搅拌槽内液固固三相流数值模拟研究

采用Eulerian-Eulerian多流体模型和k-ε-A.多相湍流模型.模拟研究了带挡板的直径为0.154 m的标准Rushton搅拌槽内含两种不同粒径固体颗粒的液-固-固三相搅拌体系的流体动力学特性和相含率分布.模拟结果表明,不管是在r-z平面还是r-θ平面,两种不同粒径固体颗粒相的相含率分布都存在明显的差别,当搅拌转速由200 r/min提高到600 r/min时,相含率分布的差别逐渐减小.在同一搅拌转速下,两种固体颗粒相在搅拌桨以下的相含率分布差别明显大于搅拌桨以上的部分.对于每一种颗粒相,固体颗粒在搅拌槽底部都存在明显的堆积现象,提高转速能改善其分散性.     

偏心双桨搅拌流场及效果分析

生产工艺中需要聚苯乙烯粒子在液相苯乙烯中均匀悬浮与混合,要求底部固相不堆积,固相浓度分布均匀。为了达到理想的搅拌效果,本文研究了双桨的偏心率及转速对搅拌混合效果的影响。以底部椭圆封头,无挡板的反应釜和双层6折叶的开启涡轮式搅拌器为研究对象,用Fluent软件对搅拌器偏心时水的搅拌流场及聚苯乙烯粒子-苯乙烯固液搅拌进行数值模拟。模拟了不同偏心率和转速对搅拌流型、聚苯乙烯粒子浓度分布及能耗的影响,并用粒子图像测速法(PIV)实验验证水的搅拌流场。结果表明,偏心搅拌可使流体速度得到增加,桨叶下方的搅拌死区得到有效抑制;偏心率增大导致两侧的速度偏差越来越大,能量分布不均匀;偏心搅拌的聚苯乙烯粒子浓度分布比对中搅拌的更为均匀,可改善粒子在苯乙烯中的悬浮效果;相同搅拌效果的情况下,偏心率为0.15的功率消耗是对中搅拌的85%;对该固液搅拌时的最佳偏心率和最佳转速分别为0.15和95 r/min,此时固液搅拌混合效果最好,固相浓度分布最为均匀,消耗功率相对较少。     

异型挡板絮凝反应器流场特性的分析研究

利用LDA对异型挡板(正弦挡板)和普通挡板絮凝反应器内的流场进行了测量,搅拌装置采用斜叶式搅拌桨(PBT搅拌桨),测试液采用甘油与去离子水的混合液。通过实验,获得了搅拌轴转速在600r/min时反应器内的时均速度场、脉动速度场和湍流强度场,通过对比分析可知异型挡板絮凝反应器流场内平均速度产生了渐变的速度梯度和更大的均方根脉动速度,均化了湍动能的分布,解决了传统机械搅拌式絮凝器存在的混合区域不均匀性问题,理论上提高了颗粒的碰撞几率。而挡板本身的结构特点,解决了流场内的“死区”问题,对反应器絮凝效果起到了强化作用。     

高固含率搅拌槽内颗粒分布及悬浮特性的数值模拟

采用Euler-Euler双流体模型对固含率9.2%(?)的高固含率悬浮搅拌槽内固液悬浮特性进行了模拟,对比了两种修正的曳力系数模型的模拟效果,考察了固含率轴向和径向分布及悬浮均匀度的变化规律.结果表明,搅拌速度低于600 r/min时,槽底会形成明显的中心密集沉积,转速从400 r/min增至1100 r/min,堆积高度由0.16减小至0,沉积区向槽底中心收缩直至消失.在离心力的作用下,循环流内的固相颗粒向远涡方向运动,循环流涡心处固含率低,悬浮均匀性降低.以无因次高度z/H=1/3为界,可将槽内两相流分为上、下循环区;颗粒分布受循环流交汇影响,固相在径向方向上随流场分散.固液悬浮均匀度?随无因次轴向高度的增加,稳定在0.5~0.7,转速从400 r/min增至1100 r/min,上循环区的?值平均降低37.2%.     

