In2O3纳米孔材料的制备及其甲醛气敏性能研究

以In(NO3)3·4.5H2O为主要原料,采用溶剂热法成功地制备出In2O3纳米孔材料.采用X射线粉末衍射、透射电子显微镜等对样品的物相和形貌进行了表征和分析,并系统研究了其气敏性能.结果表明,成功合成的六方相In2O3纳米孔材料,其孔径小于17nm,孔道形状复杂且相互连通,以该材料制成的气敏元件对甲醛有很好的气敏性能,对50×10-6甲醛的灵敏度高达23.6.     

NiO/In2O3纳米复合材料的制备及气敏性能研究

采用水热法结合水浴法制备出了NiO/In2O3纳米复合材料,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)等对其微观形貌和晶相进行表征分析。表征结果表明,制备所得In2O3纳米微球直径为200~300 nm,其表面均匀包覆厚度约为20 nm的NiO纳米片。气敏测试结果表明,基于NiO/In2O3异质结纳米复合材料的气体传感器对甲醛的最佳工作温度为220℃;在最佳工作温度下,对浓度为1×10^-5的甲醛气体响应可达到20,响应/恢复时间分别为4 s/16 s,且具有较好的重复性和选择性。最后,对分级结构及p-n异质结对其气敏机理进行了探讨。     

聚苯胺及其掺杂材料的制备及气敏特性的研究

采用质子酸化学聚合法,以苯胺（An）为单体,过硫酸铵（APS）为氧化剂,在盐酸（HCl）溶液中,合成了聚苯胺（PANI）及In2O3、TiO2和SnO2掺杂的聚苯胺。分别通过X射线衍射仪（XRD）,红外光谱仪（FT-IR）,场发射扫描电镜（FE-SEM）对其结构和形貌进行了表征,制成了基于聚苯胺及其掺杂材料的氨气传感器。室温下,对1.0×10-5～1.50×10-4浓度范围的氨气进行了气敏测试,测试结果表明,基于聚苯胺及其掺杂材料的气敏元件对氨气响应灵敏度基本呈线性关系。掺杂In2O3的聚苯胺气敏元件对氨气的响应灵敏度最大,在1.50×10-4时响应灵敏度达到50;而掺杂TiO2的聚苯胺气敏元件对1.00×10-4氨气的响应时间最短,为60s。分析了聚苯胺及其掺杂材料的气敏机理,结果表明,金属氧化物的掺杂对聚苯胺材料的灵敏度、响应及恢复时间等气敏特性有很大的影响。     

苯甲酸铵导向合成线状纳米结构CePO_4和Ce_(0.95)PO_4∶Tb_(0.05)及其发光性能

采用水热法通过苯甲酸铵(简写为L)导向控制合成了六方相CePO_4和Ce_(0.95)PO_4∶Tb_(0.05)纳米线。用X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)及透射电镜(TEM)分析产物的相结构、晶粒尺寸及微观形貌。实验结果表明,随着配体L的增加,CePO_4的微观形貌由纳米棒逐渐转变成纳米线再生长成纳米颗粒。当n(Ce3+)∶n(L)=1.0∶1.0时,所合成的CePO_4纳米线长径比大且分散较均匀,直径为20~30nm、长约1~2μm。发现苯甲酸铵对产物的尺寸及长径比具有导向合成作用。荧光光谱分析表明n(Ce3+)∶n(L)=1.0∶1.0时所合成的CePO_4纳米线荧光强度最强,相同方法合成的Ce_(0.95)PO_4∶Tb_(0.05)纳米线具有较强的荧光性能。     

纳米晶CdFe2O4的制备与湿敏性能研究

采用硬脂酸凝胶法工艺在较低温度下合成Cd-Fe2O4纳米晶材料。TG－DTA热分析表明：纳米晶CdFe2O4在410℃左右晶化形成；XRD、BET比表面吸附等技术表征结果表明，所合成纳米晶CdFe2O4属立方尖晶石结构，平均晶粒度为15－23nm，Cd^2 适度过量对CdFe2O4晶粒生长具有抑制作用。湿敏特性测试结果表明，纳米晶CdFe2O4湿敏元件感湿灵敏度优于相应的常规陶瓷元件，Cd^2 适度过量（Cd^2 /Fe^3 ＞1／2），可达到调制纳米晶湿敏电阻值范围及减小材料湿滞的双重目的。初步探讨了过量Cd^2 影响CdFe2O4纳米晶材料湿敏性能的内在原因。     

