考虑延时效应的供应链动态合作广告策略研究

广告的延时效应是供应链广告过程中的普遍现象,对供应链合作广告策略的制定具有重要影响.文章研究当产品品牌信誉受广告延时效应影响时供应链的合作广告策略问题,建立了含有时间延迟的品牌信誉动态模型和考虑品牌信誉的产品销售量模型.运用极大值原理,得到了制造商和零售商在分散式决策和集中式决策下的最优广告投入、品牌信誉和利润,以及分散式决策下制造商的最优合作广告参与率.研究发现:在集中式决策下制造商和零售商的最优广告投入和产品销售量均高于分散式决策下的相应值;延迟时间存在一个阈值,当延迟时间低于该阈值时,集中式决策下的供应链利润较高,反之则分散式决策下的供应链利润较高.研究结果为供应链合作广告策略的制定及供应链决策机制的选择提供了一定的参考.最后,通过数值算例分析了广告延迟时间对供应链最优广告策略及决策机制的影响.     

再制造闭环供应链最优差别定价模型

本文建立了再制造闭环供应链差别定价模型, 在集中式决策和分散式决策条件下分别讨论了再制造闭环供应链的最优差别定价问题, 得到了集中式决策和分散式决策的最优定价组合及其最大利润, 并通过数值算例说明了废旧品回收价或补贴价的变化会对最优零售价、最优批发价产生的影响,最后就如何提高供应链的运行效率提出了建议和对策。     

需求扰动下闭环供应链的收益费用共享契约研究

本文研究了由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的零售商负责回收闭环供应链。指出通过收益费用共享契约可协调解决分散式决策闭环供应链中存在的“双边际效应”问题,提高其运营效益。当突发事件引起市场需求中的最大市场需求规模发生扰动时,通过对集中式决策闭环供应链的最优决策与稳定环境下起协调作用的收益费用共享契约协调零售商所得到的最优决策进行比较分析,结果表明：稳定环境下的收益费用共享契约将不能协调突发事件干扰下的分散式决策闭环供应链。基于收益费用共享契约的协调机理对其参数进行改进可再次协调突发事件干扰下的分散式决策闭环供应链,并且该契约也能够协调稳定环境下的分散式决策闭环供应链。最后,通过算例验证了本文的主要结论并说明了收益费用共享契约的价值。     

多种广告媒体下纵向合作广告的微分对策模型

利用微分对策理论研究了零售商采用3种媒体广告宣传时的纵向合作广告问题,建立了合作广告的微分对策模型.运用最优控制理论分别求得了集中式和分散式决策下最优的广告投入、稳定的销售量和供应链利润以及分散式决策下最优的广告分担比例.通过比较分析发现,集中式决策下广告投入量、稳定销售量和供应链利润分别高于分散式决策下的相应值,并运用效用理论对系统增量利润进行了划分.最后,将模型扩展到多种广告媒体投入下的合作广告模型,发现零售商选择的广告媒体数量越多,零售商投入的广告、稳定的销售量以及制造商、零售商和供应链的最优利润都越多.     

零售商竞争环境下分散式供应链的定价与交货期联合决策模型

考虑了由一个制造商和两个相互竞争的零售商组成的两阶段分散式供应链系统,建立了价格和时间双敏感需求下的供应链定价与交货期联合决策模型,并给出了基于Stackelberg博弈的供应链定价和承诺交货期的最优决策。随后,以集中式供应链的决策为基准,分析了分散式供应链决策的效率。最后,通过数值分析,研究了市场因素和营销渠道竞争因素对分散式供应链的决策效率及承诺交货期的影响。结果表明,供应链下游的渠道竞争有利于提高分散式供应链的决策效率和缩短承诺交货期,从而提高整个供应链的市场竞争力。     

