Dentin bonding of cements. The bonding of cements with dentin in combination with various indirect restorative materials

The number of both luting agents and restorative materials available on the market has rapidly increased. This study compared various types of luting agents when used to bond different indirect, laboratory restorative materials to dentin. Cylinders were produced of six restorative materials (gold alloy, titanium, feldspathic porcelain, leucite-glass ceramic, zirconia, and an indirect resin composite). Following relevant pretreatment, the end surface of the cylinders were luted to ground, human dentin with eight different luting agents (DeTrey Zinc [zinc phosphate cement], Fuji I [conventional glass ionomer cement], Fuji Plus [resin-modified glass ionomer cement], Variolink II [conventional etch-and-rinse resin cement], Panavia F2.0 and Multilink [self-etch resin cements], RelyX Unicem Aplicap and Maxcem [self-adhesive resin cements]). After water storage at 37 °C for one week, the shear bond strength of the specimens was measured and the fracture mode was examined stereo-microscopically. Restorative material and luting agent both had a significant effect on bond strength and there was a significant interaction between the two variables. The zinc phosphate cement and the glass ionomer cements resulted in the lowest bond strengths, whereas the highest bond strengths were found with the two self-etch and one of the self-adhesive resin cements.     

Mechanical properties of luting cements after water storage

This study determined the effect of water storage on flexural strength (FS) and compressive strength (CS) of 12 luting cements from different material classes. In addition, the influence of the curing method on the mechanical properties was investigated. The materials examined were two zinc phosphate cements (Harvard cement and Fleck's zinc cement), two glass ionomer cements (Fuji I and Ketac-Cem), three resin-modified glass ionomer cements (Fuji Plus, Fuji Cem and RelyX Luting), four resin cements (RelyX ARC, Panavia F, Variolink II and Compolute) and one self-adhesive universal resin cement (RelyX Unicem). The samples were prepared and tested according to ISO specifications. Specimens for FS and CS were loaded to fracture at a constant crosshead speed of 1 mm/minute. The mechanical properties were measured after the materials were stored in distilled water at a temperature of 37.0 +/- 1.0 degrees C for 24 hours and 150 days after mixing. In a one-way ANOVA, multiple mean value comparisons using Duncan's multiple comparison tests were performed. Resin cements had the highest flexural and compressive strengths, followed by self-adhesive universal resin cement. These materials were statistically stronger than resin-modified glass ionomer cements, glass ionomer cements and zinc phosphate cements.     

Immediate bonding effectiveness of contemporary composite cements to dentin

The objective of this study was to compare the one-week bonding effectiveness of nine contemporary composite cements used to lute ceramic to dentin and to determine an appropriate processing method for pretesting failures. The microtensile bond strengths (μTBS) of different luting agents including five self-adhesive cements (Unicem, 3 M ESPE; Maxcem, Kerr; Monocem, Shofu; G-Cem, GC; and Multilink Sprint, Ivoclar-Vivadent), two self-etch cements (Panavia F2.0 and Clearfil Esthetic Cement, Kuraray), and two etch-and-rinse cements (Calibra, Dentsply, and Variolink II, Ivoclar-Vivadent) were measured using a standardized protocol. As control, a two-step self-etch adhesive combined with a restorative composite (Clearfil SE+Clearfil APX, Kuraray) were included as luting material. Depending on the processing of the pretesting failures, two groups of cements could be distinguished: (1) those with low bond strength and many pretesting failures and (2) those with relatively high bond strength and few pretesting failures. Nevertheless, the control luting procedure involving a self-etch adhesive combined with a restorative composite presented with a significantly higher μTBS. The μTBS was clearly product-dependent rather than being dependent on the actual adhesive approach. Fracture analysis indicated that failure usually occurred at the dentin–cement interface especially for the cements with low bond strength and many pretesting failures. Depending on the cement system, an adequate immediate ceramic-to-dentin bond strength can be obtained, even with self-adhesive cements that do not use a separate dental adhesive. Yet, the self-etch adhesive Clearfil SE combined with the restorative composite revealed a superior bonding performance and should therefore be preferred in clinical situations where the restoration transmits light sufficiently.     

