修正等时试井方法在大牛地气田的应用

修正等时试井作为适用于致密低渗气藏气井产能试井的方法，以其测试时间短等优点，在国内外气田得到广泛应用。针对大牛地致密低渗气田气井修正等时试井资料分析时，不稳定产能曲线偏离第一不稳定点的现象及修正等时试井理论的不严格性，采用叠加原理，在理论分析的基础上，对修正等时试井资料的现行分析方法进行了剖析；探讨了现行方法的不准确性，定量分析了现行方法的误差；提出了一种改进的修正等时试井资料分析方法。该方法不仅保持了修正等时试井的优点，而且使修正等时试井具有等时试井的功能，即精度高，测试时间短。改进分析方法的精度一般依赖于叠加分析的斜率，因此获得准确的叠加分析斜率是保证正确应用改进分析方法的基础^[1]。     

基于接收温度调控的TPU熔体静电直写可控沉积

通过调控接收板温度，实现了热塑性聚氨酯材料的熔体静电直写制备。通过模拟发现，当纺丝距离为5 mm时，接收板温度升高后，纺丝区间内温度呈线性提高，有利于减缓射流的冷却速度。通过实验探究了不同接收板温度对熔体静电直写制备热塑性聚氨酯材料纤维直径、形貌、沉积精度以及三维网格形貌的影响。实验表明，当接收板温度为80℃时，平均纤维直径与40℃时相比，降低了27.7%;当接收板温度100℃时，纤维沉积误差与60℃时相比，降低了46.8%;当接收板温度为80～100℃时，能够制备稳定的三维纤维结构；当接收板温度为120℃时，射流无法凝固为纤维。     

椰壳纤维增强环氧树脂复合格栅的制备及性能研究

以椰壳纤维为增强材料，制备了椰壳纤维增强环氧树脂复合格栅，通过多肋格栅拉伸试验，研究了椰壳纤维含量、长度和肋条间距对复合格栅的影响。结果表明，随着椰壳纤维含量的增加，拉伸屈服力先增大后减小，在椰壳纤维含量为1%时达到最大值，且当椰壳纤维含量超过1%时，复合格栅的拉伸特性将低于纯环氧树脂时的拉伸特性；随着椰壳纤维长度的增加，复合格栅的拉伸屈服力也出现了先增大后减小的规律，当纤维长度为1 cm时，达到最大值，此时的拉伸屈服力相比于纯环氧树脂格栅时的提高了34.33%；相比于纤维长度和含量对复合格栅的影响，肋间距对复合格栅的影响更明显，当肋间距为1 cm时，拉伸屈服力达到最大值。     

机床大修、导轨电接触表面淬火

介绍了我厂机修车间在机床大修时，利用落地式导轨磨床，安装了1台自制的淬火机，对机床的磨损导轨，经磨床修复后，直接进行电接触表面淬火的工艺，以及淬火时的组织、性能、淬火时产生的缺陷和防止措施及操作注意事项。     

多点卸料盘式熟料输送机的使用和改造

输料时，托盘整体水平地与链条一起移动；卸料时，滚轮从卸料弯轨上滚过，而托盘转轴仍与链条一起水平移动，托盘在重力作用下转动一定的角度，物料被倒空，达到卸料目的。为防止活动导轨打开或关闭时，滚轮正好滚过活动导轨，设计了一套接近开关装置，即在链条上安装了１个接近板，在卸料装置壳体上安装了１个接近开关，只有在接近板和接近开关相遇时，活动导轨才能打开或关闭。由于输送机运行中托盘开口始终向上，所以能方便的实现双向送料和多点卸料。２存在问题和改造措施２．１托盘在尾部改向时不能反转在尾轮部位托盘运动方向反转时，…     

浮法玻璃熔窑火焰空间石油焦部分替代重油燃烧的数值模拟

针对浮法玻璃熔窑火焰空间建立模型并进行了数值模拟，在保证热值相同的前提下，对比研究了重油燃烧及将石油焦部分替代重油燃烧时的流场分布特征。结果表明，石油焦部分代替重油燃烧后，两种燃料可很好地混合燃烧，窑炉内温度制度基本不受影响；石油焦着火时间比重油长，两种燃料混合燃烧时平均着火点滞后于仅使用重油时，且燃烧路径更长，燃烧时产生了大量CO，整个火焰空间及烟气出口处NOx的平均排放量与仅使用重油相比降低了30.02%，NOx减排效果明显。     

尼龙1212/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的制备与性能研究

通过插层聚合制备了尼龙1212／蒙脱土纳米复合材料，研究了反应条件、蒙脱土含量对复合材料性能的影响，并分析了原因。结果表明，聚合时加搅拌所制备复合材料的性能优于未加搅拌的，反应温度为240℃时复合材料的拉伸强度最高；蒙脱土含量为4％时，复合材料的拉伸强度达到最大值，比纯尼龙1212提高18．9％，蒙脱土含量为6％时，复合材料的缺口冲击强度最高，比纯尼龙1212提高21．3％。     

