虎皮鹦鹉胃和十二指肠组织结构的光镜和电镜观察

为搞清虎皮鹦鹅（Melopsittacus undulates）胃和十二指肠的结构特征,为动物学研究和生理学研究及比较解剖学研究提供基础资料,利用生物显微技术和电镜技术对虎皮鹦鹅胃和十二指肠进行了观察研究．结果表明：虎皮鹦鹅的胃壁由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层和外膜组成．腺胃内有发达的复管状腺和单管状腺,腺胃乳头内有发达的粘液腺,复管状腺密集于腺胃深层．肌胃粘膜内为单管状,胃腺主要由主细胞、壁细胞组成．主细胞胞质有大量的粗面内质网和发达的高尔基复合体,顶部有许多圆形酶原颗粒;壁细胞胞质内有大量的迂曲分支的细胞内分泌小管．十二指肠壁由粘膜层、肌肉层和外膜组成,粘膜下层不明显,粘膜上皮和固有膜突出形成大量的长叶片状绒毛,绒毛内无中央乳糜管．固有膜中有管状肠腺。肠腺主要由吸收细胞、潘氏细胞组成．吸收细胞胞质内有丰富的线粒体和内质网,表面密集微绒毛;盘氏细胞胞质顶部充满粗大的颗粒．表明虎皮鹦鹅胃和十二指肠的结构特征与其消化功能和食性密切相关．     

人类绝经后正常子宫内膜腺上皮体视学及超微结构研究

利用光镜，电镜及体视学方法对人类绝经后不同时期的乏常子宫内膜腺上皮进行形态学观察及定量分析。三组标本共２１例分别取自绝经后５年内，６～９年，１０年以上的妇女，结果发现绝经后时间愈长，腺体的体密度愈大，而腺细胞及腺细胞核的体密度却无明显差异。腺上皮分泌细胞的徽绒毛，胞突，线粒体，粗面内质网的数量均较少，滑面内质网，高尔基氏器不发达且少见。游离核糖体，糖原，脂滴少见。退化的分泌细胞缩小且常有线粒体及粗面内质网肿胀。纤毛细胞极少见。各组均可见亮细胞。基底膜均质，连续。说明人类绝经后子宫内膜腺上皮形态结构的老化改变是一种量变的过程。     

绵羊布鲁氏菌侵染小鼠巨噬细胞的荧光表征与分析

通过对绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)布鲁氏菌16M(强毒株)和M5(弱毒株)侵染小鼠巨噬细胞及胞内溶酶体、内质网、高尔基体初次结合所用时间进行测定,探讨二者在结合所用时间上是否存在差异;其次比较GFP布鲁氏菌16M和M5与胞内各细胞器结合产生的荧光强度。将GFP布鲁氏菌16M(强毒株)和M5(弱毒株)分不同时间段分别侵染RAW 264.7(细菌和细胞比例为100︰1),利用激光共聚焦显微镜和流式细胞仪观察和检测。结果表明:布鲁氏菌16M和M5侵染初期10 min时进入巨噬细胞,1.5 h时布鲁氏菌到达溶酶体,2.0 h时布鲁氏菌到达内质网和高尔基体。结果提示,布鲁氏菌16M和M5在侵染进入宿主细胞与胞内各细胞器初次结合所用时间相同,但布鲁氏菌16M与各细胞器结合的荧光强度均高于布鲁氏菌M5。以此推断布鲁氏菌16M进入胞内的数量高于布鲁氏菌M5。     

家兔胰腺再生期間的組織学、組織化学和生物化学研究

(一) 結扎家兔胰导管,使胰腺退化至5天或7天时,重新使其恢复暢通,胰腺組織可以再生。在其再生过程中,腺体内淀粉酶活力的变化是随腺体的再生时間的延长而逐漸增强的,而血液淀粉酶活力則仍維持正常水平不变,說明在胰腺功能的退化和再生期間,血液淀粉酶可能不是由胰腺而来的。 (二) 随着家兔胰腺腺泡細胞的新生,腺泡細胞内RNA及脂肪酶的組織化学反应又重新出現,并逐漸恢复增强,且与胰腺内淀粉酶活力上升的变化有平行关系。 (三) 家兔胰腺再生过程中,用組織化学显示碱性磷酸酶的方法証实在胰腺退化期間已扩大的閏管可以逐漸恢复到正常时期的細长形态。 (四) 家兔胰腺再生初期(4天),腺細胞的核与核仁的容积增大,是随着腺体再生时間的延长而恢复到正常。 (五) 本实驗用显示腺泡内的脂肪酶,RNA和閏管細胞的碱性磷酸酶的組織化学方法进一步証实了家兔胰腺再生过程中,腺泡細胞的来源問題,結果表明在胰腺退化期間残留着的腺泡細胞能重新回生成为新的腺泡細胞,同时閏管細胞亦能分化轉变成为腺泡細胞。     

