柳林泉域岩溶水化学演化及地球化学模拟

为揭示柳林泉域岩溶水化学演化机理,在对柳林泉域水文地质调查的基础上,从岩溶水阴阳离子组成和矿物饱和指数入手,分析了岩溶水化学特征及其演化过程,通过建立逆向地球化学模型,模拟了岩溶含水层中的水岩作用。结果表明:沿地下水流动路径,柳林泉域岩溶水化学类型由补给区的HCO_3-Ca·Mg型演化为径流区的HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型,在排泄区演化为HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Na型。柳林泉域岩溶水化学演化的主要地球化学作用为碳酸盐岩和石膏的溶解作用,且沿地下水流动路径,由补给区的方解石和白云石共同溶解作用,逐渐向径流区的白云石和石膏溶解作用为主演化,排泄区还发生了岩盐溶解作用。去白云岩化作用和Na~+-Ca~(2+)离子交换吸附作用在径流区和排泄区影响岩溶水化学类型。     

塔城盆地北区承压地下水化学特征及其形成机制

基于2015年8月在研究区采集的81个地下水化学和同位素数据,分析了塔城盆地北区承压水化学类型分布特征,并结合研究区水文地质条件,采用背景比拟法、Gibbs图、氘盈余模型、离子比值法、氯碱指数及钠吸附比等水化学分析方法,分析了地下水化学形成作用及其演化机制。结果表明:承压含水层普遍赋存水质较好的淡水,水化学类型以HCO_3-Ca型(Ca·Mg型、Ca·Na型)水为主。随地下水径流方向,承压水TDS及水化学类型呈较好的水平分带规律,即从承压水的上游区,沿区域地下水流向,地下水TDS逐渐升高,水化学类型由HCO_3-Ca型水,演化为SO_4·HCO_3~-Ca·Na型和SO_4~-Ca·Na型水。承压水化学特征,主要受水岩作用控制,蒸发作用对其影响有限,而且基本未受人类活动影响。整体上,在上游区,承压水化学组成主要受碳酸盐矿物和正向阳离子交替吸附作用的影响,而在中、下游区主要受石膏溶解影响。在个别径流路径上,正向阳离子交替吸附作用对地下水化学组成的影响超过矿物溶滤作用。     

琉璃河地区地下水化学特征对微生物群落结构影响

为查明区域地下水化学特征对微生物群落结构影响,在北京琉璃河镇及周边地区采集9组地下水样。在调查地下水化学特征基础上,利用高通量测序技术,对地下水样进行16SrRNA基因V4-V5区测序,用于分析地下水化学特征与微生物群落结构间相关性。水化学结果表明,研究区地下水共有HCO_3-Ca·Mg、HCO_3·Cl-Ca、HCO_3·Cl·SO_4-Ca和HCO_3-Ca水4种水型,主要水型为HCO_3-Ca·Mg水,部分地下水受NO_3-、SO_42-污染。微生物结果表明,研究区地下水优势菌门为Proteobacteria,但无明显优势菌属。不同水型中微生物多样性呈地下水化学类型越简单,微生物群落多样性水平越低趋势。HCO_3-Ca·Mg、HCO_3·Cl-Ca、HCO_3·Cl·SO_4-Ca和HCO_3-Ca水4种水型中共有菌属数量为113个,特有菌属数量分别为186、32、33和2个。影响因子对微生物群落结构影响程度为浊度EC(电导率)DO(溶解氧)pH,较高的EC和DO值有利于Pseudomonas、Vogesella、Hydrogenophaga菌属生长,pH适度增加有利于Gallionella、Nitrospira菌属生长。综上可知,区域地下水化学特征对微生物群落结构具有显著影响。     

双辽市地下水化学特征及成因分析

为了研究双辽市地下水化学特征及成因,采集了双辽市82个地下水潜水样品,检测分析了地下水主要组分。运用描述性统计分析、Piper三线图、相关性分析、离子相关关系、Gibbs图等方法对双辽市地下水化学特征及成因进行了分析,揭示了地下水水化学特征的变化规律。结果表明:双辽市地下水pH平均值为7.60,呈弱碱性,TDS均值837.75 mg/L,其中有55个水样为淡水,占总数的67.07%,其余为微咸水,沿地下水流方向,TDS逐渐增大;地下水中主要的阴阳离子为HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+);地下水水化学类型以HCO_3-Ca型为主,其次为HCO_3-Ca·Mg型;沿地下水水流方向,东辽河流域地下水化学类型主要从HCO_3-Ca型向HCO_3·SO_4-Ca型演化,西辽河流域地下水化学类型主要从HCO_3-Ca型向HCO_3-Ca·Mg型和HCO_3-Ca·Na型演化;在地下水补给区,水文地球化学作用以风化溶滤作用为主,在地下水径流—排泄区水文地球化学作用以蒸发浓缩作用和阳离子交换作用为主。     

平阴-东阿水文地质单元岩溶地下水化学特征分析

为研究平阴-东阿水文地质单元地下水化学特征,采用相关性分析法、因子分析法、聚类分析法等方法对研究区26组岩溶地下水样的10项指标进行了综合分析。结果表明:研究区地下水化学类型以HCO_3-Ca·Mg和HCO_3-Ca为主;地下水在补给区、径流区和排泄区水化学成分呈现明显的差异性。控制岩溶地下水成分的主要因素是NO~-_3,SO_4~(2-),Na~+和Ca~(2+),可以反映样本71.20%的信息量;其中,NO~-_3和SO_4~(2-)主要受工矿生产和人类活动的影响,贡献率为31.98%;Na~+主要受人类活动的影响,贡献率为22.65%;Ca~(2+)主要受灰岩的风化-溶滤作用影响,贡献率为20.17%。     

