Ka波段TE01模回旋行波管宽带输入耦合器的设计

Ka波段TE01模回旋行波管的输入耦合器将矩形波导中输入的TE10模转化为圆波导中TE01模的行波场,以实现对回旋电子注角向速度的调制。本文首先对Ka波段TE01模回旋行波管的输入耦合器进行了解析分析和数值计算。通过数值计算得到输入耦合器的初步结构和尺寸,然后利用三维高频分析软件HFSS进行精确的模拟和修正。通过优化设计在Ka波段获得了3 dB带宽约为3 GHz,1 dB带宽大于2GHz的高性能TE1□0-TE4◎11-TE0○1输入耦合器和3 dB带宽约为3.5 GHz,1 dB带宽约为3 GHz的高性能TE1□0-TE5◎11-TE0○1输入耦合器。冷测实验研究表明优化设计结果与冷测结果相吻合。     

用于Triplexer Monitor的波长不敏感耦合器

为了提高Triplexer Monitor的光信号采样性能和集成度,提出一种基于非对称锥形波导结构的波长不敏感耦合器.该耦合器采用SiO2-on-Si掩埋型光波导结构,位于中心部位的锥形波导构成耦合区,与之衔接的S型弯曲波导实现信号光的输入和输出.采用传输矩阵法分析了光监测端口输出的归一化的耦合光功率,分析时将耦合区的中心部位作为非对称矩形波导而外侧作为对称矩形波导.利用光束有限差分传播法(FDBPM)和MATLAB数值仿真得出:当耦合区中心非对称矩形波导宽度分别为5.50μrn和3.35 μm时,对于1 300 nm到1 600 nm的输入光波长范围,可实现光监测端口4％～8％的归一化耦合光功率.特别的,在1310nm、1490 nm和1550 nm输入光波条件下,耦合器在输出端的分光比分别为:92∶8、96∶4和93∶7,同时TE模和TM模的分光比变化保持在5％以内.所设计的波长不敏感耦合器具有体积小、可靠性高等优点,适合与PLC型的Triplexer实现单片集成.     

玻璃基掩埋式光波导堆栈的制作与表征

在硅酸盐光学玻璃基片上制作了光波导堆栈, 这种光波导堆栈通过Ag⁺/Na⁺熔盐离子交换和电场辅助离子扩散技术顺次制作了两层掩埋式光波导. 对光波导堆栈的横截面显微结构进行了观察, 并对堆栈中两层波导的损耗特性进行了测试. 所获得的光波导堆栈中的上、下两层波导芯部分别位于玻璃表面以下14和35 μm处; 上层光波导芯部尺寸约为12 μm×7 μm; 下层光波导芯部尺寸约为9 μm×8 μm. 通光测试显示两层波导在1.55 μm工作波长下均为单模光波导, 且两者之间没有相互耦合. 损耗测试分析结果显示: 堆栈中两层光波导的传输损耗均约为0.12 dB/cm,与单模光纤之间的耦合损耗分别为0.78和0.73 dB. 分析表明, 这种光波导堆栈在玻璃基集成光芯片的高密度集成方面具有很好的应用前景.     

低损耗离子交换玻璃基光波导制备与分析

考虑到离子交换和离子扩散工艺的特殊要求, 设计并熔制了适合于离子交换工艺的硅酸盐玻璃材料SiO₂-B₂O₃-Al₂O₃-R’O-R₂O（R’=Ca, Mg; R=Na, K）. 采用Ag⁺/Na⁺熔盐离子交换和电场辅助离子扩散工艺在这种玻璃材料基片上获得了掩埋式条形光波导. 光学显微镜和电子探针分析表明高折射率的Ag⁺扩散区位于玻璃基片表面以下约10μm处, 形成光波导的芯部. 光波导芯部尺寸约为8μm×8μm, 与单模光纤芯径尺寸相当, 保证了较低的光纤耦合损耗. 对光波导的测量结果得出：在波长为1.5μm处条形光波导的传输损耗约为0.1dB/cm, 与单模光纤的耦合损耗约为0.2~0.3dB. 条形光波导的传输损耗与材料本身的损耗接近, 表现出掩埋式光波导的低损耗特征. 分析表明, 经过进一步优化, 这种光波导制备技术可用于低损耗光波导器件的制作.     

