采用飞秒装置的高功率宽带太赫兹源

真空电子器件产生的THz辐射通常是基于环形或直线型的加速器装置。飞秒级的电子束团通过周期性的磁铁可产生高功率、宽带可调谐的相干太赫兹辐射。这种高功率的太赫兹源为太赫兹技术的应用研究提供了新的手段。介绍了一种基于飞秒直线加速器装置产生的相干太赫兹波荡器辐射源,它主要由S波段热阴极微波电子枪,磁铁和SLAC型加速管组成,该装置能够提供具有20~30 MeV能量、束团长度为100~300 fs的电子束团。波荡器采用的是Apple?鄄II型波荡器,通过调节波荡器两平行磁块的位置可以产生具有不同极化特性的太赫兹辐射。为了测量波荡器产生的相干THz辐射谱,采用改进型的迈克尔逊干涉仪来进行测量,给出了实验装置的介绍以及实验结果。     

太赫兹频段一维介质光子晶体中的史密斯-帕塞尔辐射特性模拟

基于Smith-Purcell(SP)效应,采用粒子模拟的方法探讨了电子束团激发一维介质光子晶体中的SP辐射特性.模拟研究了单个束团激发一维介质圆柱光子晶体产生的SP辐射现象,并对周期束团激发的THz频段的相干SP辐射进行了模拟分析.研究表明,提高介质的相对介电常数和增加光子晶体的层数都可使辐射强度增加,选择合适的参数能够有效地增强THz频段的相干SP辐射强度.     

Enhancement of Coherent THz Smith-Purcell Radiation by Resonance Overlapping

Frequency-locked coherent Smith-Purcell Radiation (SPR) is emitted when a train of pre-bunched electron beam passes close to the surface of a metallic grating, which develops an energy density spectrum restricted to harmonics of the bunching frequency. For the lamellar grating with narrow grooves, the radiation spectrum from a single electron can also have a feature of narrow band, which is related to the grating structure and the beam energy. The combination of them is proposed in this paper. By properly choosing the parameters, the peak frequency of single electron radiation can be overlapped with the harmonics of the bunching frequency of the electron bunch train, leading to the generation of extremely intense narrow-band THz radiation.     

迈克尔逊干涉法精确测量太赫兹频谱及目标速度

搭建了一套迈克尔逊干涉仪,对CO2激光的9P36和9R10谱线泵浦CH3OH气体所产生的频率分别为2.52 THz和3.11 THz的太赫兹激光器输出频谱进行了精细测量。测量系统频率分辨率约为1 GHz,测量结果显示CO2激光泵浦的太赫兹源为单色源并具有极窄的线宽,波长与激光器标称值进行对比具有很好的一致性。基于这套系统实现了对干涉仪动臂目标的运动速度准确测量,提出了两种分别适用于匀速运动和变速运动情况下的速度反演方法,反演结果与设定值均相符。结论表明,迈克尔逊干涉仪不但可以精确测量太赫兹波源的频谱,同时配合单色太赫兹源可以准确测量目标速度,为太赫兹波段光谱、成像等领域的应用奠定基础。     

THz Coherent Vavilov-Cherenkov Radiation in a Special Three-Mirror Cavity

In the modern science and technology a compact and having enough output power terahertz radiation source working in room temperature have earned great attention. This paper is devoted to utilize electron bunches stimulate Vavilov-Cherenkov Radiation (VCR) in a special three-mirror quasi-optical cavity to generate coherent THz waves. This novel three-mirror quasi-optical resonant cavity has the coaxial field pattern which enables field establish in this cavity effectively. The analytical theory of the radiation exited by a train of electron bunches in the special kind of three-mirror cavity has been carried out and the coherent VCR has been achieved by the computer simulation. All those shows that this method can be used to establish useful THz radiation source by the normal electron gun and the commonly used microwave devices.     