带稳定翼四斜叶-Rushton组合桨釜内转速对流场的影响

利用计算流体力学（CFD）对带稳定翼四斜叶-Rushton组合桨釜内流场进行数值模拟，分析了不同转速下釜内流型、速度场、湍动能的变化规律。研究结果表明：搅拌器转速显著影响釜内流场和湍动能的分布，转速N=110 r/min时，釜内流型为径向流，稳定翼的切割推流作用表现明显，在釜内组合桨中间区域形成了一个高速涡旋，釜内流型为最佳流型；在该转速条件下釜内低速区趋近消失，速度分布合理；此时釜内上部和釜底的湍动能分层消失，釜内流体整体湍动程度较高，混合效果明显增强。     

搅拌槽中颗粒粒径对固液传质系数影响

研究了搅拌槽(直径0.1m/平底/无挡板)中临界搅拌转速下固相浓度为0.10,0.15,0.20,0.25,0.30(v/v)时石膏颗粒粒径对固液传质系数的影响。研究表明,粒径为35,58,78,120,195,205μm的颗粒均在固相浓度0.20(v/v)附近达到固液传质系数的最大值。此浓度下固液传质系数随颗粒粒径的减小而增大,但增大的趋势逐渐放缓,主要原因为粒径减小导致体系的表观粘度增大。根据Kolmogoroff的各向同性湍动理论关联颗粒粒径与固液传质系数,理论值与实验值之间的误差小于15%。     

亚格子湍动能模型及循环流化床气固湍流特性分析

以气相大涡-颗粒相二阶矩双流体模型为框架,基于单相流亚格子湍动能推导方法,考虑固相影响推导气相亚格子湍动能方程,建立了适用于气固两相流动的气相亚格子湍动能模型;同时考虑气相亚格子湍动能与颗粒相速度脉动二阶矩之间的脉动能量传递,补充了气固相间脉动能量作用模型。模拟了循环流化床内气固两相湍流流动过程,模拟结果与实验数据吻合较好,并较未考虑湍流模型的模拟结果更接近实验值。比较了不同亚格子湍流模型对颗粒运动的影响,与Smagorinsky亚格子涡黏模型相比,亚格子湍动能模型能够更好地模拟两相流的湍流特性。分析了气体表观速度对湍流作用的影响。研究表明,随着气体表观速度的增加,气相亚格子湍动能和亚格子能量耗散逐渐增加,径向分布的非均匀性增强。     

基于CFD的陶瓷干法制粉造粒室挡板数目优化

为研究造粒室底部挡板数目对干法制粉混料过程的影响,构建了欧拉-欧拉气固两相流数学控制方程,建立不同挡板数目物理模型,采用修正后的RNGk-ε模型模拟造粒室内湍流情况,对不同挡板数目的干法制粉造粒室内的流场进行数值模拟,分析了不同挡板数目的造粒室内颗粒体积分布、速度场、湍动能、湍动能耗散的差异,并将数值模拟与实验进行对比。结果表明:挡板数目对混料过程有一定影响,分布适当挡板数目能够提高颗粒体积分布、改善合成速度,具有良好的湍动能及湍动能耗散,有利于促进颗粒混合;带挡板的造粒室流场分布优于无挡板造粒室,挡板数目增加时,造粒效果随着挡板数目的增加先增强后减弱;当挡板数目为4片时,颗粒体积分布达到了72%,堆积现象有较大改善,速度较好,耗散情况得到改善,有利于造粒室内流体介质的有效混合;当挡板数目分别为0、2、4、6片时,颗粒的合格率分别为82%、84%、90%、85%,处于30~60 mesh之间的优良颗粒分别占58%、62%、71%、64%;实验结果验证了数值模拟的正确性,为旋转流场式造粒设备的结构优化和设计提供了一定的理论指导。     

循环流化床提升管气固湍流的计算流体力学模拟——k-ε-kp-εp-Θ5参数双流体模型

提出了用k -ε-k_p-ε_p-Θ 5参数的双流体模型来模拟循环流化床提升管中的气固湍流 .模型用颗粒动力学理论描述颗粒与颗粒间的碰撞 ,用低Reynolds数湍流方程分别模拟气相和颗粒相的湍动 ,并且考虑了气固两相湍动的相互作用 .模拟所得颗粒速度和浓度的径向分布与实验结果吻合良好 .分析表明 :在时间和空间域上 ,采用颗粒相湍动与颗粒间碰撞分离处理和颗粒相湍能及耗散方程的引入是合理的 ;颗粒相湍动与两相湍动相互作用的封闭条件是影响模拟结果的重要因素 .     

循环流化床提升管气固湍流的计算流体力学模拟——k-ε-kp-εp-Θ5参数双流体模型

提出了用k-ε-kp-εp-Θ5参数的双流体模型来模拟循环流化床提升管中的气固湍流.模型用颗粒动力学理论描述颗粒与颗粒间的碰撞,用低Reynolds数湍流方程分别模拟气相和颗粒相的湍动,并且考虑了气固两相湍动的相互作用.模拟所得颗粒速度和浓度的径向分布与实验结果吻合良好.分析表明:在时间和空间域上,采用颗粒相湍动与颗粒间碰撞分离处理和颗粒相湍能及耗散方程的引入是合理的;颗粒相湍动与两相湍动相互作用的封闭条件是影响模拟结果的重要因素.     

