石灰改良黄土渗透特性试验研究

为了研究石灰掺量对黄土压实特性与渗透特性的影响,以甘肃省庆阳地区黄土为研究对象,进行了不同石灰掺量下的标准击实试验与不同掺量、不同干密度下的变水头渗透试验,并对有代表性的试样进行了电镜扫描。试验结果表明:随着石灰掺量的增加,改良黄土的最大干密度drmax越来越小,对应的最优含水率wopt越来越大;当石灰掺量从0增加到3%时,最大干密度drmax的减小幅度最大;素黄土与改良黄土的饱和渗透系数ksat均随孔隙比e的增大而增大,且在半对数坐标中呈线性关系,不同掺量下的拟合曲线相互平行,但截距有所不同。结合电镜扫描结果对黄土的微结构从定性及定量角度分析可知,大中孔隙的数量及面积决定着黄土渗透性。     

干湿循环对非饱和黄土渗透系数的影响研究

针对不同干密度的重塑非饱和黄土,利用GCTS压力仪研究非饱和黄土在干湿循环条件下的土－水特征曲线,选用van Genuchten模型拟合体积含水量与基质吸力的关系,结合Childs & Collis-Geroge模型预测黄土的非饱和渗透系数,进而分析干湿循环作用及干密度对非饱和渗透系数的影响。研究结果表明：试验地区非饱和黄土的土－水特征曲线拟合相关度高达0.97以上,有良好的适用性;黄土的非饱和渗透系数与干湿循环次数及干密度之间均符合指数函数关系;相同基质吸力条件下,干密度大的黄土非饱和渗透系数大,基质吸力较小时,干密度为1.74 g/cm³的黄土比干密度为1.56 g/cm³的黄土非饱和渗透系数大10²数量级;当干密度保持不变时,随着干湿循环次数的增加,渗透系数逐渐增大,其增幅随体积含水量的增大而增大,随基质吸力的增大而减小;当非饱和黄土试样的体积含水量接近残余含水量时,土体的渗透系数趋于稳定。     

甘肃Q3原状黄土的微观结构对其土-水特征曲线的影响

为了探究原状黄土土-水特征曲线与土样微观结构之间的关系,对甘肃黑方台不同埋深Q_3原状黄土进行了基本物理指标的测试,张力计法测得其土-水特征曲线,并利用FredlundXing模型对土-水特征曲线进行了拟合。采用光学显微镜和Photoshop合成技术获得了不同埋深土样的微观结构,统计得到孔隙累积级配曲线和分布曲线。结果表明不同埋深Q_3黄土,颗粒组成相同;其土水特征曲线,在饱和区,相同基质吸力下土样埋深(干密度)越大,体积含水率越小;而在过渡区,体积含水率则越大;在残余区,土水特征曲线几乎重合,这种差异主要是由土样的孔隙分布特征所控制。最后根据土样的分布曲线建立了黄土土水特征的本构关系,其预测值同实测值基本吻合。     

基于湿润锋前进法的不同应力状态砂质黄土土柱渗流试验

由于试验装置的局限性,非饱和土渗透特性的研究大多未考虑应力对渗透系数的影响。为探讨水-力耦合作用下砂质黄土的渗透特性,自主研制了一套水-力耦合试验装置。采用湿润锋前进法探究了不同初始干密度和轴向力对非饱和渗透系数的影响,得到水-力耦合作用下非饱和黄土渗透性和轴向位移的演化规律。结果表明:(1)砂质黄土的渗透系数随基质吸力的增大而减小,在不同测试截面处渗透函数曲线出现分层现象;(2)土体的渗透系数随初始干密度和轴向力增大而减小;(3)随轴向力增大,不同初始干密度土柱的稳定渗透系数趋向一致;(4)砂质黄土具有较大的水敏性,在水-力耦合作用下土体结构破坏,导致湿化前后轴向位移差异较大。     

冻融对压实黄土工程地质特性影响的试验研究

季节冻土区黄土路基经常遭受强烈的冻融循环作用,使得路基土体的水分重新分布、密度发生变化,严重的会导致路基发生较大变形而破坏,造成一定的经济损失和安全隐患。通过补水条件下的压实黄土冻融循环试验,研究冻融循环作用对压实黄土的水分分布、变形和干密度等工程地质特性的影响。试验结果表明:反复的冻融循环作用使得土样含水率增加,从底板到顶板土样含水率逐渐递增,且含水率增加幅度随冻融次数的增加而增加;土样在冻融循环初期冻胀变形大于融沉变形,总体变形显著增加,经过一定冻融循环次数后土样总体变形趋于稳定,冻融循环后期土样出现较小的沉降变形;冻融循环使得土样的干密度逐渐减小,冻融循环次数越多,其干密度减小幅度越大。研究成果对压实黄土路基病害形成机理及防治措施研究具有重要的科学意义。     

