特发性黄斑裂孔术后的黄斑区视网膜厚度变化的远期观察

目的:对特发性黄斑裂孔患者进行玻璃体切割手术(pars plana vitrectomy,PPV)及内界膜(inner limiting membrane,ILM)剥除、气体眼内填充后,应用频域光学相干断层扫描仪(spectral domain optical coherence tomography,SD-OCT)观察黄斑裂孔术后的闭合黄斑孔的黄斑区视网膜厚度(retinal thickness,RT)变化。方法:非随机、回顾性临床病例研究。筛选我院2011-03-01/2013-06-30入院诊断为“特发性黄斑裂孔”的患者17例17眼,均为同一术者行25G-PPV和ILM剥除、短效气体填充、黄斑孔闭合良好、随访观察超过6mo以上者。所有患者术后均使用Topcon公司SD-OCT进行术眼及对侧正常眼的黄斑区线性扫描检测黄斑区视网膜厚度变化。黄斑区视网膜厚度根据ETDRS分成9个区域。术后观察随访时间分别为术后3~5wk(A期)、术后2~3mo(B期)、术后>6mo(C期)。结果:在A期中,OCT检查的黄斑区视网膜厚度:术眼C,IS,II,IN,OS,OI和ON较对侧眼相应区域的厚度增加(P<0.01),而IT和OT(291.58±18.97μm,250.83±21.21μm)较对侧眼(280.33±20.82μm,242.08±24.02μm)的差异无统计学意义(P>0.01)。在B期中,术眼II,IN,OS和ON区域较对侧眼相应区域视网膜厚度增加(P<0.01),而术眼C,IS,IT,OI和OT区域较对侧正常眼相应区域的视网膜厚度值差异无统计学意义(P>0.01)。C期中,除术眼IN区较对侧眼厚度增加外(P<0.01),余C,IS,II,IT,OS,OI,ON和OT较对侧眼相应区域厚度均无明显变化(P>0.01)。另外,C期的术眼ON和IT视网膜厚度较A期有明显下降(P<0.01)。结论:特发性黄斑裂孔术后出现黄斑区视网膜厚度的持续变化,可能与ILM的剥除导致黄斑区显微组织结构的变化有关。SD-OCT为黄斑裂孔术后随访观察提供了客观便捷的观察工具,为进一步研究ILM剥除对黄斑区视网膜的远期结构及对视功能的影响提供了依据。     

改良内界膜染色在特发性黄斑裂孔手术的临床应用

目的：评估改良吲哚菁绿视网膜内界膜染色法在特发性黄斑裂孔手术中的应用效果。

方法：回顾性分析2013-03/2014-12因特发性黄斑裂孔在我院行23G玻璃体切割联合视网膜内界膜剥除并注气术的连续患者27例27眼的病历资料,术中将5mg/mL吲哚菁绿、50%高糖溶液和黏弹剂适量混合后做为染色剂行黄斑裂孔孔周乳斑束间内界膜局部染色,观察其在术中的应用效果。

结果：术中局部染色后的内界膜着染成淡绿色,可视性好,有助于辨识和撕除内界膜,撕除孔周内界膜范围2PD×2PD,术后黄斑裂孔闭合24眼(88.9%),黄斑裂孔未完全闭合3眼(11.1%),裂孔直径均较术前有明显缩小,其中1例1眼患者术后2mo内接受再次手术,采用扩大内界膜剥除范围术后裂孔闭合。随访6～15mo,所有患者视力均较术前提高。

