组织学观察

通过组织学研究方法,分别对双须骨舌鱼Ⅱ~Ⅴ期的卵巢及Ⅱ~Ⅵ期精巢的形态结构、特征及生殖细胞变化进行描述。结果显示,Ⅱ时相卵母细胞的细胞核较大,约为细胞体积的一半;Ⅲ时相卵母细胞出现卵黄斑及卵黄颗粒;Ⅳ时相卵母细胞中卵黄迅速积累且细胞膜出现褶皱;Ⅴ时相卵母细胞膜表面的褶皱消失。雄性双须骨舌鱼精巢发育的Ⅱ期,只含有初级精母细胞。Ⅲ期精巢分布有初级和次级精母细胞,精小管形成且小管中充满精细胞;Ⅳ期精巢主要含有初级和次级精母细胞以及精原细胞,精小管中出现空腔;Ⅴ期精巢中包含次级精母细胞、精原细胞和精子细胞,精小管中的空腔增大;Ⅵ期精巢则显示出高度血管化和结缔组织增多等特点。本研究将为双须骨舌鱼人工繁殖提供参考。     

池养鲻的卵巢发育和卵子发生过程

通过卵巢切片的组织学分析揭示，幼鲻在土池养殖3个月后可见线状卵巢，大约5个月后卵原细胞进入第一次成熟分裂前期的双线期转变为早期初级卵母细胞。接着卵母细胞生发泡(核)和胞质体积增加，核质比从3．5：1减少至2：1。此后卵巢中卵母细胞停滞发育持续至养殖的第3年。在第3年卵巢切片看出卵母细胞进入脂肪泡时相，在第3年秋季进入卵黄发生时相。但在人工养殖条件下卵母细胞仅能发育到卵黄发生后期，即卵母细胞胞质充满卵黄颗粒，生发泡居中而不移位。这些结果对于用人工养殖鲻为亲鱼开展人工繁殖提供重要的科学依据。并讨论了卵子发生6个时相的生物学特点及其重要的细胞器在卵黄发生中可能的生理作用。     

脊尾白虾的性腺发育及组织结构观察

为系统研究脊尾白虾的性腺发育及组织学特征,采用常规的石蜡切片及H.E染色方法对脊尾白虾的性腺发育及其组织结构进行观察。结果表明,脊尾白虾的雌性生殖系统由卵巢、输卵管及排卵孔组成。卵子发生经历了卵原细胞、卵黄合成前期卵母细胞、内源性卵黄合成期卵母细胞、外源性卵黄合成期卵母细胞,最后发育为成熟的卵母细胞。卵巢发育可分为增殖期、小生长期、大生长期、成熟期及产后恢复期。脊尾白虾雄性生殖系统由精巢、输精管及排精孔组成。精巢由生精小管构成,不同生精小管内精子发育可不同步。精子发生经历了精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精细胞,最后发育为精子。输精管可分为前、中、后输精管及末端壶腹,精荚在输精管中形成。     

细鳞鱼卵巢滤泡细胞的发育及功能

通过光镜和透射电镜对细鳞鱼（Brachymystax lenok）的卵巢滤泡细胞进行了研究。结果表明，滤泡细胞起源于非生殖细胞，并且其整个发育过程可分为4个时期：零散细胞期、单层扁平细胞期、多层扁平细胞期和颗粒细胞分泌期。滤泡细胞在初级卵母细胞早期并不具备任何功能，到卵母细胞卵黄积累初期，滤泡细胞上皮协同其合成部分卵膜；卵黄积累旺盛时期，滤泡细胞在此过程中起到信号介导、物质转运和储存的作用；在卵巢退化阶段，滤泡细胞与未发育的卵母细胞形成闭锁卵泡，对卵细胞残体和碎片还具有吞噬、消化等作用。     

细鳞鱼的卵黄发生

从发育生物学—卵黄发生角度,通过光镜和透射电镜对细鳞鱼(Brachymystax lenok)卵黄发生进行观察。结果表明,细鳞鱼的卵黄发生主要集中在初级卵母细胞阶段完成,可分为4个特征时期:初级生长期,皮质泡期,卵黄积累期,卵黄积累完成期。当卵母细胞进入初级生长早期,卵子发生特征物——类核周体出现;进入皮质泡期,其主要特征是皮质泡、卵黄外膜和巴尔比亚尼体结构;处于卵黄积累期,位于其外周细胞质附近会出现卵黄颗粒;进入卵黄积累完成期,卵黄颗粒不断融合增大,占据细胞绝大部分。以上结果为细鳞鱼的卵巢发育分期提供了理论基础,并深入探讨其发育的规律性、特殊性和复杂性,从而指导细鳞鱼的人工繁殖、选育种工作及野生群体的资源保护和合理利用。     

