油田石油地质实验室计量量值溯源探讨

从石油地质实验室标准样品的量值溯源工作出发,结合油田地质勘探和开发实际样品分析中遇到的问题,探讨了石油地质实验室与国际接轨后如何有效地做好标准样品的量值溯源工作,对提高石油勘探开发检测数据的准确性具有重要意义。     

原油大流量计量量值溯源体系建设的探讨

阐述了长庆油田原油大流量计量量值溯源体系建设的必要性,通过对长庆油田原油大流量计量现状和存在问题分析,提出了在目前原油大流量工作计量标准的基础上,如何建立油田最高等级的"国家级"原油大流量计量标准,以实现不同等级的大流量工作计量标准和各类工作计量器具量值的有效溯源。     

浅谈天然气流量量值溯源

分析了天然气流量量值溯源所具有的特殊性,介绍了天然气流量量值溯源的重要组成部分,其中对国际上具有代表性的MT法、HPPP法和PVTt法天然气流量原级标准装置的工作原理、不确定度范围及应用作了重点介绍。指出,增加核查标准装置和积极参加天然气量值国际比对活动对提高我国天然气流量量值溯源工作的重要意义。     

新疆区域内液体流量标准装置计量能力评价

为了客观评价新疆区域内液体流量标准装置的计量能力,新疆计量院开展了一次全疆范围内的液体流量标准装置比对工作,共有7个单位参加。比对的传递标准为一台质量流量计和一台电磁流量计,采用花瓣式传递路线,在42天的时间内顺利完成;以主导实验室的数据作为参考值,并结合传递标准稳定性、重复性等数据确定参考值的不确定度;依据各参比实验室提交的实验数据进行En值计算;结果显示A1实验室的2个流量点的En值均大于1,其他实验室和其他流量点的En值均小于1。依据评价准则,判定A1实验室比对结果为不满意,其他实验室比对结果为满意。比对合格率为86%,对A1实验室整改后再次进行比对试验,比对结果为满意。此次比对充分评价了新疆范围内液体流量计量的整体能力,保证了全疆范围内液体流量计量仪表量值溯源的准确性和一致性。     

对ISO技术报告TR 24094的几点认识——兼论能量计量的不确定度评价

从天然气能量计量涉及的3种测量方法:流量测量、热量计测定发热量和气相色谱法测定组成,分别讨论了它们的溯源性;并指出对后2种测量方法我国目前尚未建立完善的溯源链,ISO标准体系中若干有关天然气分析的溯源准则及称量法制备标准气混合物的重要标准也尚未转化为我国国家标准。为了满足GB/T 18603中对A级站天然气能量计量的不确定度要求,对有关科研和标准化工作提出了若干建议。     

采油厂自控仪表使用维护及检定

针对数字化油田建设中配备自控仪表在选型、维护和现场校验过程中存在的方法、标准问题,提出了采用现场校验和实验室检定相结合方法,以实现仪表量值溯源,并对部分仪表进行了现场校验尝试,取得了一定效果。     

天然气分析的溯源性问题

本文根据国际标准化组织(ISO)的有关文件.讨论了天然气分析溯源性的技术特点、溯源与应用标准气混合物的关系、溯源与分析系统操作评价的关系等问题,并通过具体例子阐明了天然气分析溯源的实施方式和步骤.     

美国石油学会油气管道标准研究

针对我国油气管道行业采用国际标准和国外先进标准工作的需求,介绍了美国石油学会API标准的工作程序和管理模式。分别从研究领域、标准溯源性、标准可操作性、标准体系、标准延续性等方面阐述了API标准的先进性。系统梳理了API油气管道标准目录,以及国内标准采标情况。结合我国油气管道行业API标准采标工作,分别从企业标准采标、油气管道国外标准梳理、API标准研究重点、采标标准版本变更、借鉴API先进经验等方面提出了建议。     

