改性甘蔗渣吸附剂的制备及其对直接桃红12B的吸附性能研究

以农业废弃物甘蔗渣为原料,用氯化钙进行改性,研究了改性甘蔗渣(MB)对染料直接桃红12B(DP12B)吸附过程的动力学、热力学、水体pH、温度、作用时间及离子强度等的影响。结果表明,当MB投加量为2g/L,DP12B的初始浓度为180mg/L,pH为中性,温度为30℃,离子强度小于0.10mol/L时,DP12B的去除率达到86%以上。MB对DP12B等温吸附符合BET吸附等温线方程,属于典型的多分子层吸附类型,适合在较高浓度阴离子染料的条件下吸附。吸附过程符合二级吸附动力学方程(R20.99),吸附本质上以化学吸附为主。吸附热力学参数ΔG0,吸附是易于自发的过程。MB是一种吸附性能优异的吸附剂,用于处理染料废水有较好的应用前景。     

硫脲改性Fe_3O_4/壳聚糖微球对Hg~(2+)的吸附性能

利用反相悬浮分散法制备Fe3O4/壳聚糖磁性微球,并经硫脲改性(TMCS)用于吸附水溶液中Hg2+。考察了pH值、温度的影响,以及吸附动力学和吸附等温线。结果表明,TMCS为球形,粒径80μm～250μm。TMCS对Hg2+的吸附量随pH值升高而增加,但随温度升高而下降;焓变(ΔH0=-12.93kJ/mol)为负,表明吸附放热;Gibbs自由能(ΔG0=-16.41kJ/mol～-17.22kJ/mol)为负,表明吸附能自发进行。等温吸附线可用Langmuir模型拟合,最大吸附容量2.69mmol/g;吸附动力学可用拟二级模型拟合,表明化学吸附为控速步骤。吸附Hg2+后的TMCS可用0.01mol/L的EDTA脱附,脱附率达91%。     

香草醛改性壳聚糖对镉离子的吸附热力学和动力学

研究了微波辐射条件下香草醛改性壳聚糖(V-CTS)对Cd2+离子的吸附性能,测定了吸附等温线和吸附动力学曲线。结果表明,该吸附剂对Cd2+离子的吸附行为符合Freundlich吸附等温式,在298～318K温度范围内,焓变ΔH=24.22kJ/mol,表明吸附是吸热过程。吸附动力学符合Lagergren二级吸附速率方程,反应活化能为25.58kJ/moL,表明V-CTS对金属离子的吸附由化学反应控制,而非扩散控制。吸附剂解吸再生循环使用4次后,镉离子的吸附容量仅减少18.9%,该吸附剂具有较好地再生使用性。     

棉秸秆活性炭吸附水溶性有机污染物研究

以棉花秸秆为原材料,采用"炭化-活化"工艺制备了高活性活性炭。研究了活性炭对苯酚、苯胺和苯甲酸等3种芳香族有机污染物的吸附过程动力学及热力学;测定了不同温度下该活性炭对3种污染物的吸附等温线。研究结果表明棉秸秆活性炭对苯酚、苯胺和苯甲酸的吸附过程均符合Lagergren二级吸附动力学方程;表观吸附活化能分别为Ea(苯酚)=15.91kJ/mol、Ea(苯甲酸)=12.56kJ/mol、Ea(苯胺)=11.16kJ/mol;吸附过程为自发的放热熵减过程;吸附等温模型符合Freundlich等温式;棉秸秆活性炭对苯酚、苯胺和苯甲酸的静态饱和吸附容量分别为450、321和298mg/g。棉秸秆活性炭制备简便、成本低廉,对水溶性有机污染物去除效果较好,可用于芳香族有机污染物的吸附治理。     

改性海泡石对有机污染物氯苯的吸附研究

本文研究了经过酸热改性的海泡石对氯苯的吸附特性,在pH值为6～7,吸附1h条件下,氯苯去除率可达80%左右.同时探讨了改性海泡石对氯苯的吸附等温线,经过对吸附等温方程的拟合可知,符合Freundlich吸附等温方程式,其改性海泡石吸附氯苯为表面不均匀吸附.其吸附动力学符合二级反应动力学模型.     

