偏振混合对双波长外差干涉仪精度的影响分析

本文分析了偏振混合在双波长外差干涉仪中所产生的误差，指出其是干涉仪相位抖动的主要原因．     

纳米计量与分子坐标测量机系统设计（2）

NanmetrologyandMolecularMeasuringMachineSystemDesign（2）WangJia4分子测量机计量系统STM和AFM均不是计量型仪器，而是作为位置传感器。分子坐标测量机必须采用能够溯源的超高分辨率激光外差干涉仪作为测量参考基准，并测量探针和样品之间的相对运动。激光外差可采用塞曼频率分裂，多模激光器或声光电光调制原理。干涉仪采用了光学8倍频。用相位计从时间间隔分析器中计算相位，其时间分辨率为200pa，电子细分技术实现1000细分。干涉仪的分辨率为0．075um。获得高精度的主要障碍是激光器和干涉仪光学元件中偏振态混合效应和非线性…     

用外差偏振干涉法测量保偏光纤双折射率

提出一种基于半导体激光调频外差干涉原理的保偏光纤双折射率的测量方法，即通过测量由保偏光纤构成的偏振干涉仪输出的外差信号的频率，求得保偏光纤的相对双折射率，此方法具有较高的分辨率和潜在的高精度，以及系统结构简单，无运动部件和非破坏测量等优点。     

用于绝对距离测量的0．6328μm氦－氖激光外差干涉仪

提出了一种用于绝对距离测量的新型外差干涉仪，它采用０．６３２８μｍ双模氦－氖激光器，光外差干涉和电信号混频、比相技术，直接测量合成波小数级次。此法避免了该领域常用的外差干涉仪的不足和拍波干涉仪结构复杂的问题，而且测量精度高、抗干扰能力强、测量时间短，使绝对距离测量技术更具有实用性。     

外差式激光干涉仪应用于正弦直线和旋转振动测量技术的研究

介绍外差式激光干涉仪和应用于旋转振动测量的衍射光栅技术理论和工作原理。针对马赫-泽德外差式激光干涉仪在绝对法振动校准技术中的应用，简要介绍了测量系统另外两个重要组成部分（频移变换和数字信号处理）的原理、算法和技术实现。这种振动测量系统与正弦直线和旋转激振系统相配合，采用同一种正弦逼近的信号处理方法，可实现直线振动量（位移、速度、加速度）和旋转振动量（角位移、角速度、角加速度）两大类型、各种振动传感器幅相特性绝对法的精确校准。     

偏振分光镜旋转角度误差的确定

偏振分光镜存在旋转角度误差是引起激光外差干涉非线性误差的来源之一.提出了一种确定激光外差干涉偏振分光镜旋转角度误差的方法.通过分析偏振分光镜旋转角度误差在其它条件下对激光外差干涉非线性误差的影响,得出偏振分光镜存在的旋转角度误差将极大地增加非线性误差的一次谐波,但改变二次谐波很小.对光电接收器输出信号进行频谱分析,分离出激光外差干涉非线性误差的一次谐波和二次谐波,通过测量非线性误差二次谐波相对测量信号的大小,通过应用非线性误差二次谐波幅度比值与偏振分光镜旋转角度误差之间的模型,确定偏振分光镜旋转角度误差.实验结果表明,应用该方法能够得到偏振分光镜的旋转角度误差,从而为调整偏振分光镜提供了实验依据.     

基于偏振双反射膜的5MHz频差He-Ne双频激光器

提出了一种利用特殊多层反射膜—应力双反射膜制作的偏振双反射膜He Ne双频激光器 ,这种膜对不同偏振光在垂直入射时反射系数相位跃变不同。利用横向Zeeman效应减小模式耦合 ,使激光器能够输出 5MHz频差的正交线偏振光。进行了横向磁场的方向及激光器的偏振特性的实验研究。采用热补偿法稳频后 ,与中国计量科学研究院的碘稳频激光器 (波长扩展不确定度为 2 5× 10 - 1 1 )进行了拍频比对 ,比对结果表明 :激光器的频率稳定度为 1 4× 10 - 1 0 (10s采样 ) ,平均真空波长扩展不确定度为 3× 10 - 8(K =3)。这种双频激光器结构简单 ,光束特性好 ,频差合适 ,适于制作高测速外差干涉仪。     

波片和偏振片对外差干涉仪非线性的影响

为了减小外差干涉仪的非线性误差,必须明确波片和偏振片对非线性误差的影响机理。通过理论分析和试验发现,波片和偏振片位于偏振分光镜之前和之后对非线性的影响是不同的。如果把有误差的波片和偏振片放置在偏振分光镜前面,其误差将100%地引入非线性。如果将相同的这些光学元件安装在干涉仪里面,有可能影响非线性,但通常在高阶误差范围内。     

高测速双频激光干涉仪及其性能检测

新型驱动电机和高速传动器件的发展使得数控机床和三坐标测量机等的运行速度已经达到1000mm/s，而目前商用外差干涉仪的测量速度不能完全满足这一要求。为此，研制了一种基于5MHz频差双频激光器的高测速干涉仪，理论上的最高测量速度可达1580mm／s。通过实验对测量速度和计数频率进行了检测，结果证明，这种干涉仪可以达到的最高测量速度为980mm／s，外触发计数频率达11kHz。     

移相干涉仪环境微扰的外差检测及信号处理

对环境微振动干扰进行补偿可减小移相干涉测量的误差,其中振动量的检测是实现振动补偿的前提。以声光调制器作为光学移频器,在移相式平面干涉仪中组合成外差干涉测振系统,可以实现光程差微小变化(范围为0到1/2波长)的实时检测。在外差信号处理中采用单片RF/IF相位测量芯片直接对两路40MHz模拟信号进行比相,简化了通常使用的数字测相方法,其精确测相的典型非线性值小于1度。用该系统实际测量了周期性振动和地面冲击振动对干涉仪的影响,获得了干涉仪所受微振动的幅度和相位。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.