世界光伏产业发展对我国的启迪

通过对世界光伏产业快速发展的特点进行总结，分析了世界光伏产业快速发展的原因，并对我国光伏产业如何应如何应对快速发展的世界市场提出了建议。     

共同努力奋斗振兴光伏产业

这次会议的主题是探讨中国光伏产业的发展问题。近年来，中国光伏产业的发展显现出很好的发展趋势。今后中国光伏产业到底怎么发展?朝哪个方向发展?是大家关心的问题。我们希望通过这样的研讨会，使中国光伏届各位同仁多学习国际上的一些先进经验，包括技术上的经验、市场开拓经验及政策支持上的经验，使之在我国光伏产业发展中起到借鉴作用。     

太阳能光伏发电应用的现状及发展

当前太阳能光伏发电正在迅速发展,应用的规模和范围正在不断地扩大。本文讨论了各种类型光伏系统的应用及国内外太阳能光伏应用的发展概况。此外还特别介绍了光伏与建筑一体化和光伏声屏障的特点及其应用状况。     

薄膜型海上漂浮式光伏技术现状及展望

  目的  海上漂浮式光伏的研究开发顺应国家能源战略发展的需要，迎合行业发展科技引领的背景，助力新兴经济产业链的开拓。为了深入探索海上漂浮式光伏系统的主要组成和核心技术，为我国发展海上漂浮式光伏提供理论依据。  方法  文章基于国内外关于海上漂浮式光伏的现有研究，提炼出柔性光伏的相关建设技术，验证了海上漂浮式光伏开发的商业可行性，介绍了大型海上漂浮式光伏（LOFPV）系统的配置组成并就柔性膜结构、系泊系统的水动力设计理论和方法依据进行了阐述，展示了海上漂浮式光伏的典型工程实践。  结果  海上柔性薄膜型漂浮式光伏具备轻质化、小型化、高换电效率、配置灵活等诸多优势，此外，膜结构可折叠，运输方便，安装便捷，整体结构无复杂衔接器，系统可靠性高，运维方便，文章的相关成果将对我国的海上漂浮式光伏技术发展具有较高借鉴价值。  结论  文章说明了柔性膜结构漂浮式光伏建造技术的功能性和可靠性，该结构型式未来必将是海上漂浮式光伏的重要应用型式。     

国内光伏市场开启天宝集团转战新能源

过去十年是世界光伏快速成长的十年，中国光伏产业也快速崛起。作为战略性新兴产业，光伏产业的发展一直是政策扶植的重点。去年下半年光伏产业遭遇寒冬后，我国密集出台了多项措施，为光伏产业“雪中送炭”。     

百姓看光伏发电前景

本刊今年第一期刊登了马胜红、赵玉文、王斯成、孔力、王燕五位同志所写的“制定阶梯电价促进我国光伏发电发展”一文，他们从光伏发电的必要性、目标到光伏发电的对策等一一说清了，而且说的很深远。我们读后受到了鼓舞，看到了光伏发电的希望。     

屋顶计划催生光伏瓦

1前言 自从“屋顶计划”在美、德、日等国家实施以来，光伏产业在其政府政策强力推动下得到了迅速发展，屋顶发电的潜力凸现，商机无限。然而，标准光伏组件（无论是尺寸还是容量规格）并不适合安装在形式各异的普通屋面上，于是随着光伏建筑一体化（BIPV）理念的提出，一种光伏发电与建筑相结合的新产品——光伏瓦应运而生。理想的光伏瓦应满足以下条件：（a）适合普通屋顶的施工包括安装方法简易以及容易与屋顶融合为一体；（b）发电及与普通瓦片一样的建筑功能。     

光伏发电与建筑相结合技术

介绍了光伏与建筑相结合的特点及其发展，提出了屋顶并网光伏发电系统的设计要点及其计算方法。通过对应用实例的分析表明，作为庞大的建筑产业与潜力巨大的光伏发电相结合，有着十分广阔的发展前景。     

推进光伏并网发电与建筑结合的应用

太阳能光伏发电是最具可持续发展理想特征的新能源，在未来能源结构中，其比例会愈来愈大，光伏并网应用是最大的市场。文中介绍了国内外光伏并网发电与建筑结合的应用情况，对光伏产业发展提出了建议。     

柔性光伏支架的施工方法浅析

随着光伏产业的发展，柔性光伏支架因灵活可调、占地面积小、对场地平整度要求低、可在各类复杂地形地貌条件下应用的特点，被广泛应用于农光互补、林光互补等多产业融合项目中。从光伏支架工程应用的角度出发，简要介绍了柔性光伏支架的技术原理，并以浙江省开化县某林光互补光伏发电项目为例，对柔性光伏支架的施工方法与施工工艺流程进行了总结。柔性光伏支架的施工方法在该项目的成功应用，可为今后同类工程的柔性光伏支架施工提供借鉴。     