中华宽体金线蛭神经元与神经节内平滑肌细胞间突触的超微结构

用胞内注射辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)的方法标记中华宽体金线蛭AP神经元。透射电镜下观察到神经节的内、外囊中的平滑肌细胞膜间、以及标记AP神经元的轴突末梢膜与神经节中平滑肌细胞间的连接。通常,单个的平滑肌细胞散布在神经节的内、外囊中,分别为椭圆形和梭形。平滑肌细胞含粗、细两种肌丝,有密斑,具有许多突起。神经节外囊中平滑肌细胞的细胞质中央区有许多糖元颗粒和一些线粒体及粗面内质网;两个嵌合的平滑肌细胞膜间距为13.1～26.1nm。首次观察到神经元的轴突末梢与外囊内的平滑肌细胞形成化学突触,突触裂隙10.2～15.3nm;AP标记末梢膜与外囊平滑肌细胞膜之间的间距为2.0～2.5nm,相当于缝隙连接的并置膜结构。     

草莓小孢子发生和雄配子体的发育

草莓花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、两层中层和绒毡层等五层细胞构成。绒毡层细胞在小孢子母细胞时期细胞器丰富，内质网多呈封闭的同心圆结构。在小孢子发育过程中，腺质绒毡层在原位解体。相邻小孢子母细胞之间有胞质通道。小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中的胞质分裂为同时型，四分体多为四面体型。小孢子在发育过程中内质网减少，质体增多。小孢子第一次分裂不同步。发育成熟的２－细胞雄配子体内含物有差别：一种在营养细胞中累积了大量淀粉粒和油滴；另一种在营养细胞中很少见到淀粉粒和油滴，但高尔基体、线粒体、质体等细胞器丰富，在质体中仅含小的淀粉粒。不同的花粉管中淀粉粒数量也有差别。     

鳖鳃腺炎的组织病理学研究

用光镜和电镜技术研究鳖鳃腺炎的组织病理变化．观察表明：病变脏器普遍充血、淤血或出血,血细胞变性;肠上皮崩解脱落,微绒毛及胞器减少,AKP活性下降;肝细胞及肾近曲小管上皮细胞肿胀、颗粒变性或透明变性,局部细胞溶解,出现坏死病灶;肝糖原减少甚至消失;肾小球膨大,远曲小管和集合小管腔内充满嗜酸性物质;脾红髓扩大,多数细胞及核异形,严重者细胞破裂、解体;骨骼肌细胞肿胀、核固缩;多数病变细胞内的内质网和线粒体扩张变性．还讨论了该病的病变特征及性质等问题．     

喜树叶片愈伤组织形成过程的细胞学研究

以喜树叶片为外植体诱导愈伤组织形成,显微结构和超微结构观察表明:喜树叶片置于培养基1 d以后即发生细胞分裂,叶片切口处叶肉细胞最早活化分裂,随后分裂逐渐遍及整个培养材料.愈伤组织形成过程中,叶绿体中积累大量淀粉,产生原质体芽和原质体,是叶肉细胞脱分化过程的中间演变阶段.在愈伤组织形成过程中,线粒体、内质网分布于叶绿体及质膜周围,数量较多,内质网为粗面内质网.细胞质在愈伤组织形成过程中逐渐减少,胞间隙在愈伤组织形成过程中逐渐增大,为裂生型胞间隙.     

合浦珠母贝卵子发育的超微结构研究

透射电镜下观察了合浦珠母贝卵子发育过程：卵原细胞被滤泡细胞完全包襄，初级卵原细胞具一明显核仁，胞质内分布少量线粒体，次级卵原细胞核仁消失，成簇的线粒分布于核膜一侧，卵黄合成前期卵母细胞体销增大，核仁重现，胞质内出现大量管状或泡状膜性小体，此期卵母细胞开始逐渐游离，并自游离端首先出现微绒毛和卵黄膜。卵黄合成期卵母细胞体迅速增大，核膜常伸出伪足状突起，胞质内出现较多的线粒体以及结构独特的内质网。此期还     

润楠雄配子体发育的超微结构研究 Ⅲ.营养细胞和生殖细胞的形成

对润楠(Machilus pingii Cheng ex Yang)花粉生殖细胞和营养细胞的形成进行了观察.结果如下:(1)随着小孢子核向(?)方向迁移,胞质的线粒体和前质体显著增多;由于大液泡的存在,细胞器偏向核的一侧分布.(2)小孢子有丝分裂末期,胞质中出现较多的高尔基体和微管.(3)生殖细胞(?)抵达花粉内壁后,生殖细胞和营养细胞的胞质中出现大量与壁平行排列的粗面内质网.随着生殖细胞壁的加厚, 生殖细胞的局部与营养细胞核相贴近,贴近区域的生殖细胞质中出现交织成网的内质网.(4)游离的生殖细胞具,胞质中仅有少量细胞器;营养细(?)中储存有大量的淀粉粒.从观察结果推测:影响润楠生殖细胞在花粉内进一步分裂的因素可能有三种:一是生殖细胞壁留存的时间;二是营养细胞和生殖细胞本身的代谢状况;三是营养细胞核对生殖细胞的作用.     