In vitro shear bond strength of cementing agents to fixed prosthodontic restorative materials

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Durable bonding to fixed prosthodontic restorations is desirable; however, little information is available on the strength of the bond between different cements and fixed prosthodontic restorative materials. PURPOSE: This study determined the shear-bond strength of cementing agents to high-gold-content alloy castings and different dental ceramics: high-strength aluminum oxide (Procera AllCeram), leucite-reinforced (IPS Empress), and lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (IPS Empress 2). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prepolymerized resin composite cylinders (5.5 mm internal diameter, n=20) were bonded to the pretreated surfaces of prosthodontic materials. High-gold-content alloy and high-strength aluminum oxide surfaces were airborne-particle-abraded, and pressable ceramics were hydrofluoric acid-etched and silanized prior to cementing. The cementing agents tested were a zinc-phosphate cement (Fleck's zinc cement), glass ionomer cements (Fuji I, Ketac-Cem), resin-modified glass ionomer cements (Fuji Plus, Fuji Cem, RelyX Luting), resin cements (RelyX ARC, Panavia F, Variolink II, Compolute), and a self-adhesive universal resin cement (RelyX Unicem). Half the specimens (n=10) were tested after 30 minutes; the other half (n=10) were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 14 days and then thermal cycled 1000 times between 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C prior to testing. Shear-bond strength tests were performed using a universal testing machine at a constant crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Statistical analysis was performed by multifactorial analysis of variance taking interactions between effects into account. For multiple paired comparisons, the Tukey method was used (alpha=.05). RESULTS: In a 3-way ANOVA model, the main factors substrate, cement, time, and all corresponding interactions were statistically significant (all P <.0001). In subsequent separate 1-way or 2-way ANOVA models for each substrate type, significant differences between cement types and polymerizing modes were found (all P <.001). None of the cement types provided the highest bonding values with all substrate types. CONCLUSION: After 14 days of water storage followed by thermal cycling, only the self-adhesive universal resin cement (RelyX Unicem) and 2 of the resin cements (Panavia F and Compolute) exhibited strong bond strengths to specific prosthodontic materials. In contrast, zinc-phosphate, glass ionomer, and resin-modified glass ionomer cements showed the lowest values of all tested cementing agents after 14 days of water storage followed by thermal cycling.     

极固宁对水门汀与牙本质间剪切强度的影响

目的：评价极固宁脱敏剂对5种水门汀剪切强度的影响。方法：收集双尖牙30颗。包埋牙齿,暴露牙本质面,用水砂纸打磨牙本质面。所有牙齿被分为实验组和对照组。实验组的牙本质面首先用极固宁脱敏处理,然后分别用5种水门汀将树脂小柱粘在牙本质表面。对照组的牙本质不涂脱敏剂,使用前述提到的水门汀粘固树脂小柱。所有试样放在37℃水浴中浸泡24h后测量剪切强度。结果：极固宁脱敏剂没有显著降低聚羧酸锌水门汀和玻璃离子水门汀的剪切强度,但却会使磷酸锌水门汀的剪切强度大幅下降。极固宁也使树脂加强玻璃离子水门汀和树脂水门汀的粘接强度下降。结论：极固宁对磷酸锌水门汀、树脂加强玻璃离子水门汀、树脂水门汀与牙本质间粘接强度有不利影响,对聚羧酸锌水门汀和玻璃离子水门汀与牙本质间粘接强度无不利影响。     