Making the case for grid-connected photovoltaics in Brazil

In the developed world, grid-connected photovoltaics (PVs) are the fastest-growing segment of the energy market. From 1999 to 2009, this industry had a 42% compound annual growth-rate. From 2009 to 2013, it is expected to grow to 45%, and in 2013 the achievement of grid parity – when the cost of solar electricity becomes competitive with conventional retail (including taxes and charges) grid-supplied electricity – is expected in many places worldwide. Grid-connected PV is usually perceived as an energy technology for developed countries, whereas isolated, stand-alone PV is considered as more suited for applications in developing nations, where so many individuals still lack access to electricity. This rationale is based on the still high costs of PV when compared with conventional electricity. We make the case for grid-connected PV generation in Brazil, showing that with the declining costs of PV and the rising prices of conventional electricity, urban populations in Brazil will also enjoy grid parity in the present decade. We argue that governments in developing nations should act promptly and establish the mandates and necessary conditions for their energy industry to accumulate experience in grid-connected PV, and make the most of this benign technology in the near future.     

Energetic contribution potential of building-integrated photovoltaics on airports in warm climates

Especially in warm climates, a considerable fraction of the electricity demand in commercial buildings is due to the intensive use of air-conditioning systems. Airport buildings in sunny and warm regions present a perfect match between energy demand and solar resource availability. Airport buildings are also typically large and horizontal, isolated and free of shading, and have a great potential for the integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. In this work, we assess the potential impact in energy demand reduction at the Florianopolis International Airport in Brazil (27°S, 48°W) with the use of building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems. We analyse the building’s hourly energy consumption and solar irradiation data, to assess the match between energy demand and potential generation, and we estimate the PV power necessary to supply both the total amount and fractions of the annual energy demand. Our results show that the integration of PV systems on airport buildings in warm climates can supply the entire electric power consumption of an airport complex, in line with the general concept of a zero-energy building (ZEB).     

A comprehensive economic analysis method for selecting the PV array structure in grid–connected photovoltaic systems

In grid–connected photovoltaic (GCPV) systems, applying a solar tracker results in a higher energy production level. However, this does not necessarily mean a greater profit due to the excess of generation selling, since the capital and maintenance costs increase as well. In this paper, a comprehensive economic analysis method for selecting the PV array structure type has been proposed. To this end, a precise method to compute the yearly generated electrical energy (solar converted energy) has been presented by applying the global radiation relation between different structures, i.e. fixed, single axis (vertical and horizontal) and dual axis trackers. Also, the simple and yet accurate efficiency model and power relation are used for solar inverter and panel, respectively. The analysis is accomplished by determining the economic parameters, including net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and payback period time (PBT) for all PV structures with the same electrical energy generation or profit. Due to the results simplicity and robustness in different economic conditions, the same energy production scenario is chosen in this paper. In accordance with this assumption, PV panel, inverter and tracker sizes and net present costs (NPC) are determined. Since the net present benefit (NPB) for all structures is equal, the lowest NPC is considered the most economic choice. The performance of the suggested algorithm is evaluated through a commercial dual axis GCPV system simulation. Moreover, in order to determine the best suited economic parameters, a sensitivity analysis has also been carried out in the process.     

Modeling and simulation of grid-connected photovoltaic energy conversion systems

Solar power generation using PV (photovoltaic) technology is a key but still evolving technology with the fastest growing renewable-based market worldwide in the last decade. In this sector with tremendous potential for energy security and economic development, grid-connected PV systems are becoming today the most important application of solar PV generation. Based on this trend, PV system designers require an accurate and reliable tool in order to predict the dynamic performance of grid-tied PV systems at any operating conditions. This will allow evaluating the impact of PV generation on the electricity grids. This paper presents a detailed characterization of the performance and dynamic behavior of a grid-connected PV energy conversion system. To this aim, a flexible and accurate PV simulation and evaluation tool (called PVSET 1.0) is developed. The PV system is modeled, simulated and validated under the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The accuracy of simulation results has been verified using a 250 Wp PV experimental set-up.     

Maximum photovoltaic power tracking for the PV array using the fractional-order incremental conductance method

This paper proposes maximum photovoltaic power tracking (MPPT) for the photovoltaic (PV) array using the fractional-order incremental conductance method (FOICM). Since the PV array has low conversion efficiency, and the output power of PV array depends on the operation environments, such as various solar radiation, environment temperature, and weather conditions. Maximum charging power can be increased to a battery using a MPPT algorithm. The energy conversion of the absorbed solar light and cell temperature is directly transferred to the semiconductor, but electricity conduction has anomalous diffusion phenomena in inhomogeneous material. FOICM can provide a dynamic mathematical model to describe non-linear characteristics. The fractional-order incremental change as dynamic variable is used to adjust the PV array voltage toward the maximum power point. For a small-scale PV conversion system, the proposed method is validated by simulation with different operation environments. Compared with traditional methods, experimental results demonstrate the short tracking time and the practicality in MPPT of PV array.     