Dual tunable wavelength Er,Yb:glass laser for terahertz beatfrequency generation

Dual tunable wavelength operation of Er,Yb:phosphate glass laser is reported. The spatial separation of the laser eigenstates and the use of two properly designed intracavity etalons permit one to tune the two wavelengths independently from 1540.5 to 1562.7 nm. The generated beat note, monitored using a Michelson interferometer, is experimentally shown to be adjustable from dc to 2.7 THz. The linewidth of this beat note is found to be less than 10 kHz. Several applications are discussed     

Coherent spontaneous emission and spontaneous phase locking in afree-electron laser

We present measurements that demonstrate the existence of spontaneous coherence between independently generated laser pulses in the FELIX free-electron laser. The experiments show that the interpulse coherence is caused by a high level of coherently enhanced spontaneous emission. We have been able to manipulate the level of interpulse coherence by changing the settings of the electron accelerating system. The shape of the electron bunches critically determines the amount of coherent emission. Results of simulations of the acceleration process are used to discuss the influence of the accelerator parameters on the electron bunch shape. The experimentally determined correlation function of the laser pulses is reproduced by a simple pulse-evolution model. Thereby, an estimate of the timing jitter of the RF accelerating system is obtained     

保偏光纤模式耦合分析及其相干检测

当保偏光纤存在结构不均匀或者受到外部扰动时,将使其内部传输的一部分偏振光耦合到与其正交的偏振态上去。分析了保偏光纤内偏振光模式耦合的原理,给出了基于白光干涉法的偏振模式耦合检测方法,并用迈克尔逊干涉仪对保偏光纤的偏振模式耦合的耦合强度和耦合点发生的空间位置进行了测试。通过步进电机控制迈克尔逊干涉仪扫描臂的反射镜移动,改变干涉仪两臂之间的光程差,来补偿由于偏振耦合而形成的两偏振光从保偏光纤出射时的光程差,实现了对偏振耦合的测量。为提高检测系统的灵敏度,需提高输出信号的信噪比,对光源发出的光进行高频调制,通过频谱搬移和相干解调,有效地抑制了各种干扰和噪声,使输出信号的峰值信噪比提高了5.1 dB,耦合强度测试最小值也由-57.6 dB提高到-62.7 dB,增强了测试系统检测微弱偏振耦合的能力。     

迈克尔逊干涉仪在相位相干成像测量系统中的应用

传统4f相位相干成像测量技术中,利用相位物体使测量材料产生的相位变化转换为可直接观察的振幅变化,实现材料光学非线性折射率的测量。然而相位物体的厚度是固定不变的,相位延迟会随激光波长的改变而改变,测量中需要更换合适的相位物体。理论分析了不同激光波长对相位物体相移大小的影响,详细讨论了不同形状光束下相位物体的半径和相移的大小对4f相位相干成像系统灵敏度的影响。利用了迈克尔逊干涉仪中两束光的相位延迟替代传统相位物体的功能,实现了一种相位可调的相位物体。因为迈克尔逊干涉仪两束光的相位延迟连续可调,使得在不同形状光束及不同波长激光下的测量灵敏度达到最优。该方法进一步完善了4f相位相干成像测量技术,不仅解决了传统相位物体的不足,而且提高了系统测量的精度。     

Terahertz Radiation Shaping Based on Third-Order Dispersion and Self-Phase Modulation in Standard Single-Mode Optical Fiber

Third-order dispersion and self-phase modulation in standard single-mode fibers are employed in a fiber-based THz time domain spectroscopy system for radiation shaping. Ultra-short optical pulses are converted into trains of pulses, thus shaping the THz radiation emitted by photoconductive antennas operating at telecom wavelengths. The proposed architecture allows narrowband and wideband THz emission as well as tunability of the central frequency. Since the shaping takes place in standard optical fiber the architecture could be potentially implemented without requiring any additional device. Experiments showing the principle of operation have been performed demonstrating tunability of the central frequency between 350 and 800 GHz and bandwidth from 150 GHz to the full bandwidth of the system.     

