重型颅脑损伤患者开颅术后颅内感染的影响因素以及耐药性研究

目的研究分析重型颅脑损伤患者开颅术后颅内感染的影响因素以及耐药性。方法回顾我院2016年1月～2018年6月期间收治的150例重型颅脑损伤行开颅手术治疗患者的临床资料,探讨重型颅脑损伤患者开颅手术后发生颅内感染的影响因素,并对感染患者进行病原菌培养,分析其耐药性。结果 150例重型颅脑损伤患者术后发生颅内感染的有16例,感染率为10.67%;颅内感染患者脑脊液培养出病原菌16株,其中革兰阳性菌10株,革兰阴性菌6株;经Logistic回归分析结果显示手术时间(≥4h)、手术次数(≥2)、切口脑脊液漏和脑室外引流是影响患者开颅术后发生颅内感染的独立危险因素,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论开颅手术后颅内感染患者以革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌较为多见,手术时间长、手术次数多、存在切口脑脊液漏或脑室外引流患者发生颅内感染的机率较高。     

创伤性胫腓骨平台骨折患者术后切口感染情况及病原菌、耐药性分析

目的:分析创伤性胫腓骨平台骨折患者术后切口感染情况.方法:选取2019年2月至2021年2月本院收治的创伤性胫腓骨平台骨折患者254例,收集患者术后切口感染、病原菌分布情况、病原菌耐药性等情况.结果:术后有61例出现切口感染,以革兰阳性菌最多(52.11％);术后切口感染革兰阳性菌对氨苄西林、红霉素、青霉素G耐药率高均为98.43％;切口感染革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶耐药性最高,均为98.65％.经多元Logistic回归分析受伤至手术时间≥6 h、手术时间≥180 min、没有彻底止血、引流不畅、合并基础疾病是术后感染的独立危险因素(P<0.05).结论:创伤性胫腓骨平台骨折患者术后切口感染机率较高,临床上需根据患者药敏试验选择合适的抗生素治疗,对患者预后有积极影响.     

少数民族地区血培养中病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的：分析少数民族地区血培养阳性标本中的病原菌分布的特点及耐药状况。方法回顾性分析2013年1月~12月180例血流感染的临床资料。结果2000人次血培养共分离病原菌180株,阳性率(9%),其中革兰阳性菌96株(53%),革兰阴性菌84株(47%),真菌2株(1%),阳性菌中(真菌除外)所有菌株对万古霉素和替考拉宁敏感,对红霉素和青霉素耐药。阴性菌中对亚胺培南,美罗培南,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感,对安苄西林,头孢唑啉,头孢呋辛等耐药较高。结论临床医生应根据药敏结果合理使用抗生素,达到抗感染的目的。     

342例骨科感染病人病原菌培养及药敏结果分析

目的了解骨科病人感染菌及耐药性,为药物的合理使用提供参考依据。方法对骨科病房病人细菌感染的412份送检分泌物标本进行细菌培养。并对检出的病原菌按K—B法做体外药敏试验。结果374份阳性标本共分离出病原菌392株,其中革兰氏阳性菌155株（39．54％）,革兰氏阴性菌227株（57．91％）;革兰阳性菌对常用抗生素药物敏感性最高的抗生素是万古霉素,最低的是青霉素类。革兰阴性菌对常用抗生素药物敏感性最高的抗生素是亚胺培南,最低的是青霉素类。结论细菌谱发生改变且对大部分常用抗菌药物已产生耐药性．合理应用抗生素,才能降低骨科感染率。     