石油企业建立计量标准应注意的问题

为满足石油企业内部非强检计量器具的量值溯源工作,本着经济、高效的原则建立计量标准,并以此为出发点阐述了建立计量标准应注意的若干问题,如建立计量标准的依据、计量标准装置及配套设备的选型、检定或校准人员的配置等。     

标准在实验室认可中的应用

分析了实验室认可中出现的不符合项是由于对标准的理解差异,论述了认可过程应做的基础工作,从而减少不符合项的产生,建立标准体系,提高实验室检验能力,顺利通过实验室认可。     

The integration between marketing and purchasing in the traceability process

This paper provides an overview of the implications of integrating marketing and purchasing offered by traceability. The research offers some evidence of the adoption of different traceability approaches by actors along the supply chain, illustrating the relevance of the traceability issue and how traceability can be exploited. The paper presents findings from a case analysis process of five actors in the fashion industry. This industry has experienced strong integration between industrial and retail functions and relevant changes in the organisation of production networks (global shift of production to new industrialized countries and emerging markets) which place emphasis on the traceability topic. Traceability emerges as a complex concept that concerns the sharing of information about the product and production processes along the supply chain in BTB networks up to the consumers in the final market. The issue analysed focuses on organising, with a discussion of two different uses of traceability: traceability as a tool for inter-organisational control and traceability as a tool for market power. The two approaches give rise to different implications at the individual company and business network levels. The traceability process has intraorganisational consequences in terms of contents, technologies and actors involved in its implementation. These consequences are different according to the role played by the process.     

A choice experiment model for beef: What US consumer responses tell us about relative preferences for food safety,country-of-origin labeling and traceability

Several food safety issues have prompted questions regarding the role of country-of-origin labeling, traceability, and food safety inspections in consumers’ perceptions of food safety and quality. The importance of origin-labeling and traceability have been discussed in the EU for some time. North American cases of mad cow disease have led to increased discussions of these topics in the US, however, relatively little research has been conducted to examine the value US consumers place on these attributes. Choice experiments were used to analyze US consumers’ relative preferences and willingness-to-pay for these meat attributes in labeled ribeye beef steaks. Relatively speaking, consumers value certification of USDA food safety inspection more than any of the other choice set attributes, including country-of-origin labeling, traceability and tenderness. As a result, indication of origin may only become a signal of enhanced quality if the source-of-origin is associated with higher food safety or quality.     

Traceability adoption at the farm level: An empirical analysis of the Portuguese pear industry

Traceability is becoming a condition to operate in European food markets. Retailers impose more stringent standards than what is mandatory. An example is EurepGAP, a quality standard for good agricultural practices that imposes traceability as a main obligation. This research investigates the choice of traceability at the farm level in the Portuguese pear industry. Results suggest that in this industry farm-level adoption of EurepGAP traceability is best explained by the choice to sell to the United Kingdom (UK). For farmers selling to the UK, the odds of choosing the EurepGAP traceability level are significantly linked to membership in particular producer organizations, farm productivity, producing products under a protected designation of origin (PDO), and farmer’s age. While retailers and farmer organizations seem to drive traceability, policy adjustments may be required to reduce adoption costs upstream and extend compliance among producers that sell directly to consumers and market independently.     

The consequences of voluntary traceability system for supply chain relationships. An application of transaction cost economics

This paper analyses the effects of voluntary traceability on vertical relationships within food supply chains using a transaction cost perspective. The analysis makes reference to the Italian situation where the national standard organization has introduced a private standard for traceability that provides a higher degree of information associated with the individual product than the European mandatory traceability system. A survey was conducted by questionnaire to assess changes in transaction characteristics, costs and governance after the introduction of voluntary traceability. The sample represents all Italian firms applying this standard. Factorial and cluster analyses were applied to find the different reorganizations of transactions. The results highlight an increase in asset specificity and a decrease in the uncertainty level throughout the supply chains. The introduction of voluntary traceability shows increased vertical coordination for firms that previously used oral agreements and variation in transactions conditions for firms using contracts. Instead vertically integrated firms do not reveal any variation in the governance of transactions as they are already internally safeguarded.     