粘接界面处理对玻璃离子水门汀与复合树脂粘接强度的影响

目的 比较4种粘接剂对2种不同类型玻璃离子水门汀与复合树脂界面间粘接强度的影响.方法 选取传统型高强度玻璃离子FujiⅨ(F9)和树脂改良型玻璃离子FujiⅡLC(F2LC)为研究对象,将100个样本随机分为10组,每组10个样本,在样本中央制备窝洞后,随机选取5组样本,窝洞内置入F9,另外5组置入F2LC.样本界面分别采取不处理和4种不同类型的粘接剂,Clearfil SE Bond(SEB)、Clearfil S3 Bond(S3B)、Optibond Versa(OBV)及Single Bond 2(SB2)处理后,分别测定各组样本的剪切粘接强度.结果 OBV处理组的F9样本组获得最大的剪切粘结强度,未进行界面处理的F9样本组剪切粘结强度最小,其差异具有显著统计学意义.使用粘接剂处理后各组的粘接强度均显著增高.结论 粘接剂处理样本界面后显著提高玻璃离子与复合树脂间的粘接强度.自酸蚀粘接剂OBV使玻璃离子与复合树脂界面获得最大的粘接强度.     

粘接处理剂对自粘接树脂水门汀和RMGIC的牙本质粘接强度的影响

目的:实验评价牙本质粘接处理剂对自粘接树脂水门汀和树脂加强型玻璃离子水门汀(RMGIC)的牙本质微拉伸粘接强度的影响.方法:选用离体人无龋第三恒磨牙24颗,用低速切片机垂直于牙体长轴方向将磨牙冠(牙合)中1/3交界线处切开待用.实验组牙本质表面涂布牙本质粘接处理剂,对照组不涂粘接处理剂.后将试样分别用自粘接树脂水门汀(Unicem,3M ESPE;seT PP,SDI)或树脂加强型玻璃离子水门汀(Fuji CEM,GC)原位对位粘接.水浴中储存24h后,用低速切片机把样本切割成约1mm×1mm×8mm条状,随后进行微拉伸测试.用扫描电镜观察粘接界面形貌.结果:无论是否使用粘接处理剂,Unicem的牙本质粘接强度显著高于seT PP 和Fuji CEM(P <0.01).与对照组相比,实验组的粘接强度显著提高(P <0.05).结论:粘接处理剂表面处理增强自粘接树脂水门汀及树脂加强型玻璃离子水门汀的牙本质粘接强度.     

Microleakage and marginal gap of adhesive cements for noble alloy full cast crowns

Very limited comparative information about the microleakage in noble alloy full cast crowns luted with different types of adhesive resin cements is available. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microleakage and marginal gap of two self-adhesive resin cements with that of other types of adhesive luting cements for noble alloy full cast crowns. Fifty noncarious human premolars and molars were prepared in a standardized manner for full cast crown restorations. Crowns were made from a noble alloy using a standardized technique and randomly cemented with five cementing agents as follows: 1) GC Fuji Plus resin-modified glass ionomer cement, 2) Panavia F 2.0 resin cement, 3) Multilink Sprint self-adhesive resin cement, 4), Rely X Unicem self-adhesive resin cement with pretreatment, and 5) Rely X Unicem with no pretreatment. The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for two weeks and then subjected to thermocycling. They were then placed in a silver nitrate solution, vertically cut in a mesiodistal direction and evaluated for microleakage and marginal gap using a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed using a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn multiple range test at a p<0.05 level of significance. The Rely X Unicem (with or with no pretreatment) exhibited the smallest degree of microleakage at both tooth-cement and cement-crown interfaces. The greatest amount of microleakage was found for Panavia F 2.0 resin cement followed by GC Fuji Plus at both interfaces. No statistically significant difference in the marginal gap values was found between the cementing agents evaluated (p>0.05). The self-adhesive resin cements provided a much better marginal seal for the noble alloy full cast crowns compared with the resin-modified glass ionomer or dual-cured resin-based cements.     