云南昆明一家化工厂氯气泄漏约50人被送医院

云南省安宁市一家化工厂在氯气发生泄漏后，没有及时报警，而是选择自行处置，在处置无效后才报警求援，导致了事故抢险的延误，50多名工人被送到医院进行治疗。2009年7月13日18时40分左右，云南省安宁市禄腋镇一家化工厂发生了氯气泄漏事故，在自行处置无效之后，当晚22时20分，这家化工厂报了警。据了解，当日18时40分左右，这家化工厂一个装有0．4m。氯气储气罐发生了泄漏，厂方先是自行对泄漏点进行了封堵，但一直没能成功。到了22时20分，才报了警。而医院收治约50名工人，大部分是化工厂旁一家电池公司的员工。     

无润滑空气压缩机冷却水系统的清洗

介绍了无润滑空气压缩机冷却水系统结垢的危害性，阐述了清洗的原理，提出了清洗时应注意的工艺参数，操作时的注意事项和由此带来的经济效益。     

表面活性剂对土壤石油污染物微生物降解的影响

选用了四种表面活性剂对辽河油田石油污染土壤微生物降解的影响进行了研究。研究表明，表面活性剂在浓度低于50mg/L时，促进作用和抑制作用都不明显；而当浓度高于100mg/L时，即高浓度时，对微生物除油有显著抑制作用。当添加H2O2和不同氮源时，发现与上述结果相类似。     

有分离器的环流反应器的气含率研究

炼油工艺原料的重质化,劣质化越来越严重,人们对环境的保护意识增强,对轻质油品质量的要求提高,而环流反应器因具有结构简单、操作方便、能耗低、传质及传热效果好等特点受到越来越多的关注.研究了有分离器带翅片倒流筒的环流反应器气含率.实验在室温、压力0.2 MPa、水-空气两相物系的实验条件下,以有分离器带翅片导流筒的环流反应器(高为1370 mm、直径为100 mm)为主要研究对象.实验研究了表观气速、轴向高度、底部间隙、顶部间隙、翅片导流筒以及气液分离器与上升区局部气含率和整体平均气含率的关系.     

双介质阻挡放电低温等离子体对模拟堆肥气体中氨气的去除

针对固体废物堆肥设施氨气污染问题，本文首次运用双介质阻挡放电低温等离子体（DDBD）技术去除模拟堆肥气体中的氨气。考察了输入功率、氨气流速、氨气初始浓度、反应器放电间隙、氧气含量等参数对氨气去除率和低温等离子体系统能量效率的影响，并分析了副产物的生成情况及其影响因子。研究结果表明，氨气去除率与输入功率和氧气含量呈正相关，与氨气流速和氨气初始浓度呈负相关。低温等离子体系统的能量效率与氨气流速、氨气初始浓度、氧气含量均正相关，但随输入功率的增加先升高后降低。研究发现，在所设定的反应条件下，4mm放电间隙反应器的能耗最低，能量效率最高。O₃和NO_x是DDBD去除氨气的反应副产物，其浓度均与氧气含量呈正相关，均呈现随输入功率的增加先升高后降低的趋势。     

From Surfaces to Interfaces: Ambient Pressure XPS and Beyond

The rapidly increasing field of surfaces under ambient conditions of temperature, and pressure in gas and liquid environments, reflects the importance of understanding surface properties in conditions closer to practical situations. This has been enabled by the emergence in the last two decades of a number of new techniques, both spectroscopy and microscopy, that can deliver atomic scale information with the required surface/interface sensitivity. Here we present a short review of recent advances to illustrate the novel understanding derived from the use of new techniques focusing on the gas–solid interface, where two barriers have been bridged: the pressure gap, and the temperature gap. The later gap is very important when dealing with weakly bound molecules, where only by the presence of gas at a suitable pressure can a measurable coverage of adsorbed molecules be achieved. The temperature gap manifests also in the removal of kinetic barriers. Future developments to continue extending the range of pressures are also mentioned. Finally, new challenges that appear, both from X-ray and electron-induced damage to the sample, and from contamination under high pressure of desired gases, while maintaining very low pressures of undesirable ones.     

Ozone Synthesis and Decomposition in Oxygen-Fed Pulsed DBD System: Effect of Ozone Concentration,Power Density,and Residence Time

The process of ozone production in pure oxygen was studied. It was shown how the ozone concentration changes along the discharge gap, both during its generation and decomposition processes. The effect of ozone inlet concentration, power, and gas residence time on ozone concentration was analyzed. It has been shown that concentrated ozone is easily decomposed at very low discharge powers, i.e., when the increase of the average gas temperature in the gap is negligibly small. It was hypothesized that the most intense decomposition takes place in the microdischarge channels, because the process of gas heating in the gap begins inside them.     