微波法合成SiC纳米线及其光致发光性质

以Si粉、SiO2粉和人造石墨为原料,在1480℃、4 kW、80 min的真空微波辐照条件下快速高效地合成SiC纳米线。利用SEM、TEM、XRD等对所得产物的微观结构解析表明,在未使用催化剂的条件下,基于气固(VS)机制可成功制备出β型SiC。根据坩埚中的部位不同,所得Si C呈现出不同的形貌。坩埚上层的产物呈亮绿色,较为纯净,主要为直径约150 nm的纳米棒,并含有部分微米级SiC晶粒,表面氧化迹象不明显。其余部分产物呈灰绿色,主要是直径为20~50 nm的SiC/SiO2同轴纳米线(表层的SiO2厚度约2nm),并夹杂有未反应完全的石墨和SiO2。利用波长为240nm的激发光分别对SiC纳米棒和同轴纳米线的光致发光特性的测试表明,两者均可观察到峰位在390 nm左右的发射峰,此结果与所报道的β-SiC纳米材料的发光性能相比,蓝移程度更高。     

CaCO3纳米线的制备及表征

以碳酸钙(CaCO₃)为原料利用溶胶-凝胶法与热分解法合成了CaCO₃纳米线,纳米线的制备分为两个步骤,首先利用溶胶-凝胶法合成线状含Ca中间体,这种含Ca中间体是一维线状纳米结构;然后通过含Ca中间体热分解制得CaCO₃纳米线,直径为50-80nm,长度达5μm以上,所得CaCO₃纳米线为三方晶系,由纳米晶粒组装而成.     

纳米晶ZnFe2O4薄膜的制备及其丙酮气体敏感性能研究

以尖晶石结构ZnFe2O4材料为研究对象,以可溶性无机盐为原料,利用溶胶-凝胶技术在Al2O3基片上制备了ZnFe2O4薄膜,研究其对低浓度丙酮气体的敏感特性.通过DTA,TG,XRD及SEM分析手段对制膜过程及薄膜形态进行了表征.研究发现,采用柠檬酸作为络合剂的无机盐原料溶液-溶胶-凝胶(ISG)工艺,在700℃烧结温度下,可以得到覆盖良好、结构均匀、晶粒尺寸约在100nm的尖晶石结构ZnFe2O4薄膜.通过该薄膜对丙酮气敏特性测试表明,ZnFe2O4材料对丙酮具有较好的敏感性,在550℃的操作温度下,材料对丙酮气体敏灵敏度为8,响应与恢复时间小于5s.     

CaCO3纳米线的制备及表征

以碳酸钙(CaCO3)为原料利用溶胶-凝胶法与热分解法合成了CaCO3纳米线,纳米线的制备分为两个步骤,首先利用溶胶-凝胶法合成线状含Ca中间体,这种含Ca中间体是一维线状纳米结构;然后通过含Ca中间体热分解制得CaCO3纳米线,直径为50～80nm,长度达5μm以上,所得CaCO3纳米线为三方晶系,由纳米晶粒组装而成.     

ZnO纳米线气敏元件对单一气体浓度的判定研究

以不同金属掺杂的ZnO纳米线为气敏材料,在350℃下对不同浓度的H2气体进行了气敏性能测试.结果表明,掺杂Ag的ZnO纳米线在H2浓度为2.52×10(-3)时具有较高的气体灵敏度28.549.同时,利用Origin软件对测得的气敏性能曲线进行线性拟合,对未知的H2浓度进行了有效判定.还对金属掺杂提高ZnO纳米线气敏性...     

WO 3·H 2O纳米线阵列的制备及其光催化活性

制备了具有有序孔洞多孔阳极氧化铝 (AAO) , 并以之为模板通过溶胶2凝胶法制备高度取向的WO 3·H 2O纳米线阵列 , 用 X射线衍射、XPS、 扫描电镜 (SEM) 和比表面积仪进行表征。结果表明 : WO 3·H 2O纳米线线径与 AAO模板的孔径一致 , 且分布均匀 , 线径为 26 nm , 线长为 1. 1μm; 与相同条件下用玻纤布作载体制备的 WO 3·H 2O膜相比 , 其平均晶粒小 , 低密度 , 高比表面积。将催化剂 WO 3·H 2O/ AAO与 WO 3·H 2O/玻纤布两者分别对气相甲醛进行光催化降解反应以评价它们的光催化活性 , 得出 WO 3·H 2O纳米线阵列光催化降解气相甲醛反应速率常数大约是 WO 3·H 2O/玻纤布的 3. 4 倍 , 说明以 AAO 为模板制备的 WO 3·H 2O纳米线阵列具有更高的光催化活性。     

