2006年6月10日浙江飑线FY-2C卫星云图特征

利用FY-2C静止气象卫星云图和中尺度加密地面气象监测资料,采用Weiss-Smith方法、云顶亮温分层、多谱组合等定量分析技术对2006年6月10日发生在浙江中北部地区的一次冰雹和雷雨大风天气的飑线过程进行连续监测和对流云识别分析。FY-2C卫星云图定量分析结果表明这次飑线过程对流最旺盛期TBB低于230K(-44℃);长波红外分裂窗双谱组合Tc≤-4的低值区与强风暴天气影响区域相对应,Tc≤-7低值中心与强雷达回波区相对应;强对流天气区域与分布在沿对流云团前进方向的TBB梯度最大区域有很好的对应关系,强风暴天气发生区的移动路径与TV正梯度最大区域的移动路径相似。     

浙江飑线天气过程的对比分析

2005年5月两次飑线过程严重影响浙江省。针对这两次过程,利用天气雷达、卫星云图、实况资料及NCEP资料对比分析了飑线发生发展的环境条件、云图及回波特征,进而揭示出此类飑线发生发展的物理机制及可预报性。分析发现,两次飑线具有相似的环境特征,江淮低压冷锋南下型的地面形势是浙江境内产生飑线的主要背景场,低压系统东南方的水汽通量极值区往往是飑线的触发区;雷达回波中,飑线前沿的辐合带和中气旋是大风产生的重要特征;卫星云图中,云带移动前方的亮温梯度和大风相联系,并指示云带的移动方向,西南急流输送前方的对流单体得到能量和水汽供应发展更为旺盛。     

2010年8月1日关中西部强对流天气预报解析

利用常规气象资料、NCEP 1°×1°6h分析资料、卫星云图和宝鸡多普勒雷达资料,分析2010年8月1日发生在关中西部的强对流天气,总结预报失败的原因,结果表明:高空前倾槽的结构加大了大气的垂直不稳定,是引起此次强对流天气的重要原因;中高层干冷空气的侵入和地面冷锋触发了强对流天气发生,FY-2E卫星云顶亮温TBB逐时演变与中尺度对流云团生消有很好的对应关系,多普勒雷达的反射率、回波顶高等产品,可以提前1～2h预报预警强对流天气。     

辽宁长历时暴雨中尺度对流系统特征分析

选取发生在辽宁的3次典型长历时暴雨过程,利用NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析、FY-2E黑体亮温TBB、多普勒天气雷达和自动气象站等资料,分析了降水实况、天气形势背景、卫星红外云图、雷达回波的结构和强度变化的代表性特征。结果表明:辽宁长历时暴雨是在有利于产生暴雨的大尺度环流背景下,异常稳定的形势场导致冷暖空气在某一地区长时间相互对峙而形成的。该型暴雨的降水实况具有雨强变化小、强降水无明显阶段性特征和雨强变化大、强降水具有明显阶段性两种特征。一般性对流云团、暖云和深对流云团均可造成该型暴雨,其中一般性对流云团的云顶亮温变化幅度小,在-47～-36℃,暖云的云顶亮温在-8～3℃,深对流云团的云顶亮温-68～-50℃且强降水发生在云顶亮温低值中心偏向温度梯度大值区一侧。该型暴雨的雷达反射率因子强回波质心较低,表现为上游回波同一方向连续移入形成的"列车效应"、本地生成回波并不断加强以及不同方向的强回波先后移入影响三种类型,小时平均回波强度及其变化对降水强度和趋势有较好的指示意义。需要特别关注副热带高压西侧低层高能高湿、凝结高度低、整层近乎饱和且又具有局地地形抬升触发条件地区的暖云强降水的分析和监测。     