云南省南洞岩溶水系统水化学特征及其成因分析

云南省南洞地下河流域是西南地区典型的超大型地下河流域,选择其中的南洞岩溶水系统作为研究区。针对岩溶地区的用水短缺问题,以水资源的合理开采及可持续利用为目标,于2015年5月和12月分别在研究区的16个观测点进行采集水样与野外现场测试,运用描述性统计分析、Piper三线图、Gibbs图等方法对地下水水化学特征及其成因进行分析。结果表明:研究区内各水体pH值在6.19～7.66之间,平均值为7.25,呈中性偏弱碱性;TDS均值为329.24 mg/L,属于低矿化度水。因受岩溶区碳酸盐岩地层的控制,研究区地下水化学类型以HCO_3-Ca型为主,地表水以HCO_3-Ca、HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型为主。控制研究区水中主要离子形成的水文地球化学作用主要为岩石风化溶滤作用。氢氧同位素分析表明地表水和地下水的初始补给源主要为大气降水,而地表水由于经历较强的蒸发作用,氢氧同位素偏重。     

海原县山前地下水化学特征分析

在海原县采集地下水及泉水样品145组,采用Piper图解法、Gibbs半对数法、离子比例法等方法,对海原县山前地下水化学特征及其形成机制、空间演化规律进行了分析研究,结果表明:从南、西华山补给区至鸭儿涧排泄区,地下水化学类型由HCO_3-Ca·Mg渐变为HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg、SO_4·Cl-Na·Mg·Ca、SO_4·Cl-Na·Mg,HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+)含量逐渐减少,SO■、Cl~-、Na~+含量逐渐增多;干盐池为一断陷封闭盆地,水文地质单元相对独立,从盆地边缘至盆地中心沉积物颗粒逐渐变细,地下水化学类型由HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg渐变为HCO_3·SO_4-Na·Mg、SO_4·Cl-Na·Mg、Cl·SO_4-Na·Mg;从补给区至径流区,地下水化学类型的形成以溶滤作用为主,至径流区渐变为以阳离子交替吸附作用为主,排泄区以蒸发-浓缩作用为主。     

新疆昌吉市平原区地下水化学特征及质量评价

为探究新疆昌吉市平原区地下水化学特征及质量时空分布规律,采用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子比值法、F值评分法和质量比对等方法对昌吉市平原区2016年42组及2011年9组地下水取样点检测数据进行分析。结果表明:昌吉市平原区潜水水化学类型主要有HCO_3·SO_4-Na·Ca型和HCO_3·SO_4-Na·Ca·Mg型,承压水水化学类型主要有HCO_3-Na·Ca型和HCO_3·SO_4-Na·Ca型;研究区潜水水化学成分主要受蒸发浓缩和岩石风化共同作用的影响,承压水水化学成分主要受岩石风化作用的影响。通过2011年与2016年地下水原位点比对发现,潜水取样点中有3组质量不变、3组质量有所改善、2组质量劣化,承压水取样点1组无变化。影响地下水化学特征和质量时空分布的因素主要是自然因素和人为因素。     

土默川平原黄灌区地下水水化学及氢氧同位素特征分析

2016年冬灌期和2017年春灌期采集了干旱半干旱地区内蒙古土默川平原黄灌区灌渠水、地下水以及雨水,通过测定不同时期水体的水化学成分及氢氧同位素值,分析了水化学类型和同位素的分布特征,探讨了不同时期灌渠水对地下水的影响,判明了地下水的补给来源。研究结果表明:研究区大部分区域地下水补给源为灌渠水,而河森茂村、后荒地村一带主要受降水和侧向补给影响;研究区灌渠水和地下水氢氧同位素组成差异明显,从灌渠水到地下水氢氧同位素呈贫化趋势,但冬灌期、春灌期灌渠水对地下水的影响基本一样;地下水冬灌期、春灌期水化学类型及其分布规律基本一致,主要有HCO_3·Cl·SO_4-Na·Ca·Mg、SO_4·Cl-Na、HCO_3·Cl-Na·Mg和Cl-Na型水。     

华蓥山隧道隧址区水文地球化学特征及涌水来源识别

针对华蓥山隧道施工中可能存在的涌突水问题,本研究在现场水文地质调查,取样测试分析的基础上,对华蓥山隧道隧址区地表水、地下水和隧道涌水的水文地球化学特征进行了分析,并对隧道涌水水源进行了识别。结果表明:隧址区水体的水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Ca和HCO_3·SO_4-Ca型,水质偏弱碱性,水化学成分主要来源于岩石的风化作用;隧址区浅层地下水和地表水联系紧密,大气降水是各水体的主要补给来源;隧址区地下水补给高程为315~1467 m,在东南区域,隧道涌水主要来自三叠系上统须家河组(T_3xj)碎屑含水层和侏罗系中统新田沟组(J_2x)碎屑岩含水层,西北部主要来自三叠系下统嘉陵江组(T_1j)灰岩岩溶含水层。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.