Destabilisation of homogeneous bubbly flow in an annular gap bubble column

Experimental results are presented to show that there are very significant differences in the mean gas void fractions measured in an open tube and a annular gap bubble column, when operated at the same gas superficial velocity, using a porous sparger. Measurements were carried out in a vertical 0.102 m internal diameter column, with a range of concentric inner tubes to form an annular gap, giving diameter ratios from 0.25 to 0.69; gas superficial velocities in the range 0.014–0.200 m/s were investigated. The mean gas void fraction decreases with increasing ratio of the inner to outer diameter of the annular gap column and the transition to heterogeneous flow occurs at lower gas superficial velocities and lower void fractions. Two reasons are proposed and validated by experimental investigations: (1) the presence of the inner tube causes large bubbles to form near the sparger, which destabilise the homogeneous bubbly flow and reduce the mean void fraction; this was confirmed by deliberately injecting large bubbles into a homogeneous dispersion of smaller bubbles, and (2) the shape of the void fraction profiles changes with gap geometry and this affects the distribution parameter in the drift‐flux model. Both of these effects serve to reduce the mean gas void fraction in an annular gap bubble column compared to an open tube at the same gas superficial velocity.     

Low-E玻璃U值及其影响因素的计算分析

应用传热学原理,分析了Low-E玻璃构件传热基本过程,给出了总传热系数U值计算的详细表达式,并在计算机上进行了数值计算,研究了各种参数对U值的影响。计算结果表明:玻璃厚度对U值影响不明显;影响U值的主要因素是气体间隔层厚度和玻璃的辐射率;随着气体间隔层厚度增加,U值逐渐降低,达最低值后缓慢上升,有一个最佳的厚度;随着辐射率降低,U值逐渐降低,但U值与辐射率并不呈现简单的线性关系,对给定的Low-E玻璃构件,有一个极限U值。     

Low-E中空玻璃最佳气体间隔层厚度的研究

在综合文献资料的基础上,给出了Low-E中空玻璃系统U值和Sc值的计算公式。根据U值计算结果,研究了玻璃厚度、配置情况,3#面玻璃辐射率,填充气体种类和环境条件等对最佳气体间隔层厚度的影响。研究结果对于Low-E中空玻璃设计、生产和应用有一定指导和参考价值。     

BCL407型高压离心式压缩机轴向推力的计算

详细分析了离心叶轮外侧间隙内泄漏气体的流动规律和离心式压缩机轴向推力的组成。建立了离心叶轮盘、盖外侧间隙内泄漏气体流动的计算模型,采用了低Ｒｅ数κ ε紊流模型,并用ＳＩＭＰＬＥＣ方法求解控制方程。分别计算了离心叶轮盘、盖两侧不同间隙宽度及不同泄漏流量大小时的压力沿径向的分布。对一台化工用ＢＣＬ４０７型高压离心式压缩机高压缸的轴向推力进行了计算,结果令人满意。     

An experimental study of gas void fraction in dilute alcohol solutions in annular gap bubble columns using a four-point conductivity probe

The influence of alcohol concentration on the gas void fraction in open tube and annular gap bubble columns has been investigated using a vertical column with an internal diameter of 0.102 m, containing a range of concentric inner tubes, which formed an annular gap; the inner tubes had diameter ratios from 0.25 to 0.69. Gas (air) superficial velocities in the range 0.014–0.200 m/s were investigated. Tap water and aqueous solutions of ethanol and isopropanol, with concentrations in the range 8–300 ppm by mass, were used as the working liquids. Radial profiles of the local void fraction were obtained using a four-point conductivity probe and were cross-sectionally averaged to give mean values that were within 12% of the volume-averaged gas void fractions obtained from changes in the aerated level. The presence of alcohol inhibited the coalescence between the bubbles and consequently increased the mean gas void fraction at a given gas superficial velocity in both the open tube and the annular gap bubble columns. This effect also extended the range of homogeneous bubbly flow and delayed the transition to heterogeneous flow. Moreover, isopropanol results gave slightly higher mean void fractions compared to those for ethanol at the same mass fraction, due to their increased carbon chain length. It was shown that the void fraction profiles in the annular gap bubble column were far from uniform, leading to lower mean void fractions than were obtained in an open tube for the same gas superficial velocity and liquid composition.     

Low Temperature Distillation Through Hydrophobic Membranes

Abstract

The use of hydrophobia porous membranes makes it possible to maintain liquid-vapour interfaces localized at a membrane surface. Based on that, thermally driven separation processes were obtained through the membrane and thoroughly analyzed both experimentally and theoretically, Two experimental conditions were used: i) the porous membrane is in direct contact with two liquid aqueous phases on both sides and the vapour phase is trapped inside the pores (capillary distillation); ii) on one side of the porous membrane there is a warm aqueous solution, while an additional gaseous gap is maintained on the opposite side of the porous membrane; the vaporizing component diffuses through the entire gas phase and condenses at a cold surface confining the gaseous gap (cold wall distillation).

The mathematical model, describing both the separation rate and the energy flux is presented and compared with the experimental results. The influence of the gas membrane thickness is also discussed.