一次飑线风暴的环境条件和雷达回波特征分析

利用常规气象观测和新一代天气雷达监测资料,对大兴安岭地区加格达奇市2006年8月一次飑线天气的环境条件和雷达回波特征等分析发现：此次过程的影响系统高空槽为前倾结构,飑线发生在地面冷锋前,大气具有较强的不稳定层结,有利于上升运动,水汽充足,低层较强的垂直风切变使对流云团和弓形等线状回波生成并较长时间地维持和发展。对流云团位置与上升运动区域较为一致,产生飑线的强对流云团出现在中低层垂直速度梯度较大并靠近上升运动中心一侧,并位于低层比湿和水汽通量散度梯度较大区域即干锋附近以及K指数能量锋上。飑线弓形回波出现在一个中尺度椭圆状对流云团中心内部发展最强处。当云团向东北偏东方向移过加格达奇雷达站时,雷达反射率因子先后呈现出弓形、＂人＂字形等线状回波特征,当线状回波南端＂人＂字形顶部较强回波和后侧入流急流前方＂V＂型槽口的尖峰移经加格达奇时,带来了雷雨大风天气。     

贵州一次辐合线锋生极端暴雨过程的中尺度特征分析

利用地面常规观测资料及加密自动站观测资料、FY-2G卫星云图、多普勒天气雷达产品和ERA5再分析资料,对2021年5月10日贵州东部和北部的一次辐合线锋生极端暴雨过程中尺度特征进行分析,初步探讨其形成机制。结果表明：此次极端暴雨过程发生在低涡切变背景下,低层强盛的南风为中尺度对流系统发生发展输送了充足的水汽和不稳定能量,地面辐合线及锋生提供了触发条件,暴雨区主要位于云团云顶亮温低值中心西侧或南侧梯度大值区,并沿地面辐合线呈东西向带状分布,最强降水发生在对流云团合并阶段。辐合线锋生作用在其西侧频繁触发对流单体,新生对流单体沿地面辐合线东移发展,持续影响贵州东部和北部地区。在降水最强的两个阶段,雷达回波呈现暖云和悬垂结构特征。地面辐合线及其锋生、上游降水带来的降温增压以及持续增强的南风有利于暴雨区水汽辐合增强,而垂直方向上纬向、经向中尺度次级环流上升支正好位于特大暴雨中心附近,有利于中尺度对流系统维持和增强。     

低涡切变影响下云南强降水的中尺度特征分析

分析2002年6月6次强降水过程的逐时GMS-5红外云图TBB资料和加密多普勒雷达回波资料，结果表明：这6次大到暴雨天气过程都是在川滇低涡切变影响下，由中尺度系统造成的。在卫星云图上都是由MCC活动造成的，MCC云顶亮温都低于-75℃。大于40dBz的飑线、涡旋带状回波和中尺度絮状回波团直接产生这6次大到暴雨过程。     

一次冷锋南侧对流性暴雨诊断分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP资料、卫星、雷达和地面加密观测等资料,对2008年5月27-28日江西北部一次冷锋南侧(冷锋前)对流性暴雨过程进行天气动力学诊断分析和中尺度分析.结果表明:(1)对流性暴雨出现在冷锋前的主要原因是:各层槽线位置近于垂直,锋面陡峭,并出现前倾槽结构;冷锋前低层暖湿气流异常强盛,下暖湿上干冷使对流不稳定能量增强;当冷锋移近、气旋波发展东移和低空急流加强,触发了冷锋前对流不稳定能量释放.(2)本次暴雨具有明显中小尺度特征,共有4个β中尺度对流系统沿地面冷锋南侧发展东移,850 hPa的中尺度辐合线、地面中低压和中尺度辐合线、云顶亮温低值区、强回波区及雷达速度图上逆风区等均揭示中小尺度扰动系统存在,且中小尺度扰动系统与暴雨雨团对应很好.     

冀南地区一次强对流型强沙尘暴成因分析

利用常规观测资料、卫星云图、雷达及NECP等资料对2005年5月10日冀南地区强沙尘暴天气过程进行分析,探讨了这次强对流型沙尘天气的成因。结果表明,上冷下暖的垂直结构和午后地面受热增温,容易产生热对流不稳定;地面大风的形成主要源于冷锋前的飑线,雷达回波图上表现为典型的弓状回波,地面中尺度辐合线对飑线发生有重要的作用,高空急流的加强及其形成的次级环流使高空动量有效的下传到地面则是另一个重要原因;沙尘暴区位于高低空急流交汇的区域,700hPa螺旋度正值与高能舌重合区和高空300hPa螺旋度正值区梯度较大的地区,对流层螺旋度大小对沙尘暴预报有一定的指示意义。     