Glass ionomers for infants, children, and adolescents

When practitioners fully understand the nature of the glass ionomer materials and use them within their limitations, their use can improve the quality of restorative dental care for young patients. The materials for young patients can be classified as luting cements, dentin replacement liners and bases, and glass ionomer dentin and enamel restorative material. Future research efforts should be directed toward improving the glass ionomer cement by increasing fracture toughness and wear resistance, decreasing hardening time, and simplifying the sensitive handling technique.     

Evaluation of glass ionomer luting cements

In the present study the three glass ionomer luting cements available on the Scandinavian market in June, 1982 were evaluated by comparison with a zinc phosphate and a zinc carboxylate cement. The following properties were tested: effective maximum grain size, retention, strength, bond strength to dentin, disintegration in and absorption of water and solubility in 0.001 n lactic acid. The glass ionomer cements proved to be fully acceptable luting materials.     

Shear bond strengths of two resin-modified glass ionomer cements to porcelain.

Shear bond strength of a composite resin adhesive (Concise) and two resin-modified glass ionomer cements (Fuji Ortho LC and Geristore) bonded to porcelain surface was tested. Orthodontic brackets were bonded to 120 porcelain disks (Finesse) etched with 9% HF. Samples were divided into six groups: (1) Concise, (2) Concise/silane, (3) Geristore, (4) Geristore/silane, (5) Fuji, (6) Fuji/silane. No statistical difference in mean shear bond strength was found between silanated Concise (15.8 MPa), Geristore (19.4 MPa), and Fuji (18.5 MPa) groups, which were significantly higher than nonsilanated groups. Porcelain fracture was observed in all silanated groups and nonsilanated Geristore group. We conclude that (1) silane increases bond strength to porcelain significantly for composite resin and resin-modified glass ionomer cement, (2) Concise, Geristore, and Fuji Ortho LC provide comparable shear bond strength to porcelain.     

Effect of four silane coupling agents on bonding of two resin-modified glass ionomer cements to a machinable ceramic

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of four silane coupling agents on the bond strength between two resin-modified glass ionomer cements and a machinable leucite glass ceramic. Ceramic specimens were ground with silicon carbide paper and cleaned with phosphoric acid. They were then conditioned and bonded with combinations of four silane coupling agents (GC Ceramic Primer, Clapearl Bonding Agent, Clearfil Mega Bond Porcelain Bonding Kit, and RelyX Ceramic Primer) and two resin-modified glass ionomer cements (Fuji Luting S and Fuji Lute). Shear bond strength was determined after 24-hour immersion in water or after thermocycling of 50,000 cycles. The results showed that every silane coupling agent significantly improved the bond strength. It was thus recommended that resin-modified glass ionomer cement be applied in conjunction with silane coupling agent when luting ceramic restorations.     

Evaluation of glass ionomer luting cements

Abstract – In the present study the three glass ionomer luting cements available on the Scandinavian market in June, 1982 were evaluated by comparison with a zinc phosphate and a zinc carboxylate cement. The following properties were tested: effective maximum grain size, retention, strength, bond strength to dentin, disintegration in and absorption of water and solubility in 0.001 n lactic acid. The glass ionomer cements proved to be fully acceptable luting materials.     

Metal-reinforced glass ionomers: their flexural and bond strengths to tooth substrates

This study compared the flexural strengths and bond strengths to dentin and enamel of two brands of silver-reinforced glass ionomers with their respective unfilled glass-ionomer cements for luting. The results led to the following conclusions. 1. No significant differences in bond strengths to tooth substrates were recorded between silver-reinforced and unfilled glass ionomers. 2. Although the mean bond-strength values of enamel were higher than those of dentin, no statistically significant differences were observed. 3. No significant differences in bond strengths to tooth substrates were observed between the two brands of glass ionomers studied. 4. No differences in flexural strengths were recorded between the silver-reinforced glass ionomer and glass ionomer of a similar brand for luting. 5. Ketac-Silver and Ketac-Cem cements had significantly higher flexural strength than Fuji II Lumi Alloy and Fuji I cements.     