International cattle ID and traceability: Competitive implications for the US

Global standards for animal identification and traceability are evolving rapidly. Major world animal health, trade, and food safety organizations have formally recognized the importance of, and actively promoted, animal identification and traceability system development. Advanced animal traceability systems have been deployed by major beef exporters and are increasingly being adopted by important beef importing countries. This study summarizes and compares animal identification systems across major export and import countries. Results reveal that the United States lags behind both major export and import countries in development and adoption of cattle identification and tracing systems. As such, the United States has placed itself in a vulnerable position relative to competing export countries with respect to demonstrated animal traceability. This status could adversely affect market access in the future for US beef exports.     

Why is the food traceability system unsuccessful in Taiwan? Empirical evidence from a national survey of fruit and vegetable farmers

Food traceability systems allow the consumers or administrative authorities to trace the origins or ingredients of food products. Given the expressed concerns for food safety, the promotion of food traceability systems has occurred in many countries. Although a considerable body of literature has examined the consumer responses in regard to food traceability, relatively little is known about the producers’ adoption behaviors. To fill this knowledge gap, this paper investigates Taiwanese farmers’ participation decision in relation to the Taiwan Agriculture and Food Traceability (TAFT) program; special attention is paid to understanding the roles of the farmers’ program awareness and pesticide residue testing adoption in regard to TAFT participation. Using a national representative sample of the fruit and vegetable farmers in Taiwan, the results indicate that program awareness and pesticide residue testing adoption are the significant determinants of TAFT participation. An awareness of the government’s promotion of the TAFT program and adoption of pesticide residue testing has significantly reduced TAFT non-participation by 28.2% and 21.9% points, respectively.     

天然气发热量直接测定及其标准化

建设天然气发热量直接测定参比(标准)装置是完善我国能量计量溯源链的关键步骤之一,正确理解发热量直接测定基(标)准装置建设的目标与功能、规范有关术语很重要。分析了国际标准ISO 15971-2008的重点是:天然气发热量测定的术语、方法及其原理、热量计选型及其评价程序、标定、维修和质量控制,它建议以测量不确定度作为热量计分类基础。讨论了能量计量的量值传递与溯源体系,从计量学基本原理分析,发热量直接测量方法是溯源的基础。指出国内应具备完善的天然气发热量测定的溯源链,保存发热量直接测定的基(标)准装置,保证量传和溯源功能的相对权威性和独立性。给出了法制计量与参比级(0级)热量计、以及成为法定的(天然气)发热量计量监测机构应具备的功能。     

Quality certification vs. product traceability: Consumer preferences for informational attributes of pork in Georgia

Consumer willingness-to-pay for informational attributes of food products is important information for food producers and supply chain participants and policy makers. We examine consumer demand in the pork sector of the Republic of Georgia. Results of conditional and mixed logit estimation, conducted on choice experiment data, reveal that Georgian consumers treat quality certification and product traceability attributes as substitutes. We also find that producers and other supply chain participants should be concerned primarily with maintaining the appearance of pork products. Retailer specific factors such as location and type of outlet can also substitute for product traceability. Store location and product appearance, however, are complementary attributes. In light of the recent turbulence in Georgia these consideration may be of paramount importance as participants in the supply chain seek to rebuild damaged infrastructure.     

Public–private partnerships and collective action in high value fruit and vegetable supply chains

Accessing developed country food markets entails meeting stringent food safety requirements. Food retailers impose protocols relating to pesticide residues, field and pack house operations, and traceability. To enable smallholders to remain competitive in such a system, new institutional arrangements are required. In particular, public–private partnerships can play a key role in creating farm to fork linkages that can satisfy market demands for food safety, while retaining smallholders in the supply chain. Furthermore, organized producer groups monitoring their own food safety standards through collective action often become attractive to buyers who are looking for ways to ensure traceability and reduce transaction costs. This paper compares the ways in which small producers of fruits and vegetables in Kenya and India have coped with increased demands for food safety from their main export markets.