利用卫星、雷达资料分析龙卷发生的环境条件

利用FY-2E静止气象卫星云图和新一代天气雷达资料,结合常规天气资料对2010年5月15日发生在黑龙江省西部地区的龙卷天气进行分析.通过卫星云图分析环流特征和中尺度特征,讨论了产生龙卷的雷暴云团的形成环境和触发条件,利用天气雷达资料详细阐述了雷暴云团的发生发展过程和产生龙卷天气处的云图及雷达回波特征.结果表明:这次龙卷天气发生在高空槽和地面冷锋前,由多个小尺度对流发展成为α中尺度对流云团所引发的.大的湿度梯度、干侵入、垂直风切变和上干下湿的环境场为龙卷的发生提供了不稳定能量,地面冷锋提供了触发机制,雷暴云团在发展过程中不断生消与合并,在两个云团的交界处产生龙卷.雷达回波上环境大风、入流、下沉气流、中气旋、钩状回波,有界弱回波区等特征回波明显;风暴成熟时,钩状回波、有界弱回波区达到最大,高、中、低三层大风区清晰,下沉气流和入流开始相交并产生出流边界,龙卷就发生在该回波附近.     

Characteristics of ionic components in precipitation in Kitakyushu City,Japan

Precipitation samples were collected by filtrating bulk sampler in Kitakyushu City, Japan, from January 1988 to December 1990. Volume weighted annual mean of pH was 4.93, but the pH distribution indicated that most probable value lay in the range pH 6.0–6.4. Volume weighted annual mean concentrations of major ionic components were as follows; SO ₄ ^2– : 84.2, NO ₃ ^– : 28.1, Cl^–: 86.3, NH ₄ ⁺ : 45.5, Ca²⁺: 63.3, Mg²⁺: 27.0, K⁺: 3.4, Na⁺: 69.0 µ eq l^–1. The highest concentrations of these ionic components were observed in winter and the lowest occurred in the rainy season. The ratio of ex-SO ₄ ^2– /NO ₃ ^– exhibited the lowest ratio in summer, and the highest ratio in winter. Good correlations were obtained between Cl^– and Na⁺, ex-SO ₄ ²⁺ and ex-Ca²⁺, NO ₃ ^– and ex-Ca²⁺, and NH ₄ ⁺ and ex-SO ₄ ^2– , respectively. However, no correlation between Cl^– and Na⁺ with Ca²⁺ was observed. The relationship of H⁺ with (ex-SO ₄ ^2– + NO ₃ ^– ) - (ex-Ca²⁺ + NH ₄ ⁺ ) indicated positive correlation.     

Gaseous and Particulate Oxidized and Reduced Nitrogen Species in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer in Scandinavia in Spring

Observations of the concentration of several nitrogen containing compounds at five rural Scandinavian sites during March–June 1993 are reported. Total nitrate (NO ₃ ^- + HNO₃) and total ammonium (NH ₄ ⁺ + NH₃) were measured by denuder and filter pack. In general the methods agree well. At all sites the particulate fraction dominated, with the largest fraction of NO ₃ ^- and the lowest of NH ₄ ⁺ at the sites which were closest to the emission sources. The fraction of NO ₃ ^- of total nitrate increased with increasing NO₂ concentrations, indicating that the nighttime conversion of NO₂ to NO ₃ ^- is an important route of formation for NO ₃ ^- . A positive correlation was found between HNO₃ and O₃ in June at all sites, while no correlation was found early in the spring. Model calculations were made with a lagrangian boundary layer photooxidant model for the whole period, and compared to the measured concentrations. The calculated ratio between mean observed and modelled daily maximum concentrations of ozone over the measurement period were within +/–10% at all sites. The models ability to describe the daily ozone maximum concentration was satisfactory with an average deviation of 19–22% from the observed concentrations. HNO₃ was underestimated by over 50% at all sites except the one closest to the emission sources. The correlation between modelled and observed concentrations was generally best for the sites with shortest transport distance from the sources of emission.     