WO 3·H 2O纳米线阵列的制备及其光催化活性

制备了具有有序孔洞多孔阳极氧化铝 (AAO) , 并以之为模板通过溶胶2凝胶法制备高度取向的WO 3·H 2O纳米线阵列 , 用 X射线衍射、XPS、 扫描电镜 (SEM) 和比表面积仪进行表征。结果表明 : WO 3·H 2O纳米线线径与 AAO模板的孔径一致 , 且分布均匀 , 线径为 26 nm , 线长为 1. 1μm; 与相同条件下用玻纤布作载体制备的 WO 3·H 2O膜相比 , 其平均晶粒小 , 低密度 , 高比表面积。将催化剂 WO 3·H 2O/ AAO与 WO 3·H 2O/玻纤布两者分别对气相甲醛进行光催化降解反应以评价它们的光催化活性 , 得出 WO 3·H 2O纳米线阵列光催化降解气相甲醛反应速率常数大约是 WO 3·H 2O/玻纤布的 3. 4 倍 , 说明以 AAO 为模板制备的 WO 3·H 2O纳米线阵列具有更高的光催化活性。      

Co3O4中空纳米球的可控制备及气敏性能

以碳纳米球为模板,采用硬模板法制得多孔Co_3O_4中空纳米球。分别采用SEM、XRD、FTIR、BET和XPS对Co_3O_4纳米球的形貌和结构进行表征。通过改变前驱体浓度和陈化反应时间调控Co_3O_4中空纳米球的空间结构及气敏性能。结果表明:在前驱体浓度为0.1mol/L、陈化时间为48h时,得到的Co_3O_4中空纳米球的表面呈疏松多孔结构。Co_3O_4中空纳米球直径约为500nm,由40nm的Co_3O_4纳米粒子组成。室温下,由该材料组装的气敏传感器对浓度为100×10^-6～0.5×10^-6的NH_3有较好的气敏性能;对浓度为100×10^-6的NH_3响应灵敏度高达155.8%,响应时间为1.3s。该气体传感器对NH_3的最低检测限为0.5×10^-6。     

Ag掺杂对ZnO纳米线气敏性能的影响

以采用物理热蒸发法制备的纯ZnO纳米线和Ag掺杂ZnO纳米线为气敏基料，制备成旁热式气敏元件，用静态配气法对浓度均为100ppm的无水乙醇蒸汽、氨气、甲烷及一氧化碳四种气体进行气敏性能测试，结果表明，Ag掺杂后，ZnO纳米线对四种气体灵敏度的最高值分别提高了230％，92％，158％，49％，缩短了响应时间和恢复时间。     

Controlled synthesis of LaPO(4) and CePO(4) nanorods/nanowires

LaPO(4) and CePO(4) nanorods/nanowires with controlled aspect ratios have been successfully synthesized using a hydrothermal microemulsion method under mild conditions. It has been shown that the obtained LaPO(4) has a monoclinic structure, while CePO(4) exists in the hexagonal structure. Uniform nanorods/nanowires with diameters of 20-60?nm and lengths ranging from several hundreds of nanometres to several micrometres were obtained. The aspect ratios of the obtained 1D nanostructures can be fine-tuned by simply changing the [H(2)O ]/[surfactant] molar ratios. The possible growth mechanism of LaPO(4) and CePO(4) nanorods/nanowires was explored in detail.     

Reversible resistance modulation in mesoscopic silver wires induced by exposure to amine vapor

Ensembles of silver nanowires (AgNEs) with diameters ranging from 200 nm to 1.0 microm have been prepared by electrochemical step edge decoration. These AgNEs showed a rapid (< 5 s), reversible increase in resistance upon exposure to the vapor of ammonia, trimethylamine, and pyridine. The amplitude of the resistance change was up to +3000% (DeltaR/Ro)-more than 2 orders of magnitude larger than can be explained based on boundary layer scattering effects. We experimentally probe the mechanism for this resistance modulation in the case of ammonia, and we propose a model to describe it. Conductive tip atomic force microscopy was used to probe individual sections of nanowires in AgNEs; these data revealed that the resistance change caused by NH(3) exposure was concentrated within a minority (approximately 10%) of the 5-microm wire segments that were probed--not uniformly distributed along each nanowire. All AgNEs showed a temperature dependence of their resistance, alpha, that was smaller than expected for silver metal. Highly sensitive AgNEs sometimes showed a negative alpha, characteristic of semiconductors, but negative alpha values were never observed for AgNEs with a low sensitivity to NH3. AgNEs did not respond to hydrocarbons, O2, H2O, N2, CO, or Ar, but a large (DeltaR/Ro > |-50%|) irreversible decrease in resistance was seen upon exposures to acids including HCl, HNO3, and H2SO4. Based on these and other data, we propose a model in which oxidized constrictions in silver nanowires limit the conductivity of the wire and provide a means for "gating" conduction based on the protonation state of the oxide surface.     