藕断面光学相干层析成像

以光纤迈克尔逊干涉仪为主体,相干长度２５ μｍ 的超辐射管为光源,用光电倍增管和锁相放大器探测,建立了一种相干门层析成像装置,此装置具有三维扫描成像能力,检测灵敏度可达９０ｄＢ。用此装置测量了对生物样品藕横向和纵深方向扫描的后向散射光,得到藕的纵深方向的断层像。     

Effect of Oxygen Adsorbates on Terahertz Emission Properties of Various Semiconductor Surfaces Covered with Graphene

We have studied coherent terahertz (THz) emission from graphene-coated surfaces of three different semiconductors—InP, GaAs, and InAs—to provide insight into the influence of O₂ adsorption on charge states and dynamics at the graphene/semiconductor interface. The amplitude of emitted THz radiation from graphene-coated InP was found to change significantly upon desorption of O₂ molecules by thermal annealing, while THz emission from bare InP was nearly uninfluenced by O₂ desorption. In contrast, the amount of change in the amplitude of emitted THz radiation due to O₂ desorption was essentially the same for graphene-coated GaAs and bare GaAs. However, in InAs, neither graphene coating nor O₂ adsorption/desorption affected the properties of its THz emission. These results can be explained in terms of the effects of adsorbed O₂ molecules on the different THz generation mechanisms in these semiconductors. Furthermore, these observations suggest that THz emission from graphene-coated semiconductors can be used for probing surface chemical reactions (e.g., oxidation) as well as for developing O₂ gas sensor devices.     

二氧化钒材料相变的太赫兹光谱与阵列成像

二氧化钒是一种具有绝缘态到金属态可逆相变特性的材料,在光器件及信息技术中有非常广泛的应用。分别采用太赫兹频段的光谱测量技术和阵列成像技术研究分析了硅基二氧化钒材料的相变过程。采用傅里叶变换光谱测量系统,获得了整个样品在2.5~20.0 THz频段透射谱和反射谱随温度的变化,分析得到了硅基二氧化钒材料相变的温度范围为334~341 K,对应温差为7 K;得到了相变前后样品对4.3 THz辐射的透过率变化达40%以上,反射率变化接近30%。随后采用一套4.3 THz的阵列成像系统,测量了整个样品在相变前后的太赫兹图像,获得了该材料由金属态转变为绝缘态时,其对4.3 THz激光信号的透过率由6.7%升至50.7%,透过率变化达44%,与傅里叶变换光谱在4.3 THz处的测量结果相当。上述研究结果为硅基二氧化钒材料用于2.5 THz以上电磁辐射的透射调制和反射调制提供了很好的实验数据支撑。     

中物院太赫兹自由电子激光:设计、运行及升级

中物院太赫兹自由电子激光(CTFEL)装置是我国第一台基于超导加速器的高重复频率、高平均功率太赫兹自由电子激光装置。CTFEL利用光阴极直流高压电子枪和超导加速器产生约8 MeV电子束在波荡器中产生自发太赫兹(THz)辐射,并在光腔中受激放大获得饱和输出。得益于在0.7~4.2 THz频谱范围内连续可调以及平均功率大于10 W的特性,CTFEL为材料动力学、太赫兹成像、太赫兹生物学等领域提供了独特的研究平台。自2018年开放成为用户装置以来,每年提供不少于1000 h的稳定出光。未来CTFEL将在现有基础上升级成为红外太赫兹自由电子激光装置,实现太赫兹频率全覆盖以及最大功率大于100 W的目标,力争成为世界先进的长波长自由电子激光装置。     

Photoconductive Emission and Detection of Terahertz Pulsed Radiation Using Semiconductors and Semiconductor Devices

Recent studies on the techniques and development of photoconductive (PC) semiconductor devices for efficient generation and detection of terahertz (THz) pulsed radiation are reported. Firstly, the optimization of PC antenna design is discussed. The PC detection of THz pulsed radiation using low-temperature grown GaAs with 1.55-μm wavelength probe is then described. Finally, the enhancement of THz radiation from InSb by using a coupling lens and magnetic field is investigated. These results reveal valuable insights on the design of an efficient, compact, and cost-effective THz time-domain spectroscopy system based on 1.55-μm fs laser sources.     