Trends in fog frequencies in the Los Angeles Basin

Data from throughout the Los Angeles area were examined to determine the horizontal distribution of dense fog (visibility < 400 m) in the region and trends over time. The relationship between the occurrence of dense fog to the phase of two atmosphere–ocean cycles: the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) measured by the PDO Index and the Southern Oscillation measured by the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) was investigated. In addition, the influence of the urban heat island and the amount of suspended particulate matter were assessed. For the three stations that had 22 or more years of data, we examined trends and the relation to atmosphere–ocean cycles. Results show a decrease in the occurrence of very low visibilities (< 400 m) at the stations in close proximity to the Pacific Ocean, Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) and Long Beach International Airport (LGB). Occurrence of the frequency of low visibilities at these two locations was also highly correlated with the phase of the PDO. Only a weak, non-statistically significant relationship was seen with the SOI. At Burbank, a reporting station about 30 km from the ocean, no trends were noted, and there was no evidence of a correlation with either the PDO Index or the SOI. In the Los Angeles Central Business District (CBD) when comparing dense fog occurrence in the early 1960s to a similar period in the early 2000s we saw a decrease in dense fog from a mean of 10 h per year to a mean of 3 h per year. Also contributing to the decrease was decreasing particulate pollution and increased urban warming. A downward trend in particulate concentrations coupled with an upward trend in urban temperatures were associated with a decrease in dense fog occurrence at both LAX and LGB. These trends were evident for the period 1966–1997, but appear to have ended by the late 1990s.     

内蒙古夏季不同气候区短时强降水检验及制定

利用1991—2015年夏季(6—8月)内蒙古地区111个国家气象站小时降水量资料,对内蒙古不同气候区(极干旱、干旱、半干旱、半湿润和湿润)短时强降水(1 h降水量≥20 mm)进行检验分析,采用累积概率方法定义内蒙古夏季不同气候区短时强降水。检验结果表明:内蒙古地区年平均降水量和小时降水量极值自西部极干旱区向东部半湿润、湿润区递增,高值区位于大兴安岭东部,次高值区位于阴山山脉以南。内蒙古极干旱区小时降水量极值低于20 mm,半湿润区和湿润区小时降水量极值高于50 mm,个别站点甚至达到100 mm以上。但在半湿润区和湿润区东部小时降水量超过20 mm年平均发生仅为1次,其余地区均1次。在内蒙古极干旱区、干旱区、半干旱区、半湿润区和湿润区小时降水量分别达到6.1、9.8、12.5、15.2和14.3 mm·h~(-1)属于极端降水事件,小时降水量≥20 mm不宜作为内蒙古短时强降水定义。综合上述研究,结合内蒙古地区地形、地貌等因素,将内蒙古极干旱区和干旱区短时强降水定义为5 mm·h~(-1),半干旱区、半湿润区和湿润区短时强降水定义为10 mm·h~(-1)。     

苏州城区大气边界层低空急流特征分析

利用2012年苏州城区风廓线雷达的观测资料,从低空急流个例分析入手,选取1、4、7、10月四个典型月份,分析该地区边界层低空急流的时空分布及强度变化特征。结果表明:冬春两季低空急流发生频率最高,夏季出现频率最低。在4个典型月份里低空急流均表现出日落后出现频率升高,夜间保持稳定,日出后出现频率降低的特征。全年有80%的低空急流分布在900 m以下高度上,冬、夏季平均高度最低。全年低空急流风速70%以上集中在4~12 m·s~(-1),小于4 m·s~(-1)和大于20 m·s~(-1)的低空急流出现频率较低。     

Desertification in Northern Sinai in the eighteenth century

Several natural and anthropogenic phenomena in the northern Sinai sand sea and the northern Negev desert were caused by desiccation of the area during most of the 17^th and the 18^th century. The dry phase had been preceded by a wet period. It appears that the combination of several wet decades followed by a long period of desiccation was the cause of desertification processes in the area which then triggered the destruction of vegetation.There is some congruity between the wet period and the period of maximum sunspot activity, known as theMedieval Maximum, while the desiccation of the area which followed coincided approximately with the period of minimum solar activity, known as theMaunder Minimum.     

