车辆悬架零部件载荷谱提取方法研究

优选载荷谱提取方法是提高汽车悬架零部件疲劳性能分析精度的关键。基于此,以某紧凑型SUV和某中级轿车为测试车型,通过实车试验场强化路面和室内振动台架试验采集得到轮心六分力和悬架多个监测部位的加速度、位移响应信号;实测整车参数并在ADAMS软件中建立整车刚柔耦合动力学模型;采用虚拟迭代法和约束加载法对多种振动台工况进行仿真,获取整车模型中监测点响应数据;在时域和均方根值两方面对比分析车身和悬架监测点的仿真与实测曲线。研究表明:约束加载法更适用于高频率、低幅值振动工况;虚拟迭代法相比约束加载法适用范围更广、仿真精度更高,但更耗时;同时,通过试验场搓板路和长波路工况验证了上述结论,分别使用虚拟迭代和约束加载两种方法提取了转向节载荷谱,基于伪损伤值分析了结果差异,并且发现约束加载法提取的载荷谱分析转向节疲劳寿命较虚拟迭代法保守。     

车、路的相互作用下沥青路面动力学特性分析

文中采用二自由度四分之一汽车悬架模型模拟汽车系统,依据弹性层状体系理论,建立路面结构的三维有限元分析模型,考虑车路相互作用,采用ANSYS有限元分析软件对移动车辆荷载作用下路面各结构层中的位移、应力、应变进行了模拟。计算分析了行车速度、悬架刚度、悬架阻尼、轮胎刚度和轮胎阻尼五个参数对路面动力响应的影响。结果表明：沥青面层处于三向受压状态,层内切应力是引起其破坏的主要原因;最大水平拉应力和最大横向拉应力均发生在路面结构的基层和底基层结合处;车速对路面动态响应的影响规律很复杂,应考虑车辆模型和路面不平整度,并划分速度区间加以探讨;路面动态响应随轮胎刚度、悬架刚度和悬架阻尼的增大而减小。上述结论对于深入分析路面结构动力响应与疲劳损坏以及研究车辆与路面相互作用的机理有重要价值。     

基于虚拟样机模型的车辆蓄能悬架联合仿真研究※

基于机电系统相似性理论,设计了一种采用惯性蓄能器的车用蓄能悬架系统。运用PrO/E软件建立了机械式惯性蓄能器的三维实体模型,通过接口程序Mech/Pro将蓄能器三维模型导入到动力学仿真软件ADAMS中,与弹性元件、阻尼器连接,构建了1/4车辆蓄能悬架虚拟样机模型。在ADAMS和Matlab/Simulink联合仿真环境中,分别对正弦输入、随机路面输入和阶跃输入作用下的蓄能悬架动态性能进行仿真分析。结果表明,蓄能器具有“通高频、阻低频”的性能特点,与传统的被动悬架相比,蓄能悬架可有效降低车身垂直振动加速度,提高了车辆的行驶平顺性。     

基于UG/Motion重型货车主副弹簧悬架动力学仿真分析系统的构建

摘　要：提出了一种基于UG/Motion构建重型货车主副弹簧悬架动力学仿真分析系统的新方法,并应用该方法开发出了相应的软件原型系统。基于两自由度1/4车辆虚拟样机模型,原型系统的仿真分析模块可方便、快捷的实现虚拟样机模型主要设计参数的修改及基于谐波叠加法各种标准等级时域路面不平度的模拟生成。仿真分析模块通过调用UG/Motion集成的RecurDyn解算器来获取仿真分析结果,通过集成Matlab的绘图功能对分析结果进行输出查看;系统的遗传优化设计模块以整个载荷范围内悬挂质量加速度均方根值最小为目标函数,可对悬架的阻尼系数、主副弹簧刚度比和临界载荷比进行了动力学优化。通过一个设计实例验证了原型系统构建的正确性及遗传优化设计模块的有效性。     

汽车制动抖动机理及改善研究

为分析DTV和悬架衬套刚度对制动抖动的影响,通过整车道路试验研究了制动抖动时频特征,基于快速傅里叶变换对DTV数据进行了频次分析,利用多体动力学方法计算了悬架系统模态。研究表明：制动抖动整车道路试验的振动加速度频谱具有阶次特征;DTV数据频次分析的频域成分以一次和二次DTV为主,这与制动抖动能量集中在一阶和二阶频带的特征吻合,降低频次DTV幅值对控制制动抖动的振源激励有重要作用;前悬纵向模态是制动激励被放大的原因,前下控制臂后点衬套侧向刚度越高,模态特征值越高,制动抖动程度越轻,合理匹配悬架衬套刚度能有效改善制动抖动。     