2017～2020年血液病患者血流感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 探讨2017～2020年血液病患者血流感染的病原菌分布及耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考.方法 回顾性分析2017年1月至2020年12月发生血流感染的血液病患者病原菌分布及药物敏感性情况.结果 发生血流感染的306例患者共分离出病原菌347株,其中革兰阴性杆菌214株(61.7％),革兰阳性球菌106株(30.5％),真菌27株(7.8％).革兰阴性杆菌以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌为主,革兰阳性球菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主,真菌以热带念珠菌为主.肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类、替加环素、阿米卡星的敏感性较好>90.7％.铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、喹诺酮类、哌拉西林他唑巴坦的敏感性较高>91.7％,高于碳青霉烯类.主要革兰阳性球菌对替考拉宁、万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替加环素的敏感性好,发现一株粪肠球菌对利奈唑胺耐药.热带念珠菌对唑类耐药率高>30％,对其他抗真菌药物敏感性均较好.结论 血液病患者血流感染病原菌的种类较多,以革兰阴性杆菌为主,不同的病原菌对抗菌药物的敏感性不同,应根据本地区本病种血流感染的病原菌分布及耐药情况合理使用抗菌药物.     

肾移植受者422例病原菌感染分析

文题释义：肾移植术：将健康者的肾脏移植给有肾脏病变并丧失肾脏功能的患者。人体有左右2个肾脏,通常一个肾脏就可以支持正常的代谢需求,当慢性肾功能不全发展至终末期,可用肾移植方法治疗。肾移植因其供肾来源不同分为自体肾移植、同种异体肾移植和异种肾移植,习惯把同种异体肾移植简称为肾移植。病原菌感染：为了预防肾移植手术后的排斥反应,一般都要常规使用免疫抑制剂。使用免疫抑制剂的过程中会使机体的免疫功能下降,而导致患者容易发生细菌、病毒、真菌、原虫等感染,其中最为常见的是细菌感染性疾病的发生。革兰阴性菌分离率较高的分别为肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和大肠埃希氏菌,革兰阳性菌分离率较高的分别为金黄色葡萄球菌、屎肠球菌和表皮葡萄球菌。肾移植受者感染的致病菌以革兰阴性菌为主,其中大多数病原菌对多种抗生素耐药率偏高。 背景：了解肾移植受者细菌感染的类型和特点,分析肾移植术后医院感染病原菌分布及细菌耐药性变迁趋势,旨在为临床医生提供精准有效的治疗和防控措施,达到对肾移植受者临床合理使用抗菌药物的目的。 目的：探讨肾移植受者术后医院感染流行病学特点。 方法：对2014年8月至2019年8月在郑州人民医院肾移植中心术后发生病原菌感染的422例受者进行调查,包括标本类型、病原菌分布、病原菌耐药率等。该临床研究的实施符合郑州人民医院对研究的相关伦理要求。结果与结论：①肾移植受者发生病原菌感染阳性标本主要来自于痰液、尿液和外周血;②422株病原菌中革兰阴性菌274株(占64.9%),革兰阳性菌75株(占17.8%),真菌73株(占17.3%),其中革兰阴性菌分离率较高的分别为肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和大肠埃希氏菌,革兰阳性菌分离率较高的是金黄色葡萄球菌、屎肠球菌和表皮葡萄球菌;③革兰阴性菌对多数抗菌药物的耐药率均较高,革兰阳性菌除了对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺完全敏感外,对其他抗菌药物有不同程度的耐药率;④结果表明,肾移植受者感染的致病菌以革兰阴性菌为主,其中大多数病原菌对多种抗生素耐药率偏高,有的已产生多重耐药性,应加强对肾移植受者耐药性的监管,合理使用抗菌药物。 ORCID: 0000-0001-6861-6619(郭娟) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

消化道肿瘤手术切口感染的临床分析

目的:临床分析消化道肿瘤手术切口感染率及其危险因素。方法:收集2011年5月至2016年5月在我院手术治疗的980例消化道肿瘤患者,回顾性分析患者的性别、年龄、住院时间、肿瘤类型、手术时间、切口长度、基础疾病、预防用药和切口感染及其病原菌等临床资料。结果:980例消化道肿瘤患者术后,96例发生手术切口感染,切口感染率为9.80%。共分离出病原菌113株,其中革兰阴性菌80株(70.80%),革兰阳性菌25株(22.12%),真菌8株(7.08%)。年龄、住院时间、肿瘤性质、基础疾病、手术时间长和切口长度长是消化道肿瘤手术切口感染的危险因素。结论:消化道肿瘤患者术后切口感染发生率较高。危险因素包括病人年龄、住院时间、肿瘤性质、基础疾病、手术时间和切口长度。     