转移矩阵法的纳米波导导波特性分析

一种新型纳米光波导结构,由二氧化硅/硅/空气/硅/二氧化硅五层介质构成,将光能量限制在低介电常数的中间空气狭缝中传输,利用转移矩阵法对其传输特性进行了详细分析,推导出了TM模式的本征色散方程,给出了TM模式电场和磁场分布以及电磁场能量分布的解析表达式.进而利用图解法求解了本证色散方程,分析了硅层和空气层厚度对电磁场能量分布的影响,给出了波导的优化尺寸均在几百纳米左右.对于波导存在一种和两种TM模式的情况进行了分析,单模情况(只存在TM0模)要比多模情况对光能量限制好很多,在多模情况下高阶模要比低价模对光的限制好,这是和一般传统波导不相同的地方;同时光在导波层(低介电常数的介质层)的传播速度要小于光在相应介质中的传播速度,即表现出慢波特性.     

基于各向异性二维Ge Se的无偏振器偏振图像传感器

偏振是光的一个重要信息,偏振探测可以把信息量从三维(光强、光谱和空间)扩充到七维(光强、光谱、空间、偏振度、光偏振等),为成像物体提供关键的视觉信息(如表面粗糙度、几何形状或方向),因此偏振成像技术在目标检测等领域有着巨大的潜力.然而这些领域往往需要复杂的偏振编码,现有的复杂透镜系统和偏振器限制了集成成像传感器的小型化能力.本文通过二维各向异性α-Ge Se半导体,成功实现了无偏振器的偏振敏感可见-近红外光电探测器/成像仪.作为传感器系统的关键部件,该原型Au/GeSe/Au光电探测器具有灵敏度高、光谱响应宽、响应速度快(~10³A W^-1, 400–1050 nm, 22.7/49.5μs)等优点.此外,该器件在690–1050 nm光谱范围内表现出独特的偏振灵敏度,并且对沿y方向的偏振光吸收最强,这一点通过分析α-Ge Se的光跃迁行为也得到了证实.最后,将2D-Ge Se器件应用到成像系统中进行偏振成像,在808 nm近红外波段处,在不同的偏振方向上,辐射目标的对比度为3.45.这种成像仪在没有偏振器的情况下,能够在场景中感知双频偏振信号,为偏振成像传感器阵列的广泛应用奠定了基础.     

新型低损耗级联式1×4光分路器的优化设计

为改进传统Y分支光分路器损耗较大的缺陷,我们采用激模波导结构设计新型Y分支波导和由三个分支级联的新型Y分支波导构成低损耗1×4光分路器.设计中利用辐射模和本征基模的叠加来修正光波场,通过改善模匹配来降低分支耦合损耗,同时在1×4光分路器中加入直波导来改善和优化分路器的输出均匀性,并用有限差分光束传播法对该Y分支波导和1×4光分路器进行数值模拟.模拟结果表明,该结构具有均匀性好、损耗小和结构简单等优点,有利于器件的进一步集成和大批量生产.     

聚合物SiON波导的可变光衰减器性能研究

利用弯曲聚合物SiON波导设计了一种新型可变光衰减器,该器件由输入、输出直波导,S型的弯曲波导,以及在聚合物SiON波导弯曲部位镀上的电极组成.通过外加电场的作用来调节波导覆盖层的折射率,从而达到衰减波导中光能量的目的.现采用光束传播法(BPM)对设计的新型光衰减器进行了仿真设计,结果表明,设计的光衰减器具有大的动态可调衰减范围(45.3 dB),低的插入损耗(0.8 dB).     

基于偏振双反射膜的5MHz频差He-Ne双频激光器

提出了一种利用特殊多层反射膜—应力双反射膜制作的偏振双反射膜He Ne双频激光器 ,这种膜对不同偏振光在垂直入射时反射系数相位跃变不同。利用横向Zeeman效应减小模式耦合 ,使激光器能够输出 5MHz频差的正交线偏振光。进行了横向磁场的方向及激光器的偏振特性的实验研究。采用热补偿法稳频后 ,与中国计量科学研究院的碘稳频激光器 (波长扩展不确定度为 2 5× 10 - 1 1 )进行了拍频比对 ,比对结果表明 :激光器的频率稳定度为 1 4× 10 - 1 0 (10s采样 ) ,平均真空波长扩展不确定度为 3× 10 - 8(K =3)。这种双频激光器结构简单 ,光束特性好 ,频差合适 ,适于制作高测速外差干涉仪。     

光通信用厚膜SOI材料的制备与研究

利用SIMOX技术和硅外延工艺制备了厚膜SOI材料。采用Secco液腐蚀、椭圆偏振仪(SE)、扩展电阻(SRP)等技术对材料的性能进行了表征,分析了外延硅层中缺陷产生的主要原因。外延层电阻率纵向分布均匀,其缺陷主要来源于衬底缺陷延伸和表面的不平整。用制备的厚膜SOI材料制作了脊型光波导并完成了光损耗测试实验,得到了传输损耗为0．4dB／cm的波导结构。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.