结论：改良吲哚菁绿局部着染内界膜的方法可以减少术中吲哚菁绿在眼内的弥散和残留,可降低吲哚菁绿对黄斑裂孔区裸露色素上皮、视网膜和视神经的毒性作用。     

黄斑区内界膜剥除联合38G套管针应用治疗黄斑区视网膜下全氟萘烷残留的疗效

目的：观察黄斑区内界膜(ILM)剥除联合38G套管针应用治疗黄斑区视网膜下全氟萘烷残留的疗效。
　　方法：选取来自厦门眼科中心2008-01/2013-10期间的29例29眼视网膜复位良好、但黄斑区视网膜下全氟萘烷残留的患者,分为A组、B组。 A组14例14眼,取出硅油后,直接以38 G套管针吸除黄斑区视网膜下全氟萘烷液体,术闭填充过滤空气。 B组15例15眼,取出硅油后,染色并完整剥除黄斑区ILM,范围约4PD,以38G套管针吸除黄斑区视网膜下全氟萘烷液体,术闭填充过滤空气。所有病例如在术后1 wk复查OCT发现黄斑裂孔形成者,均再行气液交换,填充16% C3 F8气体。观察两组病例术后4,8,24 wk最佳矫正视力( BCVA )变化,复查OCT观察黄斑区视网膜下全氟萘烷液体有无残留、有无黄斑裂孔形成及黄斑区形态变化等。
　　结果：两组术后 4, 8, 24 wk 的 BCVA 均有提高, B 组的BCVA提高值优于A组( P<0.05)。 A 组术后24 wk 有7例(50%)黄斑裂孔形成,黄斑区无全氟萘烷残留。 B组术后24 wk 1例(7%)黄斑裂孔形成,黄斑区无全氟萘烷残留。
　　结论：黄斑区内界膜剥除联合38 G套管针应用治疗黄斑区视网膜下全氟萘烷残留的方法可以彻底吸除黄斑区视网膜下全氟萘烷,较少出现黄斑裂孔,该方法安全、有效、微创,有效保护了黄斑区视功能。     

吲哚青绿染色剥除视网膜内界膜

目的：证实吲哚青绿（Indocyanine Green,ICG)染色是否容易剥除视多膜内界膜（Retinal Internal Limiting Membrane,ILM)方法：特发性黄斑裂孔11只眼,采用标准扁平部三切口玻璃体切割术,玻璃体后界膜剥离切除,0．5％ICG溶液,渗透压270mOSm,注入黄斑裂孔前,5分钟后吸出ICG,此时清晰可见染色的内界膜,用内界膜镊围绕黄斑孔环行剥除内界膜,结果：ICG置入黄斑前使视网膜内界膜染成绿色,能清楚的辨认ILM,容易连续环行撕除,结论：特发性黄斑裂孔玻璃体手术中用稀释ICG染色ILM,能清楚的辨识,很容易连续环行撕除,此技术操作容易,安全,实用,从而降低手术风险,使手术对视网膜的损伤达到最小。     

高度近视眼黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离的治疗

目的:探讨玻璃体手术治疗高度近视眼黄斑裂孔引起的视网膜脱离的疗效。方法:回顾性分析2001-03/2007-02的1组病例31例(32眼)。纳入标准为屈光不正≥-6.00D,黄斑下视网膜脉络膜萎缩的白色黄斑裂孔引起的原发性视网膜脱离,经过玻璃体手术联合硅油填充术治疗的病例,随访时间≥6mo。结果:随访时间6～12(平均8.4)mo。所有病例均行玻璃体切除联合硅油填充术、自体浓缩血小板封黄斑裂孔。8眼进行了内界膜剥除。术后最终视网膜复位29眼(91%),未复位3眼;术后视力提高22眼(69%),不变7眼(22%),下降3眼(9%)。结论:玻璃体切除术,自体浓缩血小板封孔是治疗高度近视眼黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离的一种有效方法。     

ICG染色下行内界膜剥离术治疗老年特发性黄斑裂孔

目的：探讨吲哚靛青绿（indocyanine green,ICG)染色下行玻璃体切割内界膜剥离术治疗老年特发性黄斑裂孔的手术效果。方法：对老年特发性黄斑裂孔伴视网膜脱离者16眼行玻璃体切割及ICG染色下内界膜剥离术，术中明确剥离着染成绿色的视网膜内界膜（inner limiting membrane,ILM)，并使视网膜复位。结果：ILM剥暾顺利，术中未见明显并发症，随访3-18个月，视网膜均复位，14眼黄斑裂孔闭锁，闭锁率87.5%,3眼视力无变化，余均有不同程度的视力提高，视物变形改善。结论：ICG染色下行内界膜剥离术治疗老年特发性黄斑裂孔安全，有效，目前未见不良反应。     

空气填充联合内界膜翻转治疗伴有后巩膜葡萄肿的高度近视黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离

目的：评估空气填充联合内界膜翻转及自体血治疗伴有后巩膜葡萄肿的高度近视黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离(MHRD)的疗效。