越野车辆机动性研究

为研究越野车辆行驶在不平路段机动性问题,通过偏频试验识别车辆部分特征参数,测量试验车辆悬架位移,计算行驶路段路面不平度,监测驾驶员座椅Z加速度在不平试验路段时序信号,据人体疲劳特性计算人体吸入功率,并建立"人体-车身-车轮"三自由度振动模型;用傅里叶逆变换生成不平路段的时序信号作为仿真输入,利用Simulink仿真试验车辆驾驶员座椅Z向加速度在不平路段的时序信号;提出人体吸入功率为6 W时对应的车速作为评判越野车在不平路段的机动性能。     

非平稳行驶条件下重型汽车轮胎动载特性分析

为分析非平稳行驶条件下重型汽车轮胎附加动载特性、探讨与匀速平稳行驶工况下的差异,基于车辆行驶动力学理论,建立三轴重型汽车系统动力学模型和路面非平稳随机激励时域模型,采用MATLAB/Simulink软件仿真分析了车辆非平稳行驶条件下轮胎动载的响应规律,并与匀速平稳行驶条件下的分析结果进行比较。结果表明:车辆加速时轮胎动载荷幅值变大、减速时动载荷幅值减小;车辆等时通过同一段道路时,匀速平稳行驶时的动载荷较小;随着加速度、初速度和路面不平度的增加,动载荷幅值变大。研究结果可为精确模拟车辆轮胎动载荷、道路友好性分析和路面损伤破坏预测提供参考。     

路面多种激励下汽车运输包装产品动态响应的数值仿真

为果蔬等产品在汽车运输中的疲劳损伤度计算提供依据,以4自由度汽车振动系统为基础,建立了路面脉冲激励和路面位移随机激励共同作用下的车辆-包装件动力学模型,并且推导了其相应的动力学方程.讨论了路面位移随机激励的时域模型并对其B级公路路面不平度进行仿真.结合一个工程实例,在B级公路路面位移随机激励和路面脉冲激励共同作用下,利用Newmark和Runge-Kutta数值积分方法分别对车身的响应和对包装产品的动态响应进行数值仿真.     

Multi-objective optimization of suspension parameters for rail vehicles based on a virtual prototype surrogate model

This research is intended to develop a suspension parameter optimization approach based on a virtual prototype surrogate model of rail vehicles considering the coupling effects of suspension parameters. In order to analyze the effects on the dynamic indexes, which were affected by the suspension parameters, a virtual prototype model of a rail vehicle was established. The indexes of lateral ride quality and motion stability were obtained under different combinations of suspension parameters by design of experiment and simulation of virtual prototype. For constructing objective function of multi-objective optimization model for suspension parameters, the suspension parameters that have significant effects on ride quality and motion stability simultaneously were taken as the design variables, and thereafter Kriging models of lateral ride quality index, derailment coefficient, and reduction ratio of wheel load were obtained. On this basis, the multi-objective optimization model of suspension parameters was established, in which the objective function was combined with the three Kriging models. Then, the Pareto optimal solution set and concrete value of suspension parameters were sought using the NSGA-II algorithm. The dynamic simulation results indicated that both ride quality and motion stability of the rail vehicle had been improved after the multi-objective optimization of suspension parameters.     

高速铁路铰接式列车车桥系统动力响应分析

根据铰接式车辆结构和悬挂形式的特点,建立了铰接车辆单元模型,以现有通用软件为基础直接生成桥梁模型的质量、刚度矩阵,并以实测轨道不平顺为系统激励,求解车桥耦合动力相互作用问题;以欧洲布鲁塞尔-巴黎高速铁路线上的Thalys铰接式列车通过Antoing桥为例,分析了桥梁的动挠度、竖向和横向加速度等动力响应及运行车辆的振动加速度响应,并对铰接式列车的振动特性进行了初步的探讨;最后通过现场试验对分析模型和计算结果进行了验证。     

随机激励下重载车辆空气悬架参数多目标优化

为提高车辆行驶平顺性、减小轮胎对路面的动载荷,以某重载车辆空气悬架系统为研究对象,建立四自由度1/2车辆多目标优化模型,提出改进的多目标自适应遗传算法对悬架参数进行优化。与一般遗传算法相比,车身垂向加速度、前后轮动载荷有效值约减小10%,目标函数值改善度降低57.03%。该方法不仅能提高车辆行驶稳定性,且可减小轮胎对路面的动载荷,已进一步证明该方法的有效性及可行性。     