剖宫产患者术后切口感染病原菌分布及耐药性调查分析

目的探讨剖宫产患者术后切口感染病原菌分布,并分析主要病原菌的耐药性情况。方法选择2016年9月～2018年12月在我院剖宫产手术术后感染的84例患者为研究对象,分析切口感染病原菌分布情况和对抗菌药物的耐药性。结果 84份标本中培养出84株病原菌,革兰阴性菌检测率最高,有56株(66.67%),其中以大肠埃细菌为主,占41.67%;其次为革兰阳性菌,有27株(32.14%),金黄色葡萄球菌占15.48%;真菌检测率最低,为1株(1.19%)。革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林类、头孢类常用抗菌药物耐药性高(均≥50.00%),但对美罗培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、多黏菌素B敏感;革兰阳性菌对青霉素、红霉素、左氧氟沙星、利福平耐药性高(均≥50.00%),对四环素、磷霉素敏感,但研究中的抗菌药物对粪肠球菌均保持了较好的抗菌性。结论剖宫产患者术后感染的病原菌以革兰阴性菌中的大肠杆菌为主,其次为革兰阳性菌中的金黄色葡萄球菌。革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林类、头孢类药物耐药性高,革兰阳性菌对青霉素、红霉素等药物耐药性高。     

高龄产妇术后感染病原菌分布与影响因素分析

目的 研究高龄产妇术后感染病原菌分布及耐药性,并探讨感染发生的危险因素.方法 选取首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院西院和北京大学首钢医院2010年至2019年接收的1136例高龄产妇的临床资料,收集产妇一般资料及术后相关情况,对术后临床送检样本进行细菌鉴定和药敏试验,并对可能导致术后感染发生的影响因素进行采用Logistic回归分析.结果 高龄产妇术后发生感染112例,感染率为13.82％,感染患者送检标本分离病原菌132株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌68株(占51.52％),主要为大肠埃希菌(48株,占36.36％),58例为革兰阳性菌株(占43.94％),以金黄色葡萄球菌(39株,占29.55％)为主;真菌6株(占4.55％).进一步通过多因素回归分析结果显示,产妇的体质指数、术中出血量、胎膜早破、手术进行时间、侵入性操作、患有妊娠糖尿病以及手术季节均是构成高龄产妇术后感染发生的独立危险因素(均P<0.05).结论 高龄产妇术后感染的危险因素较多,医护人员应参考病原菌分布及耐药性特点以及造成感染的危险因素,制定针对性的护理干预对策进行预防措施.     