大袋蛾雌虫性信息素腺细胞的超微结构

<正>用透射电镜研究了大袋蛾性信息素腺细胞的超微结构。每个腺细胞具有一个表皮孔和一个由微绒毛围成的端器,但是没有导管细胞,也没有真正的表皮导管。腺细胞上方的表皮显然是由间细胞分泌形成的。腺细胞的分泌物从端器中经表皮孔而排到体外,所以这进一步证实了大袋蛾的性信息素腺细胞是一类新型的昆虫表皮腺细胞。基于各种昆虫表皮腺细胞的形态和功能,还讨论了昆虫表皮腺细胞的可能的进化途径。     

贝氏高原鳅消化道的结构

应用解剖学、组织学、组织化学以及透射电镜技术等方法,对贝氏高原鳅Triplophysa bleekeri消化道的结构进行了详细观察.结果表明:贝氏高原鳅消化道由口咽腔、食道、胃、肠和肛门5个部分组成.口咽腔宽阔,顶壁粘膜层粘液细胞和味蕾丰富,底壁棒状细胞含量较多.食道粘膜上皮为复层扁平上皮,上皮细胞顶端有短微绒毛,胞质内常见线粒体,偶见粗面型内质网、滑面型内质网、高尔基复合体和溶酶体.上皮细胞之间夹杂大量粘液细胞,有发达的微管泡系统.基膜内有少量的纤维细胞、网状纤维以及大量胶原纤维束.肌肉层为横纹肌,环肌发达.胃为"V"形,粘膜上皮为典型单层柱状上皮.上皮细胞内含大量分泌颗粒,PAS反应呈强阳性,线粒体发达,多位于细胞基底部.粘膜层无杯状细胞,但贲门和胃体固有膜内具有发达的单管状腺体,胃腺细胞内含大量酶原颗粒、线粒体和粗面型内质网,胃腺细胞周围有发达的微管泡系统.胃体肌肉层变化较大:近贲门部内层为纵肌,外层为环肌;胃体中部内为薄层环肌,外为厚层纵肌;近幽门部内层为环肌,外层为纵肌.肠绕胃呈"φ"形,粘膜皱襞发达,单层柱状上皮游离面有很多微绒毛.上皮细胞之间分散有大量的粘液细胞,其内充满均质的分泌颗粒;整个肠段,粘液细胞自前向后数量逐渐减少.粘膜层细胞间有大量空泡状结构,近基膜处形成发达的微管泡系统.肛门为半开放结构,粘膜上皮为复层扁平上皮,粘膜下层为致密结缔组织,由较厚的横纹肌层支持.     

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate induces calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle

The sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle is a specialized form of endoplasmic reticulum that controls myoplasmic calcium concentration and, therefore, the contraction-relaxation cycle. Ultrastructural studies have shown that the sarcoplasmic reticulum is a continuous but heterogeneous membranous network composed of longitudinal tubules that surround myofibrils and terminal cisternae. These cisternae are junctionally associated, via bridging structures called 'feet', with sarcolemmal invaginations (the transverse tubules) to form the triadic junction. Following transverse tubule depolarization, a signal, transmitted along the triadic junction, triggers Ca2+ release from terminal cisternae, but the mechanism of this coupling is still unknown. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3) has recently been shown to mobilize Ca2+ from intracellular stores, referable to endoplasmic reticulum, in a variety of cell types (see ref. 8 for review), including smooth muscle cells of the porcine coronary artery and canine cardiac muscle cells. Here we show that Ins(1,4,5)P3 releases Ca2+ from isolated, purified sarcoplasmic reticulum fractions of rabbit fast-twitch skeletal muscle, the effect being more pronounced on a fraction of terminal cisternae that contains morphologically intact feet structures; and elicits isometric force development in chemically skinned muscle fibres.     