In vitro shear bond strength of resin-based luting cements to dentin

The aim of this study was to determine how resin cement, self-adhesive resin cement, and resin-modified glass ionomer cement affected shear bond strength to dentin. Sixty composite resin disks (3 mm in diameter x 3 mm in length) were prepared and divided into four groups (n = 15): Group 1, composite disk bonded to dentin with composite resin and a bonding agent; Group 2, composite disk bonded to dentin with a self-adhesive resin cement; Group 3, composite disk bonded to dentin with a different self-adhesive resin cement; and Group 4, composite disk bonded to dentin with a resin-modified glass ionomer cement. The composite resin was loaded into a syringe (internal diameter 3 mm), photocured in an oven, and cut into 3 mm slices with a low-speed saw. The samples were bonded to dentin per the manufacturer's instructions. All specimens were stored in distilled water (at 37 degrees C) for 24 hours. The shear bond strength test was conducted using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until failure. Conventional resin cement and a bonding agent exhibited significantly higher shear bond strength values than all other materials tested.     

Effect of fluorosis on shear bond strength of glass ionomer-based restorative materials to dentin

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Several studies have investigated the adhesion of glass ionomer-based restorative materials to nonfluorotic teeth, but there appears to be no information on the bond strength of these restorative materials to dentin in fluorotic teeth. PURPOSE: This study investigated the effect of dental fluorosis on the bond strength of Ketac-fil conventional glass ionomer cement, Vitremer resin-modified glass ionomer cement, and Dyract polyacid modified resin to dentin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ninety posterior teeth were classified according to the severity of fluorosis, by using the Thylstrup and Fejerskov index, TFI. The teeth were divided into 3 equal groups (TFI = 0,TFI = 1-3, TFI = 4+) of 30 teeth, which were again divided into 3 equal subgroups for testing each of the3 restorative materials. Occlusal surfaces of mounted teeth were ground flat to expose dentin. Cylindrical specimens (4 mm diameter and 4 mm high) of the restorative materials were bonded to the middle of the cleaned exposed dentin surfaces, according to the manufacturers' instructions. After storing the specimens in 100% humidity at 37 degrees C for 24 hours, shear bond strengths of the restorative materials were measured with an Instron testing machine at crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. RESULTS: Two-way analysis of variance and Tukey-B test revealed that Dyract had significantly higher shear bond strength to dentin than Ketac-fil or Vitremer cements, regardless of severity of fluorosis (P <.05). Furthermore, there was an inverse relationship between shear bond strength and the severity of fluorosis for each of the restorative materials. Cohesive mode of failure was most prevalent in nonfluorotic teeth (TFI = 0), especially with Ketac-fil cement, whereas Dyract cement had the greatest propensity for adhesive failure. CONCLUSION: Fluorosis reduces the shear bond strength of glass ionomer-based restorative materials to dentin.     

The effect of adhesive luting agent-dentinal surface interactions on film thickness.

This study investigated the effect of luting agent-dentinal surface interactions on the film thicknesses of new adhesive luting agents. The method was in compliance with American National Standards Institution/American Dental Association (ADA) Specification No. 8 for zinc phosphate cement. In the control groups the luting agents were placed between two glass plates, as described in ADA Specification No. 8, but in the test groups the luting agents were positioned between a glass and a dentinal plate. The materials selected were zinc phosphate cement, glass ionomer cement, polycarboxylate cement, and a resinous cement with a dentinal bonding agent. A two-way analysis of variance was performed, and t tests were computed to compare glass with the dentinal plate within each material. Zinc phosphate and glass ionomer cements exhibited a significant decrease in film thickness when measured in contact with dentin, as compared with contact with the glass plate. However, polycarboxylate cement and the resinous cement with its dentin bonding agent showed a slight nonsignificant increase when contacting dentin, as compared with the glass plate. An explanation was offered and suggestions were made regarding future research.     