肝胆外科患者术后切口感染的病原学调查和危险因素分析

目的:探究肝胆外科患者术后发生切口感染的病原学特点及相关危险因素,为更好的防治手术切口感染提供科学依据。方法:回顾性分析363 例2011 年3 月~2017 年1 月在医院治疗的肝胆手术患者临床资料,对肝胆手术后切口感染患者的病原学和危险因素进行分析。采用字2 检验进行切口感染单因素分析,患者发生术后切口感染的相关危险因素采用Logisitic 回归分析。结果:363 例肝胆外科手术患者术后感染17 例,感染率为4.6%,共检出病原菌36 株,其中革兰阴性菌、革兰阳性菌、真菌分别为20、14、2 株,各占55.5%、38.8%、5.5%。耐药性发生以革兰阴性菌为主;对肝胆外科患者术后切口感染单因素分析发现:年龄、合并糖尿病、体重指数、手术时间、手术类型、术中出血量对切口感染有影响。而切口感染率在切口长度间比较,差异无显著统计学意义(P>0.05);对引起肝胆手术后切口感染的独立危险因素进行Logistic 回归分析显示:手术类型、术中出血量、合并糖尿病、手术时间与手术切口感染关系较密切。结论:肝胆外科术后切口感染与多种因素相关,加强患者的术后护理,能降低肝胆外科术后感染的发生率,改善患者的预后。     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long known for its analgesic effect, the opioid beta-endorphin is now shown to induce euphoria, and to have rewarding and reinforcing properties. In this review, we will summarize the present neurobiological and behavioral evidences that support involvement of beta-endorphin in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Currently, evidence supports a prominent role for beta-endorphin in the reward pathways of cocaine and alcohol. The existing information indicating the importance of beta-endorphin neurotransmission in mediating the reward pathways of nicotine and THC, is thus far circumstantial. The studies described herein employed diverse techniques, such as biochemical measurements of beta-endorphin in various brain sites and plasma, and behavioral measurements, conducted following elimination (via administration of anti-beta-endorphin antibodies or using mutant mice) or augmentation (by intracerebral administration) of beta-endorphin. We suggest that the reward pathways for different addictive drugs converge to a common pathway in which beta-endorphin is a modulating element. beta-Endorphin is involved also with distress. However, reviewing the data collected so far implies a discrete role, beyond that of a stress response, for beta-endorphin in mediating the substance of abuse reward pathway. This may occur via interacting with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and also by its interesting effects on learning and memory. The functional meaning of beta-endorphin in the process of drug-seeking behavior is discussed.     

PTEN与信号转导及肿瘤

ＴＥＮ[1] (ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅａｎｄｔｅｎｓｉｎｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｄｅｌｅｔｅｄｏｎｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅｔｅｎ)又名ＭＭＡＣ1 [2 ] (ｍｕｔａｔｅｄｉｎｍｕｔｉｐｌｙａｄａｎｃｅｄｃａｎｃｅｒ 1 )和ＴＥＰ1 [3 ] (ＴＧＦ -βｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｄｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌ -ｒｉｃｈｅｄｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ 1 ) (以下均称为ＰＴＥＮ) ,是 1 997年由 3个研究小组先后发现的一个具有双特异磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因。ＰＴＥＮ基因异常广泛存在于人类多种恶性肿瘤 ,如恶性神经胶质瘤、前列腺癌、子宫内膜癌、黑色素瘤等…     

Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer

Summary We carried out two case-control studies on the relative risk of head and neck cancer in association with tobacco and alcohol consumption. The first study carried out at the ENT Department of the University hospitals of Heidelberg and Giessen (FRG) comprised 200 male patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and 800 control subjects matched for sex, age, and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the tumour patients, 4.5% had never smoked, in contrast to 29.5% of the control group. The average tobacco and alcohol consumption of the patients was approximately twice as high as in the control subjects. The highest alcohol and tobacco consumption was observed in patients suffering from oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion and acted as independent risk factors. In heavy smokers (> 60 pack-years) a relative risk of 23.4 (alcohol adjusted) was calculated. Combined alcohol and tobacco consumption showed a synergistic effect. The risk ratio increased more in a multiplicative than in an additive manner. Oral and laryngeal cancer were associated with the highest tobacco-associated risk values. The highest ethanol-associated risk values were associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. The second study was carried out at the ENT Department of the University of Heidelberg on 164 males with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and 656 control subjects matched for sex, age and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the cases, 4.2% had never smoked, compared with 28.5% of the control subjects. The risk of laryngeal cancer by tobacco consumption was dose dependent, reaching a maximum value of 9.1 (adjusted for alcohol) for a consumption of more than 50 tobacco-years (TY). The relative risk of laryngeal cancer associated with alcohol intake was also dose dependent, reaching a value of 9.0 (adjusted for tobacco) for a mean daily consumption of more than 75 g alcohol. An analysis of subsite specific risks showed that heavy smokers (> 50 TY) carried a nearly ten times higher risk of supraglottic cancer than of glottic cancer. The risk of supraglottic cancer from alcohol consumption was also higher than that of glottic cancer.     