基于顾客策略行为和缺货损失的供应链定价与订购决策

顾客基于理性预期决定购买时机的策略行为造成供应链决策困难,影响到供应链利润。针对单生产商、单零售商组成、具有高支付意愿与低支付意愿两类顾客的供应链,利用均衡分析方法和理性预期理论建立了考虑缺货损失下高支付意愿顾客分别为策略型顾客与短视型顾客时供应链的分散式决策二层规划模型和集中式决策模型,对该四种模型进行了求解与对比分析、以及数值仿真和敏感性分析,算例表明了模型的合理性和结论的有效性。研究表明:高WTP顾客为策略型顾客时,集中式供应链与分散式供应链相比,其订货量高、但零售价低,故利润反而较低;高支付意愿顾客为策略型顾客时分散式供应链和集中式供应链的利润小于高支付意愿顾客为短视型顾客下的情形;四种供应链模式下的订货量随单位缺货损失的增加而增加,但供应链的利润降低。限量销售、回购剩余产品、提高顾客心目中的产品价值等策略可有效降低顾客策略行为对供应链的影响。本文将促进基于顾客策略行为的供应链理论研究与管理实践。     

差别定价闭环供应链协调应对生产成本扰动研究

文章以一个新产品和再造品存在差别定价的闭环供应链为研究对象,考虑突发事件干扰新产品和再造品生产成本的情况,研究了集中式决策闭环供应链的应对策略,以及收益共享契约协调分散式决策闭环供应链的问题。研究表明:在突发事件干扰下,对于集中式决策闭环供应链,当两种产品生产成本的扰动程度均较小时,原稳定环境下的最优产量决策具有一定的鲁棒性;至少一种产品生产成本的扰动程度较大时,受干扰程度较大的产品应按其生产成本扰动相反的方向进行调整其原稳定环境下的最优产量决策,而另一种产品最优产量的调整方向受扰动程度较大产品生产成本的扰动程度、两种产品的替代系数以及额外单位生产或处理成本的影响。对于分散式决策闭环供应链,两种产品生产成本的扰动程度均较小时,原稳定环境下的收益共享契约仍有效;至少一种产品生产成本的扰动程度较大时,则需改进原稳定环境下的收益共享契约以再次协调闭环供应链,且改进后的契约也能够协调稳定环境下的闭环供应链。最后,通过数值算例验证了模型的合理性及契约协调的有效性。     

基于不同权力结构的废旧产品回收再制造决策分析

本文研究了制造商主导、回收商主导、垂直纳什均衡以及集中式决策四种不同权力结构下的废旧产品回收再制造问题,给出并比较了四种结构下决策变量的最优解。研究表明:与集中式决策相比,三种分散式情形下的系统效益非最优;垂直纳什均衡时的系统效益严格优于制造商主导时;当回收商主导逆向供应链时,在某些条件下能够达到集中式决策的水平;相反,制造商主导和垂直纳什均衡时则无法达到。对制造商主导和回收商主导两种情形,利用费用共享契约和二部定价契约进行了协调。     

考虑消费者策略行为的供应链两周期定价与契约设计

针对由一个制造商与一个零售商构成的供应链,考虑消费者的策略性跨期购买行为,构建了两周期动态博弈模型,分析了消费者策略性程度对两周期均衡结果、消费者剩余和社会福利的影响,比较了分散式与集中式决策的均衡偏差,设计了与消费者策略性程度相关的两周期收益共享契约与"两周期收益共享+转移支付"组合式契约。研究表明：分散式决策下,消费者策略性程度有利于增加消费者剩余和社会福利,但会对供应链成员不利;某些情形下,消费者策略性程度会使分散式与集中式决策的系统利润差值增大;当消费者策略性程度相对较低时,两周期收益共享契约不仅可实现供应链完美协调,还可增加消费者剩余和社会福利;当消费者策略性程度较高时,通过组合式契约可实现供应链完美协调,但此时消费者策略性程度的增强可能对消费者剩余和社会福利产生负面影响。     

需求受销售价格与变质时间影响的时滞变质品供应链协调研究

在由单个生产商和单个销售商组成的两级时滞变质品供应链中，销售商面临的市场需求受销售价格和物品变质时间影响。分别建立分散决策与集中决策下的时滞变质品供应链定价与补货模型，得到两种决策模式下的销售价格与订货批量均衡解。通过比较两种决策模式发现，集中决策下的销售价格更低且订货批量和预期利润更高。引入数量折扣契约对时滞变质品供应链进行协调，并借助常相对风险规避型效用函数和纳什讨价还价理论来分配协调后的预期利润增量。通过数值算例演示了决策变量求解过程，敏感性分析给出了时滞变质品特性参数变动时对决策变量产生的影响。     