眼柄切除及注射黄体酮对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹卵巢发育的影响

采用切除单侧、双侧眼柄及注射黄体酮药物的方法研究对幼蟹卵巢发育的影响。结果表明,切除双侧眼柄可明显增加幼蟹体重、蜕壳频率,极显著提高卵巢指数、肝胰腺指数和卵巢／肝胰腺质量比,极显著增大卵母细胞直径;切除单侧眼柄可极显著增加卵巢指数和卵巢／肝胰腺质量比,极显著增大卵母细胞直径;注射黄体酮药物可极显著增大卵母细胞直径,卵巢指数、卵巢／肝胰腺质量比增加未达统计学上的显著水平。     

中国对虾肝胰腺_卵巢及血淋巴中的_省略_雌二醇含量的生殖周期变化

首次证实了孕酮和雌二醇这两种类固醇激素在中国对虾体内的存在.在性腺未发育阶段,肝胰腺、卵巢和血液中两种激素的含量均很低氐,难以检测到.而在卵黄发生前期(核仁周边期),三种组织中孕酮和雌二醇含量迅速上升,卵巢的雌二醇含量达到高峰(450.1±86.7).进入初级卵黄发生阶段,三种组织中,两种激素均具较高含量,卵巢和肝胰腺的孕酮含量(分别为1975 1±175.2和902.6±130.5pg/g)以及血淋巴中的雌二醇含量(451.3±73.7)达到高峰.到了次级卵黄发生阶段,孕酮和雌二醇的含量迅速下降,肝胰腺等组织中儿乎检测不到.对虾性腺指数(GSl)的增长既显著且有规律性,每一期增长幅度都达到或超过l00%.肝胰腺指数(HSI)从性腺未发育期(3.4±04)到卵黄发生前期(4.9±0 7)以及从卵黄发生前期到初级卵H黄发生期(6.3±1.0)有显著的增长,而从初级卵黄发生期到次级卵黄发生期HSI增长不显著(6.7±1.2).肝胰腺指数的增长与两种类固醇激素含量的变化具相似的趋势.上述结果显示,孕酮和雌二醇可能具有刺激和凋控中国对虾性腺发育的作用,肝胰腺可能是卵黄蛋白原的合成场所.     

克氏原螯虾大颚器合成甲基法尼酯的研究

利用放射化学方法测定了克氏原螯虾大颚器中甲基法尼酯合成速率。结果发现，同一尾克氏原螯虾的左、右侧大颚器中甲基法尼酯的合成速率无明显差异(P＞0.05)；雄螯虾甲基法尼酯的合成速率比雌螯虾大(P＜0.05)；处于精巢发育期的雄螯虾甲基法尼酯合成速率明显大于发育前期的雄螯虾(P＜0.05)；在雌螯虾卵巢发育周期中，甲基法尼酯的合成速率依次为次级卵黄发生期＞初级卵黄发生期＞成熟期＞卵黄发生前期＞恢复期，表明大颚器合成甲基法尼酯与促进卵黄发生密切相关。     

中华绒螯蟹卵黄发生期卵母细胞和卵泡细胞超微结构观

通过透射电镜技术观察了中华绒螯蟹第二次卵巢发育过程中卵巢的超微结构变化。结果表明：（1）中华绒螯蟹第二次卵巢发育过程中卵黄发生期可分为初期和后期；（2）卵黄发生初期（雌蟹第一次排卵后的16 d内），卵黄生成以卵母细胞内源性合成为主，此时卵母细胞胞质中存在大量内质网囊泡、高尔基体和线粒体，这些细胞器参与胞内卵黄物质的合成。内源性合成后期，卵母细胞膜形态多样，呈现触手状、波浪状和断裂状，为外源合成期做准备。此期卵泡细胞还未向卵母细胞靠近，两类细胞间存在着由淋巴细胞吐出的絮状物；（3）卵黄发生后期，首先为卵泡细胞与卵母细胞的结合阶段（排卵后16~21 d），此后，卵泡细胞胞质中含有大量内质网囊泡、卵黄颗粒和脂滴，卵母细胞与卵泡细胞膜变为链珠状便于物质交换，卵母细胞的卵黄合成能力减少，转由卵泡细胞进行外源性物质吸收和卵黄物质合成（21~36 d）；（4）卵黄发生结束后，双层卵膜形成，卵黄体和脂肪滴均匀分布在卵母细胞胞质中。     