基于遗传算法的连通式油气悬架平顺性与道路友好性参数优化

为了改善大型工程车辆平顺性和道路友好性,以七自由度整车连通式油气悬架为研究对象,建立了考虑各元件非线性、路面输入四轮相关性的ADAMS/Simulink/AMESim联合仿真模型及多目标优化函数,并应用遗传算法进行联合仿真优化。结果表明：在车速为60Km/h情况下,与优化前相比,车身总加权加速度均方根值降低了42.5％,平顺性得到大幅改善,道路友好系数降低了4.5％,道路友好性也得到小幅改善。基于遗传算法的多软件联合仿真优化方法可同时提高车辆平顺性与道路友好性,并为今后多轴车辆底盘性能的仿真研究提供了参考。     

车辆主动悬架的非线性路面自适应控制研究

针对不同的路面状况,提出一种车辆主动悬架的非线性路面自适应控制方法。采用增加高低通非线性滤波器的方法,对以车身垂直加速度和悬架动行程为目标的控制函数进行优化处理,并利用多滑模鲁棒控制方法,设计了一种主动悬架的非线性路面自适应控制器。进行了零动力学子系统的稳定性分析及系统频率特性分析,理论分析表明整个系统是渐进稳定的。仿真结果显示,在不同的路面激励信号作用下,都能取得较好的控制效果,与被动悬架相比,大大改善了乘座的舒适性及车辆的操纵性能。     

Statistical modelling of predicted non‐stationary vehicle vibrations

This paper describes a method to predict the vertical vibrations of road vehicles from measured pavement profiles. It discusses the limitations of current methods used for analysing and simulating vehicle vibrations and shows that more accurate characterization and simulation of the transport environment must take into account the non‐stationary nature of road vehicle vibrations. Vertical vibrations for typical transport vehicles under various operating conditions and pavement profiles are predicted using a computer model of the vehicle characteristics and analysed to produce the spectral and statistical characteristics. The paper also presents an improved method to compute the vibration intensity by using a dynamic segmentation data reduction technique. The effectiveness of the procedure to characterize the non‐stationarity of random vehicle vibrations is demonstrated. Finally, the paper deals with the statistical distribution of the vibration intensity and demonstrates how it can be adapted to a technique for the simulation the non‐stationary nature of random vehicle vibrations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Field evaluation and analysis of road subgrade dynamic responses under heavy duty vehicle

The study of dynamic responses of a layered road system under heavy duty vehicle is one of the most important areas in the field of transportation. This paper introduced a field testing programme of traffic-induced road vibration in Guangxi, China and investigated the subgrade vibration induced by a heavy duty truck with various axle weights and speeds through a series of field tests. The vertical stress and acceleration of the road subgrade at different depths from the tests were presented and analysed. According to the test road, a semi-analytical model of the layered road was established via the stiffness matrix method and the heavy duty vehicle was simulated by ten moving rectangular load pressures. Numerical results in the space domain were derived by performing Fast Fourier Transform and were used to compare its results with the field measurements. The agreement between the numerical and the field results was good, which indicates that the proposed method is useful in predicting the dynamic stress and acceleration of a multi-layered road structure.     

内置电磁阀式半主动悬架自适应反演控制

针对内置电磁阀式半主动悬架系统的非线性和簧载质量不确定性问题,设计了一种内置电磁阀式半主动悬架自适应反演控制算法.建立了内置电磁阀式减振器的数学模型和AMESim模型,并通过台架试验验证了该模型的正确性;基于该AMESim模型和1/4车半主动悬架动力学模型,设计了自适应反演控制算法,仿真分析了该控制算法下的不同簧载质量...     

基于车桥耦合振动的车辆舒适性分析

研究车桥耦合振动引起的车辆舒适性问题对合理设计桥梁结构,从而减小车桥耦合振动响应和提高司乘人员的乘坐质量具有重要意义。分别利用有限元法和达郎伯原理建立了大跨度公路斜拉桥三维模型和9个自由度的车辆空间模型。通过位移和力的协调条件将车桥两个子系统耦合起来,求解车桥系统的振动微分方程。基于计算机软件ANSYS中的APDL语言编写了求解振动微分方程迭代计算的命令流,以ISO2631-1―1997标准建立了评价车辆舒适性的方法,并据此分析了主跨为550m的福建长门大桥在多车辆通过时考虑不同车速和车重时的车辆动力响应和车辆舒适性。计算结果表明,随着车速的增加,车辆的动力响应增加,舒适性变差;而随着车重的增加,车辆的动力响应减小,舒适性变好。     