羧甲基纤维素-石墨烯复合气凝胶的制备及吸附研究EI北大核心CSCD

在氧化石墨的基础上添加适量廉价的羧甲基纤维素,以一步水热反应成功制备羧甲基纤维素/石墨烯复合气凝胶(CMC/GA),并对CMC/GA进行官能团结构、微观形貌等表征分析。以水中亚甲基蓝(MB)为吸附对象,研究CMC/GA对水中MB的吸附能力和吸附机制。结果表明:温度越高,MB溶液的初始浓度越大,对吸附越有利;吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型,吸附体系的活化能为57.951 kJ·mol-1,表明CMC/GA对MB的吸附为单分子层吸附且属于化学吸附。MB的吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型;内扩散模型表明,CMC/GA对不同浓度MB的吸附过程均分为大孔扩散和微孔扩散两个阶段且大孔扩散速率明显大于微孔扩散。     

多元纳米复合氧化锌压敏陶瓷的晶粒生长

研究了多元纳米复合ZnO电压敏粉体在高温下的烧结行为.应用晶粒生长的动力学方程Gn-G0=K0texp(-Q/RT),确定了晶粒生长的动力学指数n和激活能Q.实验结果表明,随着烧结温度的提高和保温时间的延长,ZnO压敏陶瓷的晶粒不断长大,其动力学指数n=3.2,激活能Q=(185±28)kJ/mol.     

壳聚糖交联β-环糊精对酸性染料吸附动力学和热力学研究

戊二醛作交联剂,在壳聚糖分子链中引入了β-环糊精的疏水空腔结构,制备出壳聚糖交联β-环糊精高聚物(CTS-CD).以酸性红B为例,研究了CTS-CD对酸性染料的吸附动力学和热力学特性.298K,CTS-CD对酸性红B的饱和吸附容量高达661.4mg/g,起始浓度363.2mg/L,吸附△H=80.3kJ/mol、△S=323.3J/(mol·K)、△G=-16.1kJ/mol,En=11.72kJ/mol.室温下,吸附过程可用一级吸附动力学方程来描述,符合Langmuir等温吸附模型.CTS-CD可作为吸附材料用于治理染料、印染废水.     

高粱秸秆生物炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附热力学与动力学研究

利用Langmuir和Freundlich等温方程、准一级及准二级动力学方程对实验数据进行拟合分析,研究了高粱秸秆生物炭(SSB)对水溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附热力学与动力学行为。结果表明:SSB对Cr(Ⅵ)的等温吸附规律可用Langmuir吸附等温方程描述,吸附过程较好的符合准一级动力学方程。吸附过程的ΔG00、ΔH00,且仅为13.874kJ/mol,ΔS00,说明SSB对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附是以物理吸附为主的自发吸热过程。     

氯磺化聚乙烯的降解动力学

通过热重分析仪研究了不同氯硫含量的氯磺化聚乙烯(CSM)在不同升温速率下的热分解行为。采用Ozawa及Kissinger方程研究了氯磺化聚乙烯的降解动力学,研究发现CSM的热降解过程包括两个主要失重平台,而且氯磺化聚乙烯的热分解反应不是一级反应。Ozawa方程计算的活化能随着产物中氯硫含量的增加从304.661kJ/mol下降到292.573kJ/mol。Kissinger方程计算的活化能分别为282.785kJ/mol和274.176kJ/mol。ln(β/Tm2)对1/Tm作图得一直线,证明氯磺化聚乙烯的热分解符合无规分解模型。     

One-pot synthesis of iron oxide-carbon core-shell particles in supercritical water