Classification of differentiating oocytes during ovarian cycle in the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii de man

Based on the light microscopic observations of cells' sizes, chromatin patterns, amount of lipid droplets and yolk granules, the female germ cells could be classified into four different phases, which include 1) oogonia (Oog), 2) primary oocytes (pOc), 3) secondary oocytes (sOc), and 4) mature oocyte (mOc). Oog are small oval-shaped cells with irregular-shaped nuclei sizing 4–6 μm in diameter. They rest on the connective tissue germinal cord at the tip of each ovarian pouch (lobule). Oogonia increase their number through mitotic division, and the daughter cells move into ovarian pouch where they undergo first meiotic division to become primary oocytes, which have various steps of 1st meiotic prophase accumulating at the innermost zone of the ovarian pouch. The primary oocytes are small oval-shaped cells (8.5–10 μm in diameter) with large nuclei containing chromatin in various states of condensation that finally transform into chromatids. Their nuclei are surrounded by thin rim of faint blue-stained cytoplasm. The secondary oocytes derived from 2nd meiosis and comprise five steps: Oc1 and Oc2, classified as previtellogenic oocytes, Oc3 and Oc4, classified as vitellogenic oocytes, and mature oocyte (mOc) The zones of ovarian pouch are defined based on the accumulation of various steps of developing oocytes, namely, oogenic, previtellogenic, vitellogenic and mature zones, respectively. The ovarian cycle is divided into five stages based on the number and types of oocytes present in each stage. Stage 0 and I are spawn and spent stages. Stage II and III are proliferative and premature stages, while stage IV is mature stage. During ovarian stage I, each ovarian pouch contains primarily oogonia, primary oocytes, Oc1 and a few Oc2. In stage II, the pouch contains mainly Oc2 and Oc3, while in stage III the predominant cells are Oc4. Mature oocytes appear synchronously, in stage IV. The ovulating mature oocytes pass through the thin disrupted wall of ovarian pouch into subcapsular space, that leads into the oviduct situated on the ventro-lateral side of the ovarian lobe. At spawning, the ovarian pouches break down and only connective sheaths and hemolymph sinuses remain. The germinal cords and islets of oogonia remain in the central area of stage 0 ovary. The ovarian capsule, including the muscular layer, becomes attenuated as the ovary progresses from stage 0 to IV. The hemolymph vessels become highly convoluted in the central area of the ovary, and they branch radially into smaller hemolymph sinuses around each oogenic pouch.     

日本囊对虾卵母细胞发育过程中组织蛋白酶C比活性测定

组织蛋白酶C是一种溶酶样半胱氨酸蛋白酶,近年我们报道了组织蛋白酶C的表达与日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus) 卵母细胞最后成熟阶段密切相关,本研究对卵母细胞发育主要不同时相特别是卵母细胞最后生理成熟过程进行了连续观察,测定了组织蛋白酶C在卵母细胞发育过程中的比活性。结果表明,日本囊对虾卵母细胞发育可划分为9个时相,即卵原细胞时相、核仁时相、周边核仁时相、初级卵黄发生时相、次级卵黄发生时相、皮质棒早期时相、皮质棒中期时相、皮质棒晚期时相、排卵期时相,生发泡的破裂是在排卵之前就已经发生;免疫印迹实验结果显示组织蛋白酶C蛋白只在卵母细胞最后成熟阶段即皮质棒发生时期表达,但酶活性测定结果表明组织蛋白酶C比活力在即皮质棒发生前后没有变化,酶活性较低,以上数据提示组织蛋白酶C可能与受精时皮质棒的释放以及受精卵外胶膜的形成有关。     

