硫化物沉淀法处理含镍废镀液

本以治理工艺实例，介绍了利用硫化物沉淀法处理高浓度化学镀镍废液并回收金属镍的具体工艺及治理效果。结果表明：对Ni^2 浓度30g／L以上的含镍废镀液，运用本所提方法，处理后的废水中Ni^2 ≤0．1mg/L(完全达到国家污水综合排放标准1．0mg／L)，对Ni^2 的去除率(回收率)达99．9％以上。     

三、催化汽油废碱水处理工艺试验研究报告

一、处理废碱水的意义: 我厂81年1月试验用碱水洗涤催化汽油脱除硫醇时,排出大量高浓度含酚废水,使污水处理场中浮选,曝气受到明显危害,不能正常运转,排水水质严重恶化。本试验对此废碱水常用中和、萃取的方法处理后,脱酚率达64～95％以上,脱氰率96％以上。高速离心萃取机的萃取效率为95％,投资小,操作简单,为煤油厂处理酚废碱水开辟了一条经济易行的途径。     

高浓度有机硅废水生物处理技术研究

对生物接触氧化法用于高浓度有机硅废水的处理进行了试验研究，试验结果表明，ＣＯＤＣｒ、ＢＯＤ５去除率分别为７８．２％，９０．６％，达到国家二极排放标准。     

PAC－SBR法处理高浓度有机废水

ＰＡＣ－ＳＢＲ法处理高浓度有机废水针对高浓度有机废水无稀释好氧处理中存在的问题，提出了ＰＡＣ－ＳＢＲ生化法。试验表明，采用＊＊ＩＳ＊Ｒ法处理高浓度废水比Ｓ＊Ｒ法有优越性。其＊ＯＤ。＊ＯＤ的去除率分别高达８５．９％、９７．３％、污泥负荷及容积负荷均高于...     

铁碳微电解预处理高浓度酒精废液

采用废铁屑-焦碳组成微电解工艺预处理高浓度酒精废液。通过正交试验和单因素分析试验考察了反应时间、铁碳比、曝气强度对铁碳微电解工艺降解有机物,提高废水可生化性和pH的影响,最终确定了最佳反应条件。试验结果表明,反应时间、铁碳比和曝气强度对铁碳微电解处理酒精废液的影响程度依次降低,且最佳反应条件为反应时间2小时,铁水比125：500,曝气强度4m^3／m^2h,CODcr的去除率达到50％,废水的BOD5／CODcr值可由O．3提升到0．48,pH由3．5提高到5．2左右。作为高浓度酒精废液预处理工艺,铁碳微电解能够经济、有效降低后续处理工艺的负荷,提高废水的可生化性和碱度。     

石灰—聚铁法处理高浓度砷、氟酸性废水

采用石灰－聚铁法对高浓度砷，氟酸性废水进行处理试验，当一级反应条件控制在pH值9.5,Fe/As比2．5和二级反应条件控制在pH值9.0,Fe/As比10．0时，可以却除坤99．5％，氟95％以上，实现达标排放。     

固氟剂应用于砖瓦厂氟治理的初步研究

首次将固氟剂应用于砖瓦厂的氟治理试验，结果表明，在所选用的４种固氟剂中，以白泥的固氟效果最佳，经过烧制，对以红壤和青紫泥为材料制成的红砖的固氟率，在实验室模拟条件试验中分别为３８．０７％和５２．９０％，在砖瓦厂生产条件试验分别为４８．０３％和５１．３５％，白泥作为一种工业废物，应用于砖瓦厂氟治理，特别是无组织排放的控制，不仅颇具良好前景，而且为白泥的处置利用提供一条“以废治废”的新途径。     

“老龄”垃圾渗滤液的厌氧毒性试验研究

本文通过厌氧毒性试验（ATA），研究“老龄”垃圾渗滤液对厌氧微生物的毒性抑制作用。试验结果表明，渗滤液的厌氧毒性随着其体积浓度的增加而增强，当渗滤液浓度达80％时，污泥产甲烷活性开始出现中度抑制，而100％渗滤液能够使污泥相对活性下降55．5个百分点，最大产甲烷活性区间滞后14d。渗滤液对污泥的抑制类型是多种毒物共同作用的结果，在低浓度主要表现为代谢毒素，高浓度时表现出生理毒素作用。     

碱法制浆造纸中段废水处理技术研究

介绍了“纸浆纤维回收＋混凝迷宫沉淀＋砂滤”的碱法制浆中段废水处理技术，通过试验规模2m^3/h的生产性试验，提出了该项处理技术工艺必要的设计参数和设计、运行要点。试验证明该处理工艺科学合理，流程简单，处理效率高，对BOD5、COD、SS、色度的去除率分别为72．5％、85．2％、92．1％、94．4％，处理后的水能用于生产，回收的纸浆纤维也可以再利用。该技术适用于制浆造纸中段废水及其不制浆造纸的综合废水处理。     

水热氧化技术研究的进展

叙述水热氧化法的基本原理和研究进展，并重点介绍在高浓度乳化废水、含酚废水、含油污水和废碱液的处理中，最新试验研究以及它的优缺点和发展前景。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.