The quantitatively limited use of hydrogen peroxide in supercritical water allows for the in situ formation of iron oxides and graphitic carbon from ferrocene in one step. The structure of the particles prepared at 400-500 °C is comprised of nano- to micro-meter size of magnetite and maghemite cores covered with graphitic carbon shells. The morphology and size of the core-shell particles and the phase composition of iron-oxide cores are different dependent on the preparation conditions. The particles prepared at 400 °C contain, as dominant iron-oxide phase, the magnetite core particles ranging from nano- to micro-meter scales with no morphological regularity, while those prepared at 500 °C are comprised of hexagram shape and micro-meter size of maghemite cores. The observed morphology, the dimension of the core particles, and the dominant phase composition suggested that the iron-oxide cores would be formed through the oxidation of iron(II) to iron(III) and two different hydrolysis paths. Furthermore, the higher preparation temperature of 500 °C has shown a tendency to form smaller crystallite sizes of polycrystalline iron-oxide cores. The decrease of subcrystal sizes in the vicinity of superparamagnetic thresholds effects the reduction of coercivity in the ferromagnetic hysteresis.     

Bio-functionalization of magnetite nanoparticles using an aminophosphonic acid coupling agent: new, ultradispersed, iron-oxide folate nanoconjugates for cancer-specific targeting

The present study describes a systematic approach towards the design and development of novel, bio-functionalized, magneto-fluorescent nanoparticles for cancer-specific targeting. Biocompatible, hydrophilic, magneto-fluorescent nanoparticles with surface-pendant amine, carboxyl or aldehyde groups, to be later used for bio-conjugation, were designed using an aminophosphonic acid coupling agent. These magneto-fluorescent nanoparticles were further functionalized with folic acid, using diverse conjugation strategies. A series of new iron-oxide folate nanoconjugates with excellent aqueous dispersion stability and reasonably good hydrodynamic sizes under a wide range of physiological conditions were developed. These ultradispersed nanosystems were analyzed for their physicochemical properties and cancer-cell targeting ability, facilitated by surface modification with folic acid. The nanoparticle size, charge, surface chemistry, magnetic properties and colloidal stability were extensively studied using a variety of complementary techniques. Confocal microscopy, performed with folate receptor positive human cervical HeLa cancer cells, established that these non-cytotoxic iron-oxide folate nanoconjugates were effectively internalized by the target cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Cell-uptake behaviors of nanoparticles, studied using magnetically activated cell sorting (MACS), clearly demonstrated that cells over-expressing the human folate receptor internalized a higher level of these nanoparticle-folate conjugates than negative control cells.     

Corrosive degradation and failure of vertical furnace wall tubes of a boiler

The failures of vertical furnace wall tubes of a co-generation boiler have been investigated. The thinned section failures, often accompanied by buckling prior to failure, were found to be due to acid attack as a consequence of “hideout”. The local corrosion and consequent thick and non-protective iron-oxide deposition at the sites of attack produced hot spots, which is evident from the microstructure of those regions. Decarburization by hydrogen generated during the corrosion process also contributed to the loss in strength of the material. The possibility of “alkali attack” as opposed to acid attack was ruled out by the various findings of this investigation.     

Tailored nanoparticles for tumour therapy

Gd doped iron-oxide nanoparticles were developed for use in tumour therapy via magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH). The effect of the Gd3+ dopant on the particle size and magnetic properties was investigated. The final particle composition varied from Gd0.01Fe2.99O4 to Gd0.04Fe2.96O4 as determined by Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). TEM image analysis showed the average magnetic core diameters to be 12 nm and 33 nm for the lowest and highest Gd levels respectively. The specific power adsorption rate (SAR) determined with a field strength of 246 Oe and 52 kHz had a maximum of 38Wg(-1) [Fe] for the Gd0.03Fe2.97O4 sample. This value is about 4 times higher than the reported SAR values for Fe3O4. The potential for in vivo tumour therapy was investigated using a mouse model. The mouse models treated with Gd0.02Fe2.98O4 displayed much slower tumour growth after the first treatment cycle, the tumour had increased its mass by 25% after 7 days post treatment compared to a 79% mass increase over the same period for those models treated with standard iron-oxide or saline solution. After a second treatment cycle the mouse treated with Gd0.02Fe2.98O4 showed complete tumour regression with no tumour found for at least 5 days post treatment.     