聚光型太阳能光伏光热系统研究进展

聚光型太阳能光伏光热系统(CPV/T)在传统光伏发电系统的基础上增加了聚光系统和光热系统,在通过聚光系统提高光伏效率的同时将系统中多余的热量加以利用,以达到太阳能最大化利用的目的。本文介绍了CPV/T系统的工作原理及其能效影响因素,以直接影响系统太阳能综合利用效率的聚光器技术、光伏电池技术和光伏冷却技术作为分析对象,结合近几年国内外最新研究成果比较了不同类型聚光器、光伏电池以及冷却方式的优劣,列举了常见的光伏余热利用方式。分析认为:CPV/T系统虽然具有更高的太阳能利用率,但应加大对系统尤其是聚光器经济性的分析;考虑在系统中应用叠层光伏电池缓解聚光器带来的系统体积过大问题;新电池开发过程中应更注意光伏电池的温度系数以减少冷却系统的压力,冷却技术在强化散热的同时也应注意热量的收集方法及其与利用途径的有效结合。     

Has India׳s Solar Mission increased the deployment of domestically produced solar modules?

The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM), India׳s flagship policy for solar energy deployment, includes an increasingly strict Domestic Content Requirement (DCR) intended to promote the domestic crystalline photovoltaic solar industry. We examine the impact of the JNNSM DCR on the utilization of domestic and domestic crystalline silicon modules. Using a plant-level database of approximately 250 plants, we show that the first, and weaker, version of the policy accomplished its intention of promoting domestic crystalline silicon modules. However, the second, and stricter, version of the policy has not been as effective: it appears to have promoted the use of foreign thin film modules instead. This analysis shows that the tightening of the DCR was associated with leakage to foreign thin film modules. This suggests that DCR policies need to be comprehensive in scope to ensure that they achieve a goal of using only domestic content; however, policymakers should appropriately assess the welfare impacts of such restrictions.     

An improved thermal and electrical model for a solar photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) air collector

In this paper, an attempt is made to investigate the thermal and electrical performance of a solar photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) air collector. A detailed thermal and electrical model is developed to calculate the thermal and electrical parameters of a typical PV/T air collector. The thermal and electrical parameters of a PV/T air collector include solar cell temperature, back surface temperature, outlet air temperature, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, maximum power point voltage, maximum power point current, etc. Some corrections are done on heat loss coefficients in order to improve the thermal model of a PV/T air collector. A better electrical model is used to increase the calculations precision of PV/T air collector electrical parameters. Unlike the conventional electrical models used in the previous literature, the electrical model presented in this paper can estimate the electrical parameters of a PV/T air collector such as open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, maximum power point voltage, and maximum power point current. Further, an analytical expression for the overall energy efficiency of a PV/T air collector is derived in terms of thermal, electrical, design and climatic parameters. A computer simulation program is developed in order to calculate the thermal and electrical parameters of a PV/T air collector. The results of numerical simulation are in good agreement with the experimental measurements noted in the previous literature. Finally, parametric studies have been carried out. Since some corrections have been down on thermal and electrical models, it is observed that the thermal and electrical simulation results obtained in this paper is more precise than the one given by the previous literature. It is also found that the thermal efficiency, electrical efficiency and overall energy efficiency of PV/T air collector is about 17.18%, 10.01% and 45%, respectively, for a sample climatic, operating and design parameters.     

Optimal operation of microgrid using hybrid differential evolution and harmony search algorithm

This paper proposes the generation scheduling approach for a microgrid comprised of conventional generators, wind energy generators, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, battery storage, and electric vehicles. The electrical vehicles (EVs) play two different roles: as load demands during charging, and as storage units to supply energy to remaining load demands in the MG when they are plugged into the microgrid (MG). Wind and solar PV powers are intermittent in nature; hence by including the battery storage and EVs, the MG becomes more stable. Here, the total cost objective is minimized considering the cost of conventional generators, wind generators, solar PV systems and EVs. The proposed optimal scheduling problem is solved using the hybrid differential evolution and harmony search (hybrid DE-HS) algorithm including the wind energy generators and solar PV system along with the battery storage and EVs. Moreover, it requires the least investment.     

基于太阳能光伏热利用的光伏/热电(PV/TV)建筑一体化试验研究

将太阳能电池板、集热器、热电发电片结合起来,设计并制成了一套光伏/热电(PV/TV)系统,在利用太阳能电池发电的同时,收集热量并利用其发电。在北京地区进行了该系统的室外模拟试验,测试并讨论了该系统在不同结构和不同环境下的性能,探讨该系统在光伏建筑中的应用。试验结果表明,与单纯的光伏发电系统或太阳能热水系统相比,PV/TV系统具有占地面积小、综合效率高等优点。