CFD analysis of turbulence in a baffled stirred tank, a three-compartment model

Three-compartment model was used to study non-homogeneity of mixing in a fully baffled stirred tank. Multiple reference frame (MRF) technique was used for calculations. Calculations were performed to study the effects of agitator speed, impeller diameter, baffle width and distance of impeller from bottom of the tank on turbulent flow field. Three different zones of the vessel, that were a small zone near the impeller, another zone around the baffles, and a relatively large zone far from the impeller and baffles, named circulation zone, were investigated. Boundaries of these zones were determined using two different methods. The first method used gradient of energy dissipation rate while the other method used cumulative energy dissipation rate to determine the zone boundaries. Zone boundaries determined by both methods were comparable. The turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate gradient was the preferred method due to its simplicity. Turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate increased with agitator speed in all zones. Both turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate and turbulent kinetic energy showed considerable change with impeller diameter at impeller zone, while no remarkable change was observed at baffle and circulation zones. Three-compartment model parameters, impeller and baffle energy dissipation ratios λ_i, λ_b, impeller and baffle volume ratios μ_i, μ_b and impeller and baffle exchange flow rates Q_i, Q_b were obtained from CFD simulations. Impeller energy dissipation ratio, impeller exchange flow rate and baffle exchange flow rate increased while baffle volume ratio decreased with agitation rate and impeller diameter. Baffle energy dissipation ratio and impeller volume ratio showed no considerable change with agitation rate and impeller diameter.     

混合澄清槽澄清室内流场特性测量

混合澄清槽被广泛应用于稀土溶剂萃取过程，在澄清室内的分相过程是非常重要的环节。采用粒子图像测速技术对澄清室内速度流场进行了测量，比较了不同操作参数下，主要包括混合室搅拌转速、油水两相体积分数以及不同挡板设计对澄清室内流场结构的影响。搅拌转速作为能耗输入，与澄清室内速度矢量大小呈正相关关系；增加油相后，对澄清室内流场结构影响不大，但会使得流动方向发生变化，且使得湍动增加。挡板设计是强化澄清室分相性能的重要途径，对不同挡板组合的澄清室设计进行了测量分析，对挡板形状（Ⅴ形与矩形）、挡板数量与安置位置的影响进行了比较，并采用电导率仪获得澄清室水相出口处溶解性总固体浓度，表征油相夹带情况，对不同挡板设计进行了比较和优化。     

板式螺旋桨搅拌槽内的流场及其流动特性

以板式螺旋桨叶轮为例,采用相位多普勒粒子分析仪测量了直径为300 mm的平底圆筒搅拌槽内的流场;分析了时均速度、脉动速度及湍流动能的分布,以及叶轮离底间隙变化和挡板对流场的影响。结果表明:随离底间隙增大,叶轮区脉动速度和湍流动能增大,时均速度和脉动速度最大值位置向槽中心方向移动;主循环区轴向速度最大值随离底间隙增大而减小;叶轮区湍流动能较高,随离底间隙增大,湍流动能最大值增大,位置靠近叶轮端部;挡板阻碍槽内切向流动,影响湍流动能的分布,挡板前流场反映了叶轮区的湍流动能分布。     

充气条件下多层桨悬浮颗粒的临界转速

在直径为386 mm 的通气多层桨搅拌釜中,实验考察了下层搅拌桨型、挡板和气体分布器等对颗粒悬浮临界搅拌转速的影响,这对工业过程的设计和放大具有一定的指导意义.     

Rushton涡轮搅拌槽内流场特性及颗粒运动行为数值模拟

基于计算流体动力学（CFD）方法,采用大涡模拟（LES）和拉格朗日颗粒追踪技术计算了Rushton涡轮搅拌槽内流场特性及三种St颗粒的运动行为。平均流场（切向速度、轴向速度和径向速度）、颗粒速度及浓度分布方面与实验值的吻合度较好,验证了数值模拟的可靠性。结果表明,搅拌流场及颗粒运动均呈现循环流特性,当转速N=313r/min不变时,St=0.24的小颗粒几乎实现了均匀分布;而St=37.3的大颗粒与流体的跟随性较差,底部沉积率较高,容器顶部会出现一定的颗粒空白区。叶轮附近产生一系列的湍流涡结构,并且由于剧烈的颗粒-壁面碰撞,该位置颗粒拟温度最高;小颗粒（St=0.24）的运移主要受叶片后方尾涡的控制,均匀分布在低涡量区;而大颗粒（St=37.3）由于具有较大的惯性,运动不再由涡主导,很快被叶轮甩向边壁,穿过了尾涡所形成的高涡量区,故而叶轮对附近大颗粒的搅拌效果较差。     