Magnetically assembled 30 nm diameter nickel nanowire with ferromagnetic electrodes

Facile, cost-effective, and manufacturable techniques to create single-nanowire based devices with good electrical interconnects is demonstrated by combining template directed electrodeposition, magnetic assembly, and a post-annealing in a reducing environment. Nickel nanowires with a diameter of approximately 30?nm were electrodeposited from low-stress nickel sulfamate baths at room temperature using in-house made anodized alumina as a nanotemplate. After electrodeposition, nanowires were released from the template, efficiently positioned, trapped, and assembled on ferromagnetic electrodes using the magnetic interaction between the nanowires and the electrodes. By annealing the interconnect in a reducing environment of 5%H(2)+95%N(2) at 300?°C for 30?min, the interconnect's resistance was dramatically reduced from >10?M Ω to 835?Ω. Magnetotransport studies at 300?K on a single nickel interconnect with diameters ranging from 30 to 200?nm show a strong diameter dependent magnetoresistance, which might be attributed to different domain structure within the interconnect.     

A facile solution-phase approach to the synthesis of luminescent europium methacrylate nanowires and their thermal conversion into europium oxide nanotubes

Novel one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures of rare earth complexes (europium methacrylate (Eu(MA)(3))) have been prepared from the precursor of irregularly shaped Eu(MA)(3) powder in ethanol solvent without the assistance of an added surfactant, catalyst, or template. These hexagonal-shaped complex nanowires have diameters of about 100-300?nm and lengths ranging from tens to hundreds of micrometers. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) show that the precursor powder and the resulting nanowires have identical compositions. Under UV light excitation, strong red fluorescence can be clearly seen throughout the whole wires. This good luminescence characteristic of the complex nanowires is further confirmed by the fluorescence spectrum where strong and narrow emission can be seen. These rare earth complex nanowires provide a useful source for 1D rare earth oxide materials, as the europium ions are distributed uniformly in the Eu(MA)(3) nanowires. Through calcination, the Eu(MA)(3) nanowires are successfully converted into Eu(2)O(3) nanotubes. X-ray investigation confirms that the Eu(2)O(3) nanotubes have a cubic body-centered structure. FTIR measurements and TGA analysis are used to follow the calcination process. A plausible mechanism responsible for the formation of Eu(2)O(3) nanotubes is presented.     

Characterization of ordered Cu2O nanowire arrays prepared by heat treated Cu/PAM composite

Cu nanowire arrays were synthesized via a porous alumina membrane (PAM) template with a high aspect ratio, uniform pore size (120–140 nm), and ordered pore arrangement. The Cu₂O nanowire arrays were prepared from the oxidization of Cu metal nanowire arrays. The electrochemical deposition potential of Cu metal nanowires (?180 mV vs. SCE) was determined from X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. The microstructure and chemical composition of Cu nanowire arrays were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results indicate that the Cu/Cu₂O nanowire arrays assembled into the nanochannel of the porous alumina template with diameters of 120–140 nm. The valence of copper was controlled by the porous alumina template during the annealing process. Copper nanowires transformed to the Cu₂O phase with the space limitation of the PAM template. Single-crystal Cu₂O nanowire arrays were also obtained under the template embedded.     

Synthesis and characterization of LnPO4 x nH2O (Ln = La, Ce, Gd, Tb, Dy) nanorods and nanowires

Aqueous precipitation method has been used to synthesize lanthanide orthophosphates LnPO4 x nH2O (Ln = La, Ce, Gd, Tb, Dy) with high purity and yield. It has been shown by XRD, TGA, and FTIR characterization that the as-synthesized samples are the LnPO4 hydrates (LnPO4 x nH2O) with hexagonal rhabdophane-type structure. The X-ray diffraction peaks and absorption of PO4(3-) groups show a systematic shift from LaPO4 x nH2O to DyPO4 x nH2O due to the effect of lanthanide ionic contraction. The value of n in LnPO4 x nH2O depends on the lanthanide element and synthetic condition. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy observations show the morphology of as-synthesized samples, which consist entirely of nanorods/nanowires with diameters of 30-100 nm and lengths ranging from several hundreds of nanometers to several micrometers. The anisotropic growth of crystals should be responsible for the formation of nanorods/nanowires, which is related to the hexagonal crystal structure.