Fresh-product supply chain management with logistics outsourcing

We consider a supply chain in which a producer supplies a fresh product, through a third-party logistics (3PL) provider, to a distant market where a distributor purchases and sells it to end customers. The product is perishable, both the quantity and quality of which may deteriorate during the process of transportation. The market demand is random, sensitive to the selling price as well as the freshness of the product. We derive the optimal decisions for the three supply chain members, including the 3PL provider's transportation fee, the producer's shipping quantity and wholesale price, and the distributor's purchasing quantity and retail price. We find that the presence of the 3PL provider in the supply chain has a significant impact on its performance. We propose an incentive scheme to coordinate the supply chain. The scheme consists of two contracts, including a wholesale-market clearance (WMC) contract between the producer and the distributor, and a wholesale-price-discount sharing (WDS) contract between the producer and the 3PL provider. We show that the proposed contracts can eliminate the two sources of “double marginalization” that exist in the three-tier supply chain, and induce the three parties to act in a coordinated way.     

新零售模式下在线零售商融资均衡与协调策略研究

针对电商平台主导的新零售模式,考虑一个在线零售商和一个第三方物流企业（3PL）组成的二级供应链中,银行或3PL企业为面临资金约束的在线零售商提供融资,建立三者之间的Stackelberg博弈模型。研究发现：当在线零售商选择积极型3PL企业融资时,其订购量和系统各参与成员的期望利润更优;当满足协调条件时,若初始资金为常数,3PL企业的利率与运输费之间存在线性递减关系;当满足弱协调条件时,针对不同的初始资金,积极型3PL企业可以设计出多种融资协调合同;资金充足的在线零售商会更偏向协调的积极型3PL企业融资,而不是拒绝任何外部融资。     

3PL企业融资服务模式下考虑损失规避零售商的供应链运营和协调策略

针对第三方物流（3PL）企业融资服务模式，研究了具有损失规避行为的零售商面临资金约束情形的供应链运营策略和协调问题。在本文中，分析了分散情形下3PL企业的最优融资策略和损失规避零售商的最优订货策略。以及集中情形下供应链的最优订货策略，通过比较两种情形下的最优订货量，得到了可以使资金约束供应链实现整体协调的转移支付契约。研究结果表明：当零售商初始资金较高时，3PL企业融资服务模式下零售商的订货量超过其在资金充足时的订货量；当零售商初始资金满足在一定范围内时，3PL企业融资服务模式可以使3PL企业和零售商获得帕累托改善，但不能直接协调资金约束供应链；当3PL企业和零售商签订的转移支付契约满足一定条件时，供应链可以实现整体协调。     

An integrated production and inventory model for a whole manufacturing supply chain involving reverse logistics with finite horizon period

This paper proposes a model and solution method for coordinating integrated production and inventory cycles in a whole manufacturing supply chain involving reverse logistics for multiple items with finite horizon period. A whole manufacturing supply chain involving reverse logistic consists of tier-2 suppliers supplying raw materials to tier-1 suppliers, tier-1 suppliers producing parts, a manufacturer which manufactures and assembles parts from tier-1 suppliers into finished products, distributors distributing finished products to retailers, retailers selling products to end customers and a third party which collects the used finished products from end customers, dissembles collected products into parts, and feed the parts back to the supply chain. In this system, we consider a finite horizon period. A mathematical model for representing the behaviors of the system is developed. Solution methods based on decentralized and a combination of decentralized and centralized decision making process, referred to as the semi-centralized decision making process, are proposed to solve the model while the centralized decision making process is solved by a mixed integer nonlinear programming method. A numerical example is used to demonstrate the model and the solutions based on the three types of the coordination.     

Strategic inventory deployment for retail and e-tail stores

In this paper, we study a supply chain comprising one manufacturer and one retailer. Customers can make purchases either from the retailer or directly from the manufacturer via an e-tail channel. From the manufacturer's perspective of managing the two channels, we study three different inventory strategies, namely centralized inventory strategy, a Stackelberg inventory strategy, and a strategy where the e-tail operation is outsourced to a third party logistics provider (3PL). For each strategy, we obtain the optimal inventory levels in retail and e-tail stores and the respective expected profits. We compare the performance of various strategies. Managerial insights are provided through analytical and numerical analyses to illustrate the applicability of different strategies.     