方法：回顾性非对照研究分析高度近视眼MHRD患者的治疗效果。玻璃体切割术中使用曲安奈德染色清除玻璃体后皮质,内界膜翻转后应用自体血固定翻转的内界膜后空气填充。记录术后黄斑裂孔闭合率、视网膜复位率及术后最佳矫正视力(BCVA)。

结果：研究共纳入高度近视MHRD患者24例24眼。患者随访至少6mo,平均13.58±7.00mo。末次随访时21眼(88%)黄斑裂孔闭合,20眼(83%)视网膜复位。其中17眼(71%)黄斑裂孔闭合且视网膜复位,3眼(13%)黄斑裂孔未闭合但视网膜复位,4眼(17%)黄斑裂孔闭合但仍有视网膜下液。所有病例无需接受二次玻璃体切割手术。末次随访BCVA(LogMAR)较术前显著提高(0.65±0.34 vs 1.36±0.49,P<0.001)。12眼(50%)的BCVA提高大于等于2行。

结论：玻璃体切割术联合内界膜翻转、自体血及空气填充是治疗高度近视眼MHRD的有效方法。     

玻璃体切除联合内界膜剥除手术治疗特发性黄斑裂孔

目的:探讨玻璃体切除联合内界膜撕除手术对黄斑裂孔的疗效。方法:从我院眼科玻璃体切除手术治疗患者中提出有详细临床、手术及随访资料的黄斑裂孔患者资料46例。结果:术后95.6%患者解剖复位,裂孔封闭;1例视网膜复位、裂孔未闭;1例裂孔未闭,视网膜脱离在1mo内复发。结论:经玻璃体切除联合内界膜撕除手术绝大部分患者得到解剖治愈,视力提高     

降低吲哚青绿着染内界膜对黄斑区毒性的研究

目的探讨可降低吲哚青绿着染内界膜对黄斑区毒性的一种新手术技术。方法对不同原因导致的15例(15只眼)黄斑裂孔患者进行手术治疗,手术方式采用标准三切口玻璃体切除、内界膜剥离联合C3F8填充术。术中在使用吲哚青绿溶液染色内界膜之前,为阻止吲哚青绿与黄斑区及黄斑裂孔底部裸露的视网膜色素上皮直接接触,我们用一定量粘弹剂暂时封闭黄斑区及黄斑裂孔。结果术后随访1～6月,平均3.37±1.49月。3只眼(20%)黄斑裂孔未完全闭合,其余12只眼(80%)黄斑裂孔完全闭合,10只眼(67%)术后视力提高。无一例患眼原黄斑裂孔相应区域出现视网膜色素上皮的萎缩。结论本手术技术可有效地降低ICG对黄斑裂孔附近视网膜的毒性,有效地保护了黄斑区视网膜。     

玻璃体切割联合内界膜翻转覆盖术治疗高度近视黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离

目的：观察玻璃体切割(pars plana vitrectomy,PPV)联合内界膜(internal limiting membrane,ILM)覆盖术治疗高度近视黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离(macular hole retinal detachment,MHRD)的疗效。

方法：回顾性病例研究。收集2013-07/2017-11在我院就诊,屈光度数≥-6.00D,眼轴长度≥26mm,经眼底检查确诊为高度近视MHRD的患者27例27眼,其中男9例9眼,女18例18眼,年龄41～70(平均53.69±7.23)岁,最佳矫正视力(best-corrected visual acuity,BCVA)为1.41±0.28(LogMAR)。所有患者均行经睫状体平坦部23G玻璃体切割术,伴有晶状体混浊影响手术者同时行晶状体咬切术。术中彻底切除玻璃体后皮质,亮蓝G染色黄斑区ILM,环形剥除黄斑中心凹周围血管弓内ILM,残留黄斑裂孔(MH)边缘少量ILM,将其反转覆盖于MH上,并行C₃F₈或硅油填充。平均随访时间6mo以上。观察所有患者末次随访时BCVA、MH闭合、视网膜复位和眼部并发症情况。