Oogenesis in the common Japanese conger Conger myriaster

ABSTRACT:    We investigated the process and characteristics of oogenesis in the common Japanese conger Conger myriaster . Young fish caught in November 1996 were reared for use in this experiment. Fish were sampled monthly from December 1997 to August 1998. Some were injected with human chorionic gonadotropin to stimulate ovarian maturation from May to August 1998. Oocytes from the chromatin nucleolus stage to the secondary yolk globule stage were obtained from non-hormone-treated fish; those of more advanced stages were obtained from hormone-treated ones. We divided oocyte development into eight stages from the chromatin nucleolus stage to the maturation stage. The yolk vesicle stage was not separated because yolk vesicles began to appear just after appearance of yolk globules. Oocyte, oil droplet, yolk globule and nucleus diameters all increased concomitant with oocyte development. Oil droplet and yolk globule diameters increased remarkably at the maturation stage. However, zona radiata thickness peaked at the secondary yolk globule stage, decreasing gradually thereafter. Increased gonadosomatic index was related to oocyte development as found in European and Japanese eels receiving hormone treatment to mature. The present study is the first report describing oogenesis characteristics in congrid eels. It indicates that oogenesis is almost identical to that of other anguillid eels.     

花䱻卵母细胞发育的组织学和超微结构观察

2015年7月至2017年10月在河南省驻马店宿鸭湖水库采集花?(Hemibarbus maculatus Bleeker)雌鱼样本190尾,体长7.12～32.21 cm,体重10.55～330.22 g,采用组织学和扫描电子显微镜技术观察了花?卵母细胞发育各时期的特征。结果表明,花?卵母细胞发育可分为5个时相,第I时相卵母细胞处于卵原细胞增殖阶段;第Ⅱ时相卵母细胞处于初级生长阶段,出现滤泡膜;第Ⅲ时相卵母细胞出现皮质液泡,细胞质膜之间形成放射带;第Ⅳ时相卵母细胞处于大生长后期,卵黄颗粒增多。电镜下观察发现放射带表面形成微孔状结构,核仁外排,可能与卵母细胞内营养物质积累有关;第Ⅴ时相卵母细胞中细胞核消失,卵母细胞发育为成熟卵子,与卵膜脱离,准备排卵。繁殖季节,花?卵巢成熟系数达到13.78%～17.04%。研究结果可为花?人工繁殖和育种工作提供参考。     

In vitro study of a putative role of gonad‐inhibiting hormone in oocyte growth stimulation in Penaeus monodon

Ovarian development in crustacean is controlled by several factors, among which a neuropeptide gonad‐inhibiting hormone (GIH) is known to inhibit vitellogenin (Vg) synthesis in the ovary. It has been postulated that GIH may control Vg synthesis by inhibiting the release of gonad‐stimulating factor (GSF) from brain and thoracic ganglia. To prove this hypothesis, this study was primarily aimed to investigate the influence of GIH on the release of GSF from thoracic ganglia of Penaeus monodon. Our result showed that GIH did not suppress the release of putative GSF from thoracic ganglia by calcium ionophore A23187 as the induction of oocyte growth in the ovary explants that were cocultured with thoracic ganglia in the presence of A23187 was not affected by the addition of recombinant GIH protein. In addition and interestingly, when the ovary explants were incubated with the recombinant GIH alone, the oocyte growth was increased at the rate comparable to that induced by A23187 in the presence of thoracic ganglia. Hence, our in vitro study demonstrated that the stimulation of GSF released from thoracic ganglia is independent of GIH, and that the GIH has a dual function in oocyte growth stimulation and inhibition of Vg synthesis in the early stage of ovarian development. This expands our knowledge on the regulation of ovarian development in shrimp by GIH. Further in vivo studies in this novel aspect of GIH function will be useful for the improvement of shrimp ovarian maturation in the future.     

A preliminary experiment regarding the natural induction of gonadal development in female Japanese eels without hormone treatment

To test whether gonadal development of female eels could be promoted without any exogenous hormone treatments, we observed the effect of water temperature manipulation. After 3–5 months of water temperature treatments, three silver eels showed higher gonadosomatic indices (GSI). In particular, one eel in the 5–15°C fluctuating temperature treatment group (5°C daytime and 15°C night‐time) had the highest GSI of 8.5 with secondary yolk globule stage oocytes of large diameter (OD; 412 μm) after 3 months, which indicated definite gonadal development compared with those in the initial states (mean GSI, 2.4; OD, 226.7 μm). The 5–15°C fluctuating temperature and constant 5°C groups had low oocyte breakdown (atretic) rates. Because daily temperature fluctuations and cold daytime water are experienced by vertically migrating silver eels in the ocean, these temperature conditions may be key maturation process components that could be useful for hormone‐free artificial maturation.