Postinfectious immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: pathogenic and clinical values and implications

Autoimmunity is still a mystery of clinical immunology and medicine as a whole. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders remain unclear and, thus, are assessed as a balance between hereditary predisposition, triggering factors and the appearance of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive T cells. Among the immunological armamentarium, molecular mimicry, based on self-reactive T- and B-cell activation by cross-reactive epitopes of infectious agents, is of special value. Hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of molecular mimicry in the development of postinfectious autoimmunity are currently very intriguing. They provide new approaches for identifying etiological agents that are associated with postinfectious autoimmunity, paired microbial- and tissue-linked epitopes targeted for autoimmune reaction determination, postinfectious autoimmunity pathogenesis recognition and specific prevention, and therapy for autoimmune disorder development.     

类赖氨酰氧化酶2与肿瘤转移和发生

类赖氨酰氧化酶2(lysyl oxidase-like 2,LOXL2)是赖氨酰氧化酶(lysyl oxidase,LOX)基因家族的成员之一,其表达产物能促进胶原沉积.LOXL2的过表达能促进纤维化,并与肿瘤侵袭、转移及不良预后有关.目前大部分学者认为LOXL2是一种转移促进基因,也有实验支持其是一种肿瘤抑制基因.研究发现LOXL2可以通过激活Snail/Ecadherin通路或Src/FAK通路促进转移.LOXL2有望作为肿瘤生物标志物,用于预后判断,成为一个新的治疗靶点.     

Muscle strength and serum testosterone,cortisol and SHBG concentrations in middle-aged and elderly men and women

Forty healthy males (M) and females (F) divided into two different age groups i.e. M50 years (range 44–57; n= 9), F50 years (range 43–54; n= 9), M70 years (range 64–73; n= 11) and F70 years (range 63–73; n= 11) volunteered as subjects for examination of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximal voluntary isometric force production characteristics of the leg extensor muscles and serum androgen and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations. The CSA in the male groups was greatly larger (P < 0.01) than in the female groups and both elderly groups demonstrated slightly (n.s.) smaller values in the CSA than the two middle-aged groups. Maximal force of 2854 ± 452 N in M50 was greater (P < 0.05) than that of 2627 ± 752 N recorded for F50 as well as the force of 2787 ± 843 in M70 was greater (P < 0.001) than that of 1849 ± 295 recorded for F70. The force between F50 and F70 differed significantly (P < 0.05) from each other. The maximal rate of force production in M50 was greater (P < 0.01) than in F50 as well as in M70 greater (P < 0.001) than in F70. Both middle-aged groups demonstrated greater (P < 0.05) values than the respective elderly groups of the same sex. The individual values in the CSA correlated with the values in maximal force both in the middle-aged subjects (r= 0.66; P < 0.01) and in the elderly subjects (r= 0.69; P < 0.01). The mean concentration of serum testosterone in M50 was slightly (n.s.) greater than in M70 and in F50 significantly (P < 0.05) greater than in F70. Serum SHBG levels were lower in the males (P < 0.01) than in the females and serum testosterone/SHBG ratio in M70 and in F70 were lower (P < 0.05) than in M50 and in F50, respectively. In the females significant positive correlations were observed between the individual values in serum testosterone concentration and the values both in the CSA (r= 0.46; P < 0.05) and in maximal force (r= 0.62; P < 0.01) as well as between serum testosterone/SHBG ratio and both the CSA (r= 0.55; P < 0.05) and maximal force (r= 0.68; P < 0.01). The present results imply that the decreasing basal level of blood testosterone over the years in aging people, especially in females, may lead to decreasing anabolic effects on muscles thus having an association with age-related declines in the maximal voluntary neuromuscular performance capacity in aging people.