结果：患者术后BCVA提高21眼(78%),视力不变4眼(15%),视力下降2眼(7%)。平均BCVA为0.84±0.40(LogMAR),与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=7.32,P<0.05)。术后MH闭合24眼(89%),视网膜解剖复位25眼(93%),所有患者无严重眼部和全身并发症。

结论：PPV联合ILM覆盖术治疗高度近视MHRD安全有效,可改善视力,裂孔闭合率、视网膜复位率高。     

Preventing the deposition of triamcinolone in macular hole by use of whole blood in triamcinolone-assisted membrane peeling

PURPOSE: To prevent triamcinolone acetonide (TA) deposition in the macular hole by use of whole blood during TA-assisted internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling. METHODS: The prospective, interventional case series study included 18 consecutive idiopathic macular holes (18 patients) that underwent TA-assisted internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling for macular hole treatment. After core vitrectomy, autologous whole blood was applied to cover the macular hole. Pre-prepared TA solution was gently injected onto the macular area. Residual TA particles were removed after ILM peeling. Closure rate of macular hole, preoperative and postoperative median visual acuity, and retinal changes were evaluated. RESULTS: Autologous whole blood prevented the deposition of TA particles in the macular hole. The ILM could be recognized after TA-assisted visualization for removal. Average follow-up time was 8.6 months. The hole was closed with one surgery in 17 eyes (94%); visual acuity improved in 15 eyes (83%). Preoperative median best-corrected visual acuity was 20/100 (range = 20/400-20/50). Postoperative median best-corrected visual acuity was 20/40 (range = counting fingers-20/20). CONCLUSIONS: Whole blood can prevent TA particle deposition in the macular hole. Potential toxicity of TA on retinal pigment epithelium and retina also may be reduced.     

特发性黄斑裂孔治疗进展

特发性黄斑裂孔(idiopathic macular hole,IMH)是指原因不明、发生于黄斑区域视网膜神经上皮层的全层组织缺损。早期直径较小的IMH可以进行观察随访,玻璃体切割术联合视网膜内界膜(internal limiting membrane,ILM)剥除术是目前主要的治疗方法,ILM手术方式的不断改进和创新,使IMH的治疗方法多样化、成熟化。目前药物玻璃体溶解术(pharmacological vitreolysis)、气体玻璃体溶解术(pneumatic vitreplysis)的应用对IMH的预防及治疗有着广阔的前景。本文就IMH的治疗方法作一综述。     

Selective staining of the internal limiting membrane using the sequential intraoperative instillation of whole blood followed by indocyanine green dye

PURPOSE: To reduce the retention of indocyanine green (ICG) on the retina by selectively staining the internal limiting membrane (ILM) with whole blood during ICG-assisted ILM peeling. DESIGN: Interventional, non-comparative, prospective case series. METHODS: Autologous whole blood was applied to cover the macular area and selectively removed to expose the area needed to be stained. ICG solution (1 mg/ml) diluted in glucose 5% was used to selectively stain the macular area. The stained ILM was removed completely. RESULTS: We studied 22 patients with macular holes, eight with macular pucker and four with diabetic macular edemas. The ILM was selectively stained successfully by ICG with whole blood. One month after surgery, we found no autofluorescence in the posterior pole by infrared-sensitive camera. CONCLUSIONS: Autologous whole blood can help to achieve the goal of selectively staining ILM, further reducing the retention of ICG. It may further reduce ICG toxic effects.     