Compact, High-Power Electron Beam Based Terahertz Sources

Although terahertz (THz) radiation was first observed about 100 years ago, this portion of the electromagnetic spectrum at the boundary between the microwaves and the infrared has been, for a long time, rather poorly explored. This situation changed with the rapid development of coherent THz sources such as solid-state oscillators, quantum cascade lasers, optically pumped solid-state devices, and novel coherent radiator devices. These in turn have stimulated a wide variety of applications from material science to telecommunications, from biology to biomedicine. Recently, there have been two related compact coherent radiation devices invented able to produce up to megawatts of peak THz power by inducing a ballistic bunching effect on the electron beam, forcing the beam to radiate coherently. An introduction to the two systems and the corresponding output photon beam characteristics will be provided.     

The Michelson resonator free-electron laser. I. Passive modestructure and mode decay

A general analysis of the evolution of phase locking in an RF linac-driven Michelson resonator free-electron laser (FEL) is presented. By providing a delay of one RF period in the secondary arm of the interferometer, successive optical pulses can be coupled at the beamsplitter, so that they build up from noise with a definite phase relationship. Phase locking is described in terms of longitudinal mode decay by extracting the mode losses directly from the passive frequency response of the resonator. The analyses predict significant mode structure simplification in microsecond macropulses, so that high-resolution spectroscopy is feasible on RF linac-driven FELs. Simulations of the perfectly tuned Michelson resonator FEL are described from spontaneous radiation to saturation, using a one-dimensional pulse propagation code. Excellent agreement with the analytical results in the small-signal regime is demonstrated     

预群聚电子束团辐射特性

研究了预群聚电子束团沿周期性理想金属光栅表面平行移动时产生的史密斯-帕塞尔辐射(SPR).详细分析了电子束团能量、束团群聚长度、具有不同电流密度分布的电子束团以及光栅结构对辐射特性的影响,同时研究了多个群聚束团的辐射.分析发现,电子束团能量增加、束团群聚尺寸变小以及光栅周期变短,辐射能量角分布峰值所对应的频率明显向高频方向移动;光栅周期与电子束团参量相同的条件下,三角形光栅辐射能量角分布峰值所对应的频率明显高于正弦光栅;群聚束团尺寸越小辐射能量越大,并且束团的纵向群聚长度对辐射能量与辐射频率起主要作用.研究结果表明,通过合理选择光栅尺寸与束团参量,可获得工作频率锁定的太赫兹(THz)波段辐射.     

Performance of Polarizers and Coupler in an All Polarization Maintaining Fiber Interferometer

It is given mathematical models and analyze the performance of polarizers and coupler in an all polarization maintaining fiber (PMF) Michelson interferometer. The optical coherent signal to noise ratio (CSNR) of the interferometer is calculated by means of the Jones matrix with cross coupling matrix elements.     

基于光学技术的太赫兹相干辐射源研究

由于太赫兹辐射的独特性质和潜在的应用价值, 国内外关于太赫兹波的产生和探测的研究正呈现日益繁荣的景象, 目前太赫兹相干辐射源的研究已成为太赫兹技术领域最重要的前沿课题之一。介绍了产生太赫兹相干辐射的三种主要途径：一是光学技术, 它从高频向低频发展, 其代表为太赫兹激光器, 如气体激光器、半导体激光器和量子级联激光器等; 二是电子学技术, 它由低频向高频发展, 如微波管、固体微波源等; 三是光电子技术, 其频率由1 THz向两侧展宽, 采用超快激光脉冲触发产生太赫兹脉冲。设计了基于光学技术的太赫兹相干辐射系统, 该装置根据气体振转能级跃迁原理, 采用高压直流激励方式产生受激辐射, 波导管谐振腔体, 工作气体为N2, CD4和D2, 经过优化设计, 预计可以产生1.54 THz和1.58 THz的波连续输出。