Influence of types and surface treatment of dental alloy and film thickness of cements on bond strength of dental luting cements

The goal of this study was to test the influence of the type and oxidation treatment of dental casting alloys on the tensile bond strength of luting cements. Also, the influence of film thickness of luting cements on the tensile bond strength of different dental casting alloys was examined. Four different luting cements (zinc phosphate, polycarboxylate, glass ionomer and adhesive resin cements) and four different dental casting alloys (Au-Ag-Cu, Ag-Pd, hardened Ag-Pd and Ni-Cr alloys) were used. Cylindrical alloy rods for the tensile bond strength test were casted, and then, top surfaces of the rods were cemented with each luting cement to the bottom surfaces of other rods, using the film thickness adjustment apparatus. The film thickness of luting cement was adjusted to 20, 30, 50, 75 or 100 microns. The tensile bond strengths of each cement to different casting alloys at each film thickness were measured one day after the rods had been cemented. The tensile bond strength of the zinc phosphate cement could not be determined in this study due to the separation of the alloy rods cemented with the zinc phosphate cement in water before the tensile test. The tensile bond strength to the adhesive resin cement to any alloy showed the greatest strength; however, that of the glass ionomer cement to any alloy was the lowest strength among the cements examined. The Ni-Cr alloy had the highest bond strength of any luting cement, compared to other alloys. The tensile bond strengths of luting cements significantly decreased with the increase in film thickness of cement layer. The adhesive resin cement had the greatest bond strength, and the glass ionomer cement was the lowest bond strength at any film thickness. The oxidation treatment significantly increased the bond strength of the adhesive resin cement to both Au-Ag-Cu and Ag-Pd alloys. The tensile bond strength of the adhesive resin cement was most dependent upon the film thickness of cement layer, and that of the polycarboxylate cement was least dependent upon the film thickness of cement layer among the cements examined. In addition, the oxidation treatment for precious alloys could be a factor contributing to the increase in the bond strength of the adhesive resin cement.     

Shear bond strength of resin-modified restorative glass-ionomer cements to dentin--an in vitro study

An in vitro study was carried out on 40 periodontally involved, caries free human maxillary and mandibular molars to evaluate shear bond strength of resin- modified restorative glass-ionomer cements to dentin. Teeth were divided into four groups, Group I--Fuji II (Conventional glass ionomer) Group II (Fuji II LC), Group III (Vitremer), Group IV (Geristore). Shear bond strength was tested using a transaxial testing machine. Results showed that shear bond strength of all resin-modified restorative glass-ionomer cements was higher than conventional glass ionomer (Fuji II) tested. No statistical difference was found between Fuji II LC and Geristore. However, bond strength of Vitremer was lower than Fuji II LC and Geristore but higher than Fuji II.     

桩-粘接剂-根管内壁牙本质界面的拉曼光谱分析

目的本实验采用显微激光拉曼光谱仪观测根管内壁牙本质- 粘接剂- 桩粘接界面的物质过渡变化,了解不同粘接材料与根管内壁牙本质的结合方式,探讨不同粘接剂对桩固位力影响的原因。方法将钛桩和玻璃纤维桩分别使用磷酸锌黏固剂、玻璃离子黏固剂和树脂粘接材料粘着于离体牙根管内,用显微激光拉曼光谱仪分别测量其光谱,并与粘着前粘接底物和粘接剂的光谱进行对比,探讨粘接前后的光谱变化。结果磷酸锌黏固剂- 牙本质和玻璃离子黏固剂- 牙本质界面未见改变,而树脂- 牙本质及树脂- 玻璃纤维桩界面可见明显激光拉曼光谱混合带改变。结论显微激光拉曼光谱仪是研究修复粘接界面的有效手段。不同粘接材料与牙本质结合方式不同,本实验使用的树脂类粘接材料可渗入到根管内壁及玻璃纤维桩材料内。