视网膜内界膜剥除对特发性黄斑裂孔患者术后裂孔愈合的影响

目的　探讨剥除视网膜内界膜对特发性黄斑裂孔患者术后裂孔愈合的影响。方法　对4 1例 (41只眼 )特发性黄斑裂孔患者进行手术治疗。A组 :单纯玻璃体切除 19只眼 ;B组 :玻璃体切除加视网膜内界膜剥除 2 2只眼。A组患者进行玻璃体切除、气体或液体交换及C3 F8眼内填充术 ;B组患者在A组术式的基础上 ,于术中增加黄斑区视网膜内界膜剥除。所有患者术后均保持面朝下体位10～ 14d。结果　 4 1只眼中 ,术后黄斑裂孔完全闭合 37只眼 ,相干光断层扫描显示黄斑裂孔已消失 ,总闭合率为 90 2 %。其中A组 19只眼中 ,有 15只眼黄斑裂孔闭合 ,闭合率为 78 9% ,视力略有提高 ;裂孔未闭 4只眼 ,相干光断层扫描仍见黄斑裂孔 ,视力无提高或降低。B组 2 2只眼经相干光断层扫描 ,证实黄斑裂孔已完全闭合 ,闭合率为 10 0 0 % ,视力明显提高。经Fisher精确概率检验 ,两组患者裂孔闭合率比较 ,差异有显著意义 (χ2 =4 86 5 ,P <0 0 5 ) ;视力改变比较 ,差异无显著意义(χ2 =0 0 0 0 ,P >0 0 5 ) ,但视力提高 2行以上者的差异有显著意义 (χ2 =4 385 ,P <0 0 5 )。结论　玻璃体手术是治疗黄斑裂孔患者的有效方法 ,而视网膜内界膜剥除有利于术后裂孔的闭合及其解剖结构的愈合     

Macular configuration determined by optical coherence tomography after idiopathic macular hole surgery with or without internal limiting membrane peeling

AIMS: To evaluate the effect of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with or without internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling on the closure and configuration of idiopathic macular holes (IMH). METHODS: PPV was performed for IMH on 44 eyes with ILM peeling (ILM peeled group) and on 42 eyes without ILM removal (ILM preserved group). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed on 34 ILM peeled eyes and 14 ILM preserved eyes after successful surgery. The repaired macular holes were classified by the OCT images as being of "good shape" (nearly normal foveal contour) or "poor shape" (abnormal foveal contour with flat fovea and steep edge, or with a thick retina without a foveal pit). RESULTS: The anatomical closure rate was significantly higher in the ILM peeled group (93.2%) than in the ILM preserved group (76.2%) (p = 0.028). In the ILM peeled group, 31 eyes had a fovea of good shape and three eyes had a fovea with a poor shape, while in the ILM preserved group, six eyes had a fovea of good shape and eight eyes had a fovea of poor shape. The percentage of eyes with good macular configuration in the ILM peeled group was significantly higher than in the ILM preserved group (p = 0.0003). No significant difference was found in the postoperative visual acuity and the increase of visual acuity between the ILM peeled group and the ILM preserved group (p = 0.26, and p = 0.91 respectively). There was also no significant difference in the postoperative visual acuity and improvement in visual acuity between eyes with a fovea of good shape and those with fovea of poor shape fovea (p = 0.99 and p = 0.66, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: ILM peeling may provide better anatomical success and recovery of the macular shape, but the postoperative visual acuity and improvement of visual acuity were not related to the morphological results.     

不同染色剂辅助内界膜剥除治疗IMH手术前后微视野的变化

目的：观察研究应用不同染色剂辅助内界膜剥除治疗特发性黄斑裂孔( idiopathic macular hole,IMH)手术治疗前后黄斑区微视野的变化情况。
　　方法：回顾性对比分析50例50眼特发性黄斑裂孔患者应用曲安奈德( triamcinolone acetonide, TA )或吲哚青绿( indocyanine green,ICG)辅助内界膜剥除治疗前后黄斑裂孔的闭合情况、最佳矫正视力以及微视野的改变。
　　结果：术后随访6mo,经光学相干断层扫描( optical coherence tomography,OCT)检查TA组黄斑裂孔完全闭合76%、未闭合但裂孔平复16%、未闭合8%;ICG组黄斑裂孔完全闭合72%、未闭合但裂孔平复16%、未闭合12%,两组患者手术治疗后最佳矫正视力( best corrected visual acuity,BCVA)均明显改善但两组间比较差异无统计学意义,两组患者中央20o范围内黄斑微视野视网膜敏感度得到明显提高,TA组较ICG组更为明显。
　　结论：玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除术可有效的促进特发性黄斑裂孔的闭合、明显改善黄斑区视网膜敏感度以及视力。黄斑区微视野检查可以较好的随访评价IMH手术治疗后黄斑区视功能变化情况。     