预测精度和成本双时变的短生命周期产品供应链优化与协调

对于提前期可压缩的短生命周期产品供应链,压缩提前期可以提高销售商的需求预测精度,但增加了制造商的生产成本,因而供应链面临何时订货、订多少,以及如何实现Pareto改进的挑战。通过建立数学模型并求解,分析了分散系统和集中系统的最优决策,进一步开发了一个激励方案以实现供应链成员之间的协调。研究结果表明:具有订货回馈与惩罚的动态批发价契约能够有效协调双时变参数供应链,契约参数α在一定范围内取值可实现供需双方共赢。     

需求不确定条件下的制造商订单分配模型

制造商的订单分配作为供应链模型微观层面的重要组成部分,对提升整个供应链效率有很大影响,但需求层面的不确定因素加大了订单分配的难度。以按比例分配为原则,讨论在需求不确定条件下完全信息与不完全信息两类多供应商-单制造商的订单分配模型。重点研究完全信息条件下各方的分散决策和集中决策,由于后者能避免各参与方对其他决策方的边际影响,所以能够实现供应链总利润的最大化;其次又将不完全信息引入模型,讨论制造商如何通过折算因子结合已有信息对供应商的私人信息进行估计,进而做出决策。最后以需求服从正态分布为例对两类模型进行验证。     

Measuring the logistics performance of internal hospital supply chains – A literature study

The patient care processes in hospitals are supported by a range of operational activities including inventory management and distribution of supplies to point-of-care locations. Hospitals carry large amounts and a great variety of items, and the issues of storing and distributing these items throughout the hospital supply chain are of great importance to providing high-quality patient service. Healthcare logistics encompasses the process of handling physical goods (e.g. pharmaceuticals, surgical medical products, medical equipment, sterile items, linen, food, etc.) and the associated information flows, from the reception of the goods within a hospital to their delivery at patient care locations. The medical supply costs constitute the second largest expenditure in hospitals, after personnel costs. A high-performing supply chain may realize improved outcomes (e.g. safe and quality patient service) and greater efficiency. Logistics managers need to identify opportunities to improve the logistics processes in order to lower costs and to improve patient care quality. However, in order to improve the logistics processes, you must understand how the healthcare supply chain is currently performing. Measuring the performance of the supply chain is fundamental to identify and address deficiencies in the logistics activities, and it serves as a good input for managerial decision-making. The purpose of this article is to present existing research on performance measurement at the internal hospital supply chain (e.g. inventory management, distribution activities), and more specifically in the operating theatre since it is among the most critical resources for a hospital. At the operating theatre, the requested items should be available at the right time at the right place, in the right condition, at the lowest cost possible. Furthermore, we will also discuss literature on multi-criteria decision-making techniques. It enables researchers to build a performance measurement framework and to prioritize between multiple performance indicators since a diverse group of stakeholders with conflicting interests is involved in the internal operating room supply chain.     

基于不同TPL权力的电商供应链决策研究

第三方物流企业受到政府补贴的大力扶持,物流服务显著提升,对消费者网购产生积极影响,逐渐享有供应链话语权。通过分析物流服务供应商的物流成本结构,分别考虑物流投资与物流成本函数,从第三方物流供应链权力视角构建三种电商供应链物流外包权力结构场景(物流服务商主导模式、物流服务商次主导模式和物流服务商跟随模式),综合研究第三方物流企业权力对电商物流外包供应链决策的影响。结果表明,当物流服务商权力越小时,物流服务水平、市场规模、制造商利润和网络零售商利润越大。而不同权力结构下的批发价格、零售价格、物流服务商利润关系受到物流投资系数和物流配送费用的共同影响。当满足条件时,物流服务商跟随模式使得供应链实现帕累托最优。不同第三方物流企业处于不同权力地位时,供应链利润均随物流配送费用的增加、物流投资系数的增加,物流成本系数的减小而增加。据此对不同的物流补贴政策效果进行分析,并为政策制定者和供应链主体提供参考性意见。