Secretion of immunoglobulin M assembly intermediates in the presence of reducing agents

There are several demonstrations that misfolded or unassembled proteins are not transported along the secretory pathway, but are retained intracellularly, generally in the endoplasmic reticulum. For instance, B lymphocytes synthesize but do not secrete IgM, and only the polymeric form of IgM is secreted by plasma cells. The C-terminal cysteine of the mu heavy chain of secreted IgM (residue 575) is involved in the intracellular retention of unpolymerized IgM subunits. Here we report that the addition of reducing agents to the culture medium, at concentrations which do not affect cell viability, terminal glycosylation, or retention of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum through the KDEL mechanism, induces secretion of IgM assembly intermediates by both B and plasma cells. Free joining (J) chains, which are not normally secreted by plasma cells unless as part of IgM or IgA, are also secreted in the presence of reducing agents. We propose a role for free thiol groups in preventing the unhindered transport of proteins through the secretory pathway. Under the scheme, assembly intermediates interact through their thiol groups between themselves and/or with unknown proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum. Such interactions may be prevented by altering the intracellular redox potential or by site-directed mutagenesis of the relevant cysteine residue(s).     

滞育和非滞育棉铃虫脑的组织解剖学研究

滞育和非滞育棉铃虫在不同的发育阶段，脑的形态组织学结构存在着一定的差异，主要表现在：非滞育脑的神经纤维体发达，神经分泌细胞中的核较大，且细胞质中除了有线粒体外，还有大量的粗面内质网及游离的核糖体；而滞育脑的神经纤维体相对固缩、不发达，神经分泌细胞中核较小，细胞质中含有线粒体、光滑内质网和特有的脂滴，不具粗面内质网．这些证据表明滞育棉铃虫的脑活性相对较低．     

From endoplasmic-reticulum stress to the inflammatory response

The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for much of a cell's protein synthesis and folding, but it also has an important role in sensing cellular stress. Recently, it has been shown that the endoplasmic reticulum mediates a specific set of intracellular signalling pathways in response to the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins, and these pathways are collectively known as the unfolded-protein response. New observations suggest that the unfolded-protein response can initiate inflammation, and the coupling of these responses in specialized cells and tissues is now thought to be fundamental in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. The knowledge gained from this emerging field will aid in the development of therapies for modulating cellular stress and inflammation.     

沙冬青（Ammopiptanthus mongolicus）小孢子发育的超微结构研究

本文对沙冬青小孢子发育的超微结构进行了观察，主要结果为：１）小孢子母细胞早期壁上有胞间连丝，随着发育，壁上出现了胞质通道．母细胞中内质网、线粒体和质体丰富，细胞处于明显的代谢活跃状态．四分体时期内质网消失．２）在小孢子发育各期质体和线粒体一直存在，细胞质中分布着小液泡，质膜上有泡状内陷．小孢子核靠壁后发生有丝分裂形成两个大小悬殊的细胞，此时，可见到大量的质体集中分布在营养细胞质中靠近生殖细胞壁的附近．３）在小孢子早期，绒毡层中内质网、线粒体和质体丰富，内质网持续产生大量小泡并在其中沉积电子致密物形成球状体（Ｏｒｂｉｃｕｌｅ）．小孢子后期，绒毡层细胞中内质网消失，出现大量的多泡体、球状体和脂体，绒毡层开始解体．在２－细胞花粉时绒毡层的解体产物大量流入花药腔中．     

Characterization of the rough endoplasmic reticulum ribosome-binding activity.

The rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes of mammalian cells contain specific ribosome-binding sites. A purification to apparent homogeneity of a negatively charged protein (ERp180) of relative molecular mass 180,000 (180 K) was reported which was proposed to function as a rough endoplasmic reticulum ribosome receptor. We report here that ribosome-binding site activity quantitatively solubilized from rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes does not cofractionate with ERp180. By contrast, ribosome-binding site activity fractionates as a much smaller, positively charged protein.     

家蚕后部丝腺细胞粗面内质网膜系统的多态性研究

应用电镜技术,对家蚕后部丝腺细胞粗面内质网膜系统在5龄生长期的超微形态变化,进行了连续观察与研究.结果发现,粗面内质网膜系统的超微形态呈现出扁平囊状、管泡状和同心圆状等规律性变化,这种多态性现象与丝腺细胞的生长发育状态及生理机能的变化密切相关,并受蚕体内分泌环境的调节.     

Retrograde transport of endocytosed Shiga toxin to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Shiga toxin and some other protein toxins that act on targets in the cytosol have previously been shown to enter the trans-Golgi network. Transport by this route may be necessary for translocation of the toxin to the cytosol and for intoxication, but it is not known whether the enzymatically active part of the toxins actually enters the cytosol from the trans-Golgi network. It has been suggested that such toxins are transported in a retrograde manner to the endoplasmic reticulum and that translocation occurs in this organelle, but retrograde transport of endocytosed material beyond the trans-Golgi network has never been demonstrated. Here we show that in butyric acid-treated A431 cells endocytosed Shiga toxin is not only transported to the trans-Golgi network, but also to all Golgi stacks, to the endoplasmic reticulum and to the nuclear envelope. Furthermore, butyric acid sensitizes the cells to Shiga toxin, which is consistent with the possibility that retrograde transport is required for translocation of the toxin to the cytosol.