应用25G系统玻璃体切除术联合内界膜剥离治疗特发性黄斑孔

目的探讨应用25G系统玻璃体切除术联合内界膜剥离治疗特发性黄斑孔的手术效果。方法对10例（10眼）特发性黄斑孔行25G系统玻璃体切除术联合内界膜剥离,气液交换,眼内充填C3F8。术后观察视力,并进行OCT检查了解黄斑孔封闭情况。结果10例（10眼）黄斑孔均闭合。随访1～6个月,2眼视力未提高,8眼视力提高1～3行,10眼均未见复发。结论玻璃体切除术联合内界膜剥离治疗特发性黄斑孔是有效的;25GTSV应用于黄斑孔的手术治疗具有手术时间短、创伤小及术后恢复怏等优点。     

Displacement of the retina after idiopathic macular hole surgery with different internal limiting membrane peeling patterns

AIM: To explore retinal displacement after surgical treatment for idiopathic macular hole (IMH) with different internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling patterns. METHODS: Totally 22 eyes from 20 patients with IMH were randomly allocated into two groups, N-T group (11 eyes) and T-N group (11 eyes). For patients in N-T group, ILM was peeled off from nasal to temporal retina. For patients in T-N group, ILM was peeled off from temporal to nasal retina. Preoperative, postoperative 1, 3, and 6mo, autofluorescence fundus images were collected for manual measurement of distances of fixed nasal (N), temporal (T), superior (S), and inferior (I) retinal points (bifurcation or crossing of retinal vessels) around the macula to the optic disc (OD). These were respectively defined as N-OD, T-OD, S-OD, and I-OD. The retinal displacement, macular hole closure rate, and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were compared between the two groups after surgery. RESULTS: At postoperative 1, 3, and 6mo, the macula slipped toward the OD, manifested by the decreased T-OD, N-OD, S-OD, and I-OD (P<0.05). No significant difference was found in the T-OD, N-OD, S-OD, and I-OD between N-T group and T-N group. IMH closure rate was 100% both in N-T group and T-N group. There was no significant difference in BCVA between two groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The macula slips toward the OD after successful macular hole surgery. The two different ILM peeling pattern show similar visual outcome and retinal displacement, which means ILM peeling directions are not the influencing factor of postoperative retinal displacement.     

Ultrastructure of internal limiting membrane in myopic foveoschisis

PURPOSE: To reveal the pathogenesis of myopic foveoschisis (MF). DESIGN: Clinicopathological report. METHODS: Internal limiting membranes (ILMs) were collected from ten patients with MF and five patients with idiopathic macular hole (IMH) as a control. Samples were subjected to transmission electron microscopic study. Characteristics of the ILM were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Collagen fiber and cell debris were identified on the inner surface of ILM in seven eyes (70%) with MF, significantly more (P < .05) than found in IMH subjects (0%). More fibrous glial cells were likely to be found on the inner surface of ILM. No significant difference in fibroblast-like cell adhesion was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Collagen fiber and cellular component are suggested to play an important role in developing MF. ILM peeling may be essential for vitrectomy for MF.     

Sutureless 25-gauge vitrectomy for idiopathic macular hole repair

Background We investigated the feasibility and safety of a 25-gauge, transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy system for macular hole repair. Methods Eighty-four eyes of 77 consecutive patients with idiopathic macular hole were operated on using a transconjunctival sutureless 25-gauge vitrectomy system. A complete vitrectomy was performed using triamcinolone acetonide to visualize the vitreous gel and to remove the posterior vitreous cortex. The macular hole was covered with autologous whole blood, and the internal limiting membrane (ILM) was stained with indocyanine green. The ILM was peeled and a fluid-air exchange performed. The globe was filled with gas, and the patient was kept in a prone position for 1 week. Surgery-related complications, macular hole closure on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and visual outcome were evaluated. Results No intra- or postoperative complications were recorded. It was noted in particular that sclerotomies did not require sutures. No postoperative hypotony or endophthalmitis was observed. OCT showed macular hole closure in 93% of the cases. The median preoperative best-corrected visual acuity was 20/200 and improved significantly (p<0.05) to a median best-corrected visual acuity of 20/67 (median follow-up 6.5 months). Conclusion A 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy, visualization of the vitreous with triamcinolone acetonide, protection of the macular hole with autologous whole blood and staining of the ILM using indocyanine green are safe and efficient techniques for macular hole repair. This is an original article; it has not been published previously. The authors have no financial interest related to this publication and transfer all copyright to the publisher upon acceptance.