淹没双丁坝间水流结构特性PIV试验

为探讨淹没双丁坝对坝间水流的影响,采用粒子图像测速(PIV)系统对坝间水平面流场进行了测量,并对坝间水流结构进行了分析。结果表明:丁坝间距与丁坝长度的比值d/B(B为定值)对坝间漩涡中心位置、坝间回流区及涡量分布有着显著影响;d/B越大,坝间"漩涡"中心越接近坝头线;坝间回流区宽度随d/B增大而增大,零速度线基本呈线性关系且其斜率随d/B增大而减小,同时回流区流速也随之发生很大变化;上游丁坝头附近出现最大负涡量而在下游丁坝头附近出现最大正涡量。     

护岸式铅丝笼丁坝挑角的选择

通过室内模型试验,研究了不同挑角时丁坝附近的水流结构、坝后回流区及自由水面的变化情况,以及不同挑角丁坝附近局部冲淤变化的规律。结果表明:随着丁坝挑角的增大,坝上游流速减小区范围扩大,坝头流速变幅增大,坝后回流区长度和宽度均有所增大,坝头水面比降也增大;结合实际工程经验,建议护岸式铅丝笼丁坝的挑角宜设计为下挑45°。     

透空潜坝附近水流特性的数值模拟

透空式潜坝是一种兼顾生态和环境的新型整治建筑物。为深入了解透空潜坝附近水流特性,基于N-S方程和不可压缩气液两相流理论建立三维数值水槽,对梯形透空式潜坝附近水流特性进行数值模拟,研究了透空率、水深和流速对潜坝附近流场、紊动能和涡量等水流特性的影响规律。结果表明:相同水流条件下,随着透空率的增大,坝后回流流速减小,坝后根部紊动强度逐渐增大,而坝后1~4倍坝高范围内紊动强度逐渐减小,涡量先增大后减小。透空率不变情况下,在相同断面平均流速条件下随着水深增大,透水率逐渐减小,潜坝附近紊动强度整体减小,但紊动范围变化不大,坝顶强涡量区面积减小。在相同水深条件下随着断面平均流速增大,涡旋回流强度逐渐增大,潜坝附近高紊动区紊动强度整体也增大, 坝体顶侧和透水圆孔附近正负涡量间隔分布,强度逐渐增大。     

梯形透水潜坝三维水流特性的数值模拟

基于OpenFOAM开源程序包,对4种透空率(0.1、0.2、0.3和0.4)潜坝的三维流场进行数值模拟,研究了透空率和流量对透水潜坝周围三维水流特性的影响规律。结果表明:相同流量条件下,随着透空率增大,坝后回流减弱,上升流高度降低,缓流区范围减小,涡量减小,坝体腔内及坝后透水圆孔附近紊动能增大;相同透空率条件下,随着流量增大,坝后缓流区范围增大,回流逐渐减弱,掺混紊动作用加剧,涡量及紊动能的大小和影响范围也逐渐增大。     

大系数法与壁函数结合在丁坝绕流三维数值模拟中的应用

采用三维紊流模型对实验室丁坝绕流进行了数值模拟,利用标准k-ε模型将大系数法与壁函数相结合处理丁坝边界.模拟结果表明,模型能有效地处理丁坝边界,较好地模拟了坝头分离流、丁坝后回流及回流区横断面上的二次流,计算值与实测值吻合较好.     

桩柱透水丁坝水流特性试验研究

在前人研究的基础上,结合室内试验,对桩柱透水丁坝附近水流特性进行了探讨.由不同透水率的丁坝试验结果,绘制透水丁坝附近流场分布图,得出透水丁坝的流场分布规律,分析了平轴螺旋流产生的机理,并给出了透水丁坝附近流场分区划分方法.同时发现坝后回流随着丁坝透水率的增大而逐渐消失,缓流状态下,透水率在20%-30%之间时,透水丁坝坝后回流现象消失,随之出现了一个流速减小区.通过量纲分析给出了该流速减小区长度的计算公式,公式与试验数据拟合良好.     

水力插板透水丁坝水流结构随透水率的变化规律研究

为了研究水力插板透水丁坝水流结构随透水率变化的规律,采用ANSYS FLUENT 15. 0,基于RNG k-ε湍流模型,对不同透水率下透水丁坝周围的流场进行三维数值模拟。结果表明,透水丁坝坝体前后压差随透水率的增大逐渐减小,上游坝根处压强最大,坝头下游侧附近压强最小,坝根和坝头部位易发生水毁。回流强度随着透水率的增大逐渐减弱。当透水率达到40%时,回流基本消失,坝后为一个缓流区。不同透水率下水槽同一横断面处流速分布规律相似。随着离丁坝侧河岸距离的增加可划分为流速缓慢增大区、流速迅速增大区和流速稳定区。随着透水率的增大,主流区流速逐渐减小,坝后作用区流速逐渐增大。研究成果能够为透水率这一重要工程设计参数的合理选取提供参考,实际应用中推荐透水率为30%。     

梯形透空丁坝局部水动力特性对底栖动物生境演替的影响机制

针对因梯形透空丁坝局部水动力特性对底栖动物栖息地的影响机制尚不明确,限制了此类结构的大范围推广应用的问题,依托长江深水航道建设的示范应用工程,构建三维水动力数值模型,选择中华绒螯蟹为指示物种,研究了不同径流条件下梯形透空丁坝局部水动力特性及其对指示物种栖息地的影响;结合梯形透空丁坝不同时期沉积物和底栖动物的监测数据,分析了梯形透空丁坝对底栖动物生境演替的影响机制。结果表明：梯形透空丁坝迎流面产生的上升流将主流引导至丁坝后上方,在汛期为中华绒螯蟹提供了避洪场所;坝内及坝后较小的流速和丰富的流场结构为中华绒螯蟹提供了索饵场和越冬场。     

进口流速对丁坝回流长度影响的数值模拟研究

运用计算流体力学（CFD）方法,对宽浅河道中非淹没丁坝的流场进行二维数值模拟研究。模拟结果显示RNGk-s模型能够较好地描述出丁坝下游实际回流特征的产生,扩散及消失过程,能够较好地模拟丁坝下游的回流尺度。最后采用此模型模拟不同进口流速在相同条件下的流场结构,通过量纲分析与数值模拟结果的比较分析得到进口流速对回流尺度影响的关系式。进口流速越大,回流边线越长越宽。研究结果对丁坝的设计与施工,具有一定的参考意义。     

丁坝长度对弯道水力特性影响的数值模拟研究

于河道弯折处设置丁坝后,其水流特征显著改变,为探究该问题,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型及VOF模型对60°弯道内的单丁坝绕流进行了三维数值模拟,模拟中分别计算了设置3种丁坝的工况(模型单丁坝的长度分别为0. 15、0. 25、0. 35m)。基于数值计算的结果,重点对弯道流场结构、断面流速分布、湍流特征参数和液面特性等进行了分析探讨。研究表明:水流流经无丁坝的弯道,会对凹岸产生冲刷,凸岸造成淤积;丁坝的布设,加剧了凹、凸两岸的流速不均匀性,削弱了对凹岸的冲刷,调整了水面横比降;当丁坝长度增长,混流区的尺度变大,流体湍动能以及湍流黏度的强度和作用范围随之变大;在坝后流动分离区域,湍动能呈现最大值,在坝后旋涡中心区域,湍流黏度呈现最大值。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。