重塑马兰黄土渗透性的室内试验研究

基于室内常规渗透试验,对延安新区重塑马兰黄土不同压实度下的渗透性进行研究,分析了饱和渗透系数随颗粒大小、孔隙度及干密度等因素的变化规律。试验数据拟合结果表明,该地区重塑马兰黄土的饱和渗透系数与孔隙度呈正指数函数关系,与干密度呈负指数函数关系。此外,不同干密度情况下,饱和渗透系数随时间变化的统计结果表明,当干密度大于1.6g/cm~3时,重塑马兰黄土的渗透系数不再随渗透时间变化,基本趋于稳定,且渗透性能低,因此可采用此干密度为不同要求和标准的地基压实工程提供参考和指导。     

非饱和黄土宏细观含水状态与结构性的研究

土水特征曲线可以反映土中孔隙的空间分布与变化情况,利用土体的孔隙分布特征可以研究 非饱和土的持水特性和结构特性。首先通过室内压力膜仪试验,研究了非饱和黄土的土水特征曲线的 进气压力值、脱湿速率、孔径分布参数等指标与干密度、击实含水率的关系;然后基于孔径分布计算理论 和试验结果,给出了非饱和黄土的孔径分布曲线,用来评价土体内部孔径的分布情况,分析了非饱和黄 土干密度和击实含水率对土的宏细观含水状态和结构性的影响机理。结果表明:增大非饱和土的干密 度,可使孔径变小,孔隙结构分布范围变窄,土颗粒从架状结构向致密结构转换,基质吸力变化引起含水 率变化较小,持水特性提高,土体的脱湿速率变慢,进气值呈现增大趋势;而击实含水率位于最优含水率 湿测时,影响并不明显。     

反复冻融循环对黄土孔隙比及渗透性的影响

在冻融循环过程中,周期性的冻结与融化持续改变着土体内部结构,使土的孔隙比与渗透性不可避免地发生相应的变化。以陕西杨凌地区Q3黄土为研究对象,在封闭系统下通过对不同初始条件的黄土进行多次反复冻融循环(最多冻融循环50次),研究了杨凌黄土孔隙比与渗透系数的变化规律。试验结果表明,封闭系统下反复冻融循环后土样孔隙比和渗透系数变化的情况与试样初始条件密切相关。试样初始含水率越高,冻融循环破坏作用越强,延续时间更长,试样需更长的循环周期达到动态稳定;冻融循环过程中,试样孔隙比与渗透系数随干密度的改变有不同的变化趋势;30次冻融循环后,试样的孔隙比与渗透性逐渐趋于稳定。     

Q3原状黄土与重塑黄土的土水特性研究

黄土土水特征曲线与其强度、渗流及本构关系等密切相关。为研究Q3黄土的土水特性,分别进行了Q3原状黄土和重塑黄土的土水特征曲线测试,并用经典的B-C模型和V-G模型对试验结果进行拟合,分析孔隙比对Q3重塑黄土土水特性的影响。结果表明:原状黄土土水特征曲线分为快速减小、缓慢减小和稳定3个阶段,进气值为20kPa左右,随土体排水,空气进入孔隙内部,吸力逐渐增大,稳定阶段土体饱和度很低,土体处于大吸力段,孔隙排水不明显;重塑黄土土水特征曲线整体趋势与原状黄土一致,但孔隙比对其影响较明显,当孔隙比较大时,体积含水率降低引起吸力明显增加,进气值较小,孔隙比较小时,随着吸力值增加,体积含水率降低速率较小,随着孔隙比减小,土体进气吸力值逐渐增大;采用B-C模型和V-G模型与原状黄土试验结果进行对比,B-C模型低吸力段拟合效果不佳,高吸力段拟合较好,V-G模型整体拟合效果良好。     

饱和黄土三轴渗透试验

对饱和黄土进行了三轴渗透试验,结果表明:①饱和黄土的渗透系数随干密度的增大而减小,原状饱和黄土渗透系数大于重塑饱和黄土渗透系数,原状饱和黄土垂直渗透系数大于水平渗透系数;②饱和黄土的渗透系数随周围压力的增大而减小,在同一周围压力下原状饱和黄土渗透系数大于重塑饱和黄土渗透系数;③初始干密度越小,重塑饱和黄土水平渗透系数越小。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.