Defect spinel structure in iron oxide colloids

A structural quantitative study has been performed on iron-oxide colloids with the spinel structure prepared by a chemical way. Cation vacancies are found to occupy both octahedrally (16d) and tetrahedrally (8a) coordinated sites. Significant electron density at equipoint position(48f) is assigned to interstitial iron ions in a second tetrahedrally coordinated position.     

Fabrication and characteristics of porous NiTi shape memory alloy synthesized by microwave sintering

Porous nickel titanium (NiTi) shape memory alloy (SMA) was successfully fabricated by microwave sintering method. This method allows formation of porous structures without using any pore-forming agents. Moreover, microwave sintering of NiTi SMA can be successfully performed at a relatively low sintering temperature of 850 °C and a short sintering time of 15 min. The pore characteristics, microstructure, phase transformation and stress-strain behavior of the porous NiTi SMA were investigated. The porous NiTi SMA exhibited porosity ratios from 27% to 48% and pore sizes range from 50 to 200 μm when using different sintering temperatures and holding times. The predominant B2 (NiTi) and B19′ (NiTi) phases were identified in the porous NiTi SMA. A multi-step phase transformation took place on heating and a two-step phase transformation took place on cooling of the porous NiTi SMA. The irrecoverable strains decreased with increasing sintering temperature, but the holding time had little effect on the stress-strain behavior at 60 °C.     

TC4钛合金表面阳极氧化制备TiO_2多孔膜的实验研究

以硫酸为电解液,钛合金(TC4)为阳极,不锈钢片为阴极,采用恒压的氧化方式在钛合金表面获得TiO2多孔膜。通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察了多孔膜的微观形貌并用X射线衍射(XRD)对覆在钛合金基体上的氧化膜进行了物相分析,研究了氧化工艺参数电压、阳极氧化时间和硫酸浓度对TiO2多孔膜相组成的影响。结果表明:TC4钛合金阳极氧化获得的氧化膜为非均一平面的TiO2多孔膜,且膜的孔径分布在90~240nm,XRD分析表明在不同的氧化工艺参数下氧化膜均由锐钛相和金红石相双相晶型组成。在0.5mol/L硫酸溶液中,电压高于100V或氧化时间长于5min即出现锐钛相和金红石相TiO2,随着电压的升高和时间的增长金红石相TiO2的含量逐渐增加;在恒压120V时,硫酸溶液浓度为0.3mol/L即出现锐钛相和金红石相TiO2,随着硫酸浓度的提高金红石相TiO2的含量先增加后减少。     

纳米多孔硅的电化学制备及性能研究

纳米多孔硅是一种潜在的化学和生物传感材料,本文采用电化学腐蚀法制备纳米多孔硅。采用SEM技术分析多孔硅的表面形貌,研究了腐蚀条件对多孔硅的孔隙率、厚度、I-V特性的影响。结果表明,多孔硅的孔隙率随着腐蚀电流密度和腐蚀时间的增加而呈线性增大趋势;其厚度随着腐蚀电流密度的增加而近似呈线性增大趋势,随腐蚀时间的成倍增加而显著增大;其I-V特性表现出非整流的欧姆接触。     

以石油渣油为原料制备多孔炭

以石油渣油为原料,分别采取传统的水蒸气活化和类模板法制备多孔炭材料,并采用氮吸附、XRD和SEM等分析手段对得到的多孔炭进行了表征。结果表明,水蒸气活化制备的多孔炭以微孔为主,且随着活化时间的增加,比表面积增大,炭收率减小。而类模板法制备的多孔炭以中孔为主,且随着MgO/渣油配比值的增加,其比表面积随之增大,炭收率变化不大。     

多孔玻璃粉的制备及其在玻璃基板上的粘接

利用硼硅酸盐玻璃的分相和酸侵蚀制备了孔径可控的多孔玻璃粉,采用SEM、BET等测试手段对玻璃的表面形貌和孔径分布进行了表征。并以Na2O-Al2O3-B2O3体系低熔点玻璃作为粘接剂将多孔玻璃粉烧结在普通玻璃板上,研制出一种表面孔径约50nm且均匀分布的多孔玻璃基板,并分析了烧结温度、烧结时间、颗粒大小等对粘接的影响。