Changing patterns in rainfall extremes in South Australia

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Daily rainfall records from seven stations in South Australia, with record lengths from 50 to 137&nbsp;years and a common period of 36&nbsp;years, are...     

Lateral coherence in isotropic turbulence and in the natural wind

A short review of experimental findings is given, followed by a theoretical derivation, based on Taylor's hypothesis, of formulas for lateral coherences. It is assumed that the flow is stationary and homogeneous. Explicit formulas are derived assuming an energy spectrum pertaining to the inertial subrange. Even when the last assumption is not fulfilled, there are only four different types of non-zero velocity coherences. These four coherences correspond to the combinations uu, vv, ww, and uv, where u, v, and w are the longitudinal, the transversal, and the vertical component of the turbulent velocity with respect to the direction of the horizontal mean wind velocity U. In the case of small displacements relative to the scale of turbulence, the coherences are shown to be universal functions of the non-dimensional frequency nD/¦U¦, where n is the frequency and D the lateral displacement. It is shown that these theoretical formulas for spectral coherences are in good agreement with atmospheric data. Finally, the role of the scale of the turbulence is discussed.     

Decadal Trends in Oxygen Concentration in Subsurface Waters of the Northeast Pacific Ocean

Previous studies have shown decreasing oxygen concentration (O₂) in subsurface waters of the continental slope from California to Canada since about 1980. With longer time series we show that from southern California to northern Canada increasing O₂ preceded these decreases from 1950 to about 1980. Because there has been no clear trend since 1950, we cannot yet conclude that anthropogenic climate change is the cause of these decreasing trends after 1980. These findings are based mainly on O₂ on the 26.7 potential density (σ_θ) surface in the region north of 30°N and east of 170°W, covering both the continental margin and deep-sea regions. On the continental slope, O₂ increased at most locations by 10 to 20?µmol?kg^?1 to about 1980, followed by declines of similar magnitude in recent years. Changes in O₂ were associated with changes in temperature of the opposite sign south of 37°N, but correlation of temperature and O₂ is irregular in more northerly locations. At all locations, temperature-related solubility change was a minor cause of these O₂ trends. In deep-sea waters, O₂ decreased with time with a more rapid decrease from about 1995 to about 2003. At Ocean Station P (OSP; 50°N, 145°W), which has the longest uninterrupted record of observations, significant linear trends of ?0.4 to ?0.5?µmol?kg^?1?y^?1 were found on the 26.5, 26.7, and 26.9 σ_θ surfaces. In addition, a significant sinusoidal oscillation of period 18.61 years and amplitude of 18?µmol?kg^?1 was found on the 26.9 σ_θ surface at OSP and a station 400?km to the east, which fits reasonably well with the lunar nodal cycle. The phase of this oscillation was identical at both locations. Clear evidence of similar variability did not emerge at other open-ocean locations or along the continental slope.     

Historical Trend in River Ice Thickness and Coherence in Hydroclimatological Trends in Maine

We analyzed long-term records of ice thickness on the Piscataquis River in central Maine and air temperature in Maine to determine whether there were temporal trends that were associated with climate warming. The trend in ice thickness was compared and correlated with regional time series of winter air temperature, heating degree days (HDD), date of river ice-out, seasonal center-of-volume date (SCVD) (date on which half of the stream runoff volume during the period 1 Jan. to 31 May has occurred), water temperature, and lake ice-out date. All of these variables except lake ice-out date showed significant temporal trends during the 20th century. Average ice thickness around 28 February decreased by about 23 cm from 1912 to 2001. Over the period 1900 to 1999, winter air temperature increased by 1.7 °C and HDD decreased by about 7.5%.Final ice-out date on the Piscataquis River occurred earlier (advanced), by 0.21 days yr^–1 over the period 1931 to 2002, and the SCVD advancedby 0.11 days yr^–1 over the period 1903 to 2001. Ice thickness was significantly correlated (P-value <0.01) with winter air temperature, HDD, river ice-out, and SCVD. These systematic temporal trends in multiple hydrologic indicator variables indicate a coherent response to climate forcing.