重型汽车主动悬架次优控制策略设计与分析

为合理设计汽车主动悬架次优控制策略、探讨不同次优控制策略对重型汽车行驶性能的影响,建立了四自由度汽车-路面系统动力学模型,采用改进模糊层次分析法进行性能指标赋权,设计了主动悬架的次优控制器,以车身质心加速度和道路破坏系数的线性加权和为指标,对不同次优控制策略进行评价优选,在时频域范围内对比分析了被动、最优和次优控制悬架的行驶性能差异。结果表明,不同次优控制策略对汽车行驶平顺性和道路友好性的影响差异明显,综合考虑状态变量可测性及测试成本,对车身和车轴加速度测量、并进行一次积分处理的次优控制策略性能最优;合理设计的次优控制悬架性能与最优控制相当或接近,且优于被动悬架,具有更好的实用性。     

Exploring new fields of virtual load prediction by accurate tire simulation for large deformations and flexible rim support

During the past ten years, there has been a significant trend in automotive design using low aspect ratio tires and increasingly run‐flat tires as well. In recent publications, the influence of those tire types on the dynamic loads – transferred from the road through the wheel into the car – have been examined pretty extensively, including comparative wheel force transducer measurements as well as computational results. It can be shown that the loads to the vehicle tend to increase when using low aspect ratio tires and particularly when using run‐flat tires. These tires provide higher stiffnesses while simultaneously introducing larger nonlinearities in the sidewall behavior [1–3]. Depending on manufacturer and the combination of vehicle size and wheel properties, these deformations can be so large that the tire belt and/or sidewall have contact with the rim crown (protected by the tire sidewall). The full vehicle simulation on virtual proving grounds is well established and important for the vehicle product development process. One of the most important subsystems in the virtual load assessment process, using full vehicle simulation is the tire model. The precision of that is essential for the overall accuracy of the virtual method. So the tendencies described above strongly require adaptations and improvements in the field of tire modeling. In 2007, Fraunhofer LBF together with Honda R&D started to examine the influences of low aspect ratio and run flat tires for the accuracy of full vehicle simulation results for durability relevant scenarios [3–5]. Those activities were the starting point for a four years joint activity to extend the usability of the virtual load prediction method by full vehicle simulation to application for which strong nonlinearities in the tire (large very transient deformation), but also in the vehicle model itself occur. As a part of that joint development, this paper summarizes the activities of Fraunhofer LBF to develop a dedicated tire model, which can accurately handle very large deformations of the tire up to misuse‐like applications. The model is based on the LBF tire model CDTire. In the first chapter several nonlinear extensions of the belt and sidewall model will be described which have been implemented to capture the large deformation behavior. These model extensions are also taking into account the belt‐to‐sidewall and sidewall‐to‐rim contact. To validate and to parameterize these model extensions, Fraunhofer LBF built a dedicated flat track test rig, which can be used to realize “roll‐over‐cleat” experiments using huge obstacles, so that belt‐to‐sidewall and sidewall‐to‐rim contact can be forced. This test rig will be described in chapter 2. The third chapter is dealing with the interface of the new tire model to a flexible rim. While the load transfer from road via tire into the vehicle is relatively easy to detect, for example by using wheel force transducers, the local forces acting on the rim flanges as well as on the wheel well (when e. g. passing a curb) are much more difficult to detect (in measurement as well as in simulation). LBF developed a method to detect local tire‐to‐rim interface forces and manage flexible rim simulation in Multi‐Body‐Simulation (LMS Virtual. Lab Motion – [6]). One key issue of the overall method is the capability of the tire model to predict local rim forces on the rim flanges in a suitable way. The second key issue is to combine the tire with a model of a flexible rim (which is embedded in a full vehicle MBS model). This method can be used to perform virtual load prediction of local, transient rim forces, which are the basis for CAE based fatigue life prediction of wheels applying typical durability test track and abuse load events.     

汽车半主动空气悬架参数自调整模糊控制

建立两自由度1/4车辆半主动空气悬架的非线性动力学模型，提出一种基于参数自调整的模糊控制系统结构的模型，并以C级路面为随机输入，对空气悬架系统进行了仿真分析。研究结果表明：该控制方法能够使车身垂直振动加速度、悬架动挠度和车轮动载荷得到较大的衰减，提高了汽车的操纵稳定性能和平顺性能。