Critical Rotational Speed for a Floating Particle Suspension in an Aerated Vessel

The critical suspension speeds of floating particles in a gas‐liquid‐floating particle three‐phase system were measured in a multiple‐impeller agitated vessel. Three types of impellers, i.e., simple axial‐flow impeller upflow (SPU) and downflow (SPD), disk turbine (DT) and wing turbine (WT), twelve types of baffles and three kinds of gas spargers were used. The influences of impeller types, baffle configurations, gas spargers, gas superfacial velocity and particle loading on the critical suspension speeds of floating particles were systematically investigated. The optimum regressions of critical suspension speeds were respectively obtained for some better combinations of impellers, bafffles and spargers, such as (a) the 45SPU+45SPD+DT triple impellers, two high‐level baffles and two low‐level baffles (symmetric allocation), gas spargers, (b) the 45SPU+45SPD+DT three‐impeller, standard baffle and small gas sparger. Their errors were smaller than 11 %.     

固液搅拌槽内液相湍流特性

采用粒子图像测速系统研究搅拌槽内固液二相湍流运动的流场分布规律,结果表明,液相速度随着颗粒体积分数的增加,先增加后变小,在颗粒体积分数为0.5%时有最大值。湍流动能和耗散率大的区域分布在桨叶尖端右下方,随着加入颗粒后,桨叶下方液相湍流动能和耗散率都比清水时大。湍流动能在颗粒体积分数为0.9%时有最大值,湍流动能耗散率在颗粒体积分数为1.3%时有最大值。     

Hydrodynamics of binary fluidization in a riser: CFD simulation using two granular temperatures

A new computational fluid-dynamic (CFD) model with a separate granular temperature (2/3 random particle kinetic energy per unit of mass) equation for each phase or particle size was developed using constitutive equations derived earlier by Huilin, Gidaspow and Manger. In agreement with the experiment and model of Mathiesen, Solberg and Hjertager the new model computes the observed core-annular flow regime. It predicts the trends of the observed radial and axial particle diameter distributions. For elastic particles the computed particle velocity distributions are parabolic. They are close to the laminar type approximate analytical solution for flow in a pipe, where the mean velocity equals the inlet flux divided by the particle density and volume fraction. The computed turbulent intensity is lower for large particles than for small particles, as measured. This is in agreement with an approximate analytical solution for the granular temperature in the developed flow region of a riser for elastic particles. Computations show that for sufficiently inelastic particles the granular temperature in the center can be lower than near the wall resembling the measured particle fluctuating velocity distribution.     

影响下沉颗粒三相体系临界搅拌转速的因素

探讨了搅拌桨型、挡板和气体分布器等结构因素及气体流量、颗粒质量分数等工艺因素对下沉颗粒三相体系临界搅拌转速的影响。结果表明，底层桨对临界搅拌转速的影响最大，最佳的底层桨为3叶后掠桨。指型挡板对颗粒的悬浮非常有利，此外，给出了几种较好桨型-挡板-分布环组合的临界搅拌转速关联式。     

Liquid flow circulating within an unbaffled vessel agitated with an unsteady forward–reverse rotating impeller

Liquid‐phase mixing is a common operation, often performed in vessels using mechanically rotating impellers. To enhance axial mixing the vessels are generally equipped with baffles; however, in industries where cleaning the vessel interior is a major concern, i.e. food and pharmaceuticals, and crystallization, where baffles can disturb particle growth, unbaffled vessels are preferred. One method of agitation in unbaffled vessels is an impeller that periodically changes either the direction or rate of rotation: so‐called unsteady rotation. For use in an enhanced agitation vessel, an agitation technology using an unsteady forward–reverse rotating impeller in an unbaffled vessel was investigated. Such unsteady agitation is expected to enhance mixing. However, knowledge of the liquid flows in such an apparatus remains elusive. Thus an aim of this work was to characterize the circulation flow in such a system. Circulation by a disk turbine impeller with six flat blades was studied through examination of tracer particle trajectories. Images showing flow patterns with the forward–reverse rotating impeller resembled those obtained with a unidirectionally rotating impeller in a baffled vessel. The pattern was characterized by a circulation loop whose pathway exits from the impeller rotational region and returns to that region past the wall and bottom of the vessel. Time‐series particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) images obtained during one forward–reverse rotation of the impeller showed that the flow near the vessel wall reduced the periodic fluctuation downstream and that a flow that was almost independent of time was induced near the vessel bottom. For the flow from the bottom to the impeller, unsteadiness was provided by proximity to the impeller. Based on the intensity distribution of the unsteady flow produced by this type of forward–reverse rotating impeller within the vessel, the unsteady flow was shown to have the potential to reach the region near the vessel wall. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry