不同粗饲料对科尔沁肉牛瘤胃降解率及营养物质消化率的影响

采用尼龙袋试验和消化代谢试验研究不同粗饲料对科尔沁肉牛瘤胃降解率和营养物质消化率的影响。选用3头装有永久性瘘管的科尔沁肉牛,采用尼龙袋法评定肉牛常用粗饲料的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的有效降解率。结果表明,DM和CP的肉牛瘤胃有效降解率依次为苜蓿草全株玉米青贮玉米青贮玉米秸秆稻草(P0.05);NDF和ADF的肉牛瘤胃有效降解率以玉米青贮最高,NDF有效降解率苜蓿草最低,ADF降解率以玉米秸秆最低,全株玉米青贮和苜蓿草居中。消化代谢试验选用5头科尔沁肉牛,按3×5非完全拉丁方设计,分3期分别饲喂5种粗饲料。结果表明,5种粗饲料的DM、CP消化率以苜蓿草最高,稻草最低,玉米青贮、全株玉米青贮和玉米秸秆居中;NDF和ADF消化率玉米青贮最高,稻草最低。因此,5种粗饲料的营养价值大小顺序依次为:苜蓿草、全株玉米青贮、玉米青贮、玉米秸秆和稻草。     

黄牛常用粗饲料营养物质瘤胃降解参数研究

试验选用2头装有瘤胃瘘管的科尔沁黄牛,采用尼龙袋法测定5种粗饲料(三叶草、苜蓿干草、稻草、玉米秸秆和羊草)在黄牛瘤胃内干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的有效降解率(ED)和营养物质消化率。结果表明:DM和CP有效降解率和营养物质消化率三叶草最高,稻草最低,羊草、苜蓿干草和玉米秸秆居中;NDF和ADF的有效降解率和营养物质消化率以苜蓿干草最高,玉米秸秆最低;稻草和玉米秸秆饲用价值较低,苜蓿干草和三叶草饲用价值较高。     

常规与非常规粗饲料在奶牛瘤胃中的降解特性

本试验旨在研究苜蓿青贮、全株小麦青贮、全株玉米青贮、苜蓿干草、燕麦草(2种)、稻草、花生秧、谷子秸秆和小麦秸秆共10种粗饲料在奶牛瘤胃中的降解特性,为科学配制奶牛饲粮提供数据参考。采用尼龙袋法评定其干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的72 h动态降解率和有效降解率。结果表明,苜蓿青贮的DM有效降解率最高,达到58.24%,小麦秸秆的最低,为34.20%;CP有效降解率最高的是苜蓿干草,与依次降低的全株小麦青贮、苜蓿青贮、全株玉米青贮、燕麦草、稻草、小麦秸秆、谷子秸秆和花生秧差异显著(P0.05);全株小麦青贮的NDF有效降解率与全株玉米青贮、苜蓿干草、燕麦草差异不显著(P0.05),但显著高于其他粗饲料(P0.05);全株小麦青贮的ADF有效降解率显著高于其他粗饲料(P0.05)。综上所述,苜蓿干草和苜蓿青贮的瘤胃降解率较高,营养价值较高,小麦秸秆和谷子秸秆品质相对较差,花生秧与上述秸秆饲料比具有一定的优势。     

几种主要粗饲料的瘤胃降解特性比较研究

选用体重(550±25)kg的4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳中期黑白花奶牛作为试验动物,研究比较了苜蓿与其他几种常用粗饲料的DM、CP、NDF和ADF的瘤胃降解特性。结果表明:DM、CP的奶牛瘤胃有效降解率以苜蓿最高,玉米秸秆最低,全株玉米青贮、羊草和玉米黄贮居中。不同粗饲料NDF的瘤胃有效降解率差异较小,最高的为全株玉米青贮。玉米黄贮、羊草和全株玉米青贮的ADF瘤胃有效降解率较高,玉米秸秆和苜蓿较低。     

5种不同牧草在奶牛瘤胃中降解特性的研究

本试验旨在研究苜蓿、燕麦草、羊草、稻草和玉米青贮共5种牧场常用的粗饲料瘤胃降解特性.试验选用体重为(650±25) kg的3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳中期荷斯坦牛,采用尼龙袋法评定其DM、OM、CP、NDF和ADF的瘤胃降解特性和有效降解率.结果表明:①5种粗饲料中苜蓿的DM、OM、CP有效降解率显著高于其他粗饲料,均在50％以上;稻草这3个指标的瘤胃有效降解率均最低;②玉米青贮的NDF、ADF的瘤胃有效降解率均最高,苜蓿均为最低.综合考虑,苜蓿的瘤胃降解特性最好,奶牛饲喂价值最高,玉米青贮和燕麦草次之,而稻草最差.     

禾王草与奶牛常用粗饲料瘤胃降解特性的对比研究

本试验旨在研究2种刈割高度的禾王草干草和青贮、羊草干草、苜蓿干草以及全株玉米青贮共7种粗饲料的瘤胃降解特性。选用4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法评定其干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的72 h瘤胃降解率。结果表明:1)禾王草干草CP含量显著高于羊草干草(P0.05),NDF含量显著低于羊草干草(P0.05);禾王草青贮CP和NDF含量显著高于全株玉米青贮(P0.05)。2)苜蓿干草DM有效降解率最高,与依次降低的全株玉米青贮、2.0 m禾王草青贮、2.5 m禾王草青贮、2.0 m禾王草干草、2.5 m禾王草干草和羊草干草差异显著(P0.05),羊草干草的DM有效降解率显著低于其他粗饲料(P0.05);CP有效降解率以苜蓿干草最高,与2.0 m禾王草青贮差异不显著(P0.05),显著高于依次降低的2.5 m禾王草青贮、2.0 m禾王草干草、全株玉米青贮、2.5 m禾王草干草和羊草干草(P0.05);全株玉米青贮与禾王草青贮的NDF有效降解率差异不显著(P0.05),而显著高于其他粗饲料(P0.05);禾王草青贮72 h时ADF有效降解率显著高于其他粗饲料(P0.05)。由此可知,禾王草有作为奶牛粗饲料的潜力,禾王草经青贮后可以保存营养成分,并可以提高营养成分的瘤胃利用效率。     

活性干酵母对肉牛瘤胃纤维降解率的影响

验拟采用尼龙袋法研究日粮添加活性干酵母对青贮玉米秸秆、苜蓿颗粒和黑麦干草中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)瘤胃降解率的影响。结果表明:在高精料日粮条件下添加活性干酵母可显著提高粗饲料(苜蓿颗粒、玉米秸秆青贮、黑麦干草)NDF和ADF在肉牛瘤胃的快速降解比例(a),提高其有效降解率(ED)。     

日粮中不同粗饲料对科尔沁细毛羊营养物质消化率和血液生化指标的影响

为了研究日粮中不同粗饲料对科尔沁细毛羊营养物质消化率和血液指标的影响,试验选择6月龄的科尔沁细毛羊8只,按4×4完全拉丁方设计分4期分别饲喂稻草、玉米秸秆、苜蓿草和青贮玉米4种粗饲料日粮。结果表明:苜蓿草的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)和有机物质(OM)消化率最高,稻草的CP消化率最低;NDF、ADF消化率以玉米青贮最高,玉米秸秆较低;NFC消化率以苜蓿草最低,稻草最高;尿素氮以玉米青贮较低,玉米秸秆中丙氨酸氨基转移酶和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶较高,而苜蓿草中三酰甘油、白蛋白和葡萄糖含量较高。说明苜蓿草和青贮玉米对科尔沁细毛羊营养价值较高,稻草的营养价值较低。     

肉牛常用粗饲料干物质和粗蛋白的瘤胃降解规律研究

选择体质量(548±21)kg的3头装有永久性瘘管的科尔沁黄牛作为试验动物,研究用尼龙袋法测定粗饲料干物质(DM)和粗蛋白(CP)的6、12、24、48和72 h瘤胃降解特性。结果表明,5种粗饲料的DM和CP的有效降解率以苜蓿干草最高,DM和CP的快速降解部分和潜在降解部分含量较高,则DM和CP的降解率也较高;粗饲料CP和DM的有效降解率与其CP呈较强的正相关,与中性洗涤纤维(NDF)呈较强的负相关;5种粗饲料CP的有效降解率大小顺序为苜蓿干草苜蓿草块黑麦草青贮玉米稻草。     

三种常用粗饲料的瘤胃降解特性研究

选取3头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦牛,采用尼龙袋法评定苜蓿、无芒雀麦和玉米青贮的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解特性和有效降解率。结果表明:(1)苜蓿DM和CP有效降解率均在50%以上,显著高于其他粗饲料(P0.05),3种粗饲料的DM有效降解率由高到低依次为苜蓿无芒雀麦玉米青贮,CP有效降解率由高到低依次为苜蓿玉米青贮无芒雀麦,且不同粗饲料间均差异显著(P0.05)。(2)NDF和ADF有效降解率均以玉米青贮最高,苜蓿最低,3种粗饲料中NDF和ADF有效降解率由高到低均为玉米青贮无芒雀麦苜蓿(P0.05)。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.