MIPS方法及金属生产的物质投入研究

生产物品和提供服务都需要物质投入，所有的投入物质或迟或早都会变成排出物质（废弃物或排放物）返回到环境之中。因此，通过测量物品（服务）的物质投入量就能估计其潜在的环境冲击。同时，测量生产过程中各个阶段的物质投入能够帮助生产者认清资源消耗的分布状况，锁定重点部位，为改进生产方式和工艺流程，提高资源利用率提供决策支持。由于大多数工业产品的主要物质组成是金属和非金属矿物，因此，研究金属生产的物质投入具有重要意义。本文以中国铁矿石、粗铜和原铝的生产为研究对象，对其物质投入进行了计算分析。结果表明，2000年平均1t铁成品矿、粗铜和原铝的非生物性物质投入分别为3.19t、475.36t和103.97t，水的投入分别为4.82t、204.94t和1 218.77t。全国铁矿石和粗铜的物质投入在整体上有较明显的下降趋势，但原铝的这一指标则无规律可循。这3种产品在其生命周期的不同阶段，其物质投入有很大差别。     

中国铜资源开发利用中的物质投入

生产物品和提供服务都需要物质投入,所有的投入物质或迟或早都会变成排出物质(废弃物或排放物)返回到环境之中.因此,通过测量物品(服务)的物质投入量就能估计其潜在的环境冲击.同时,测量生产过程中各个阶段的物质投入能够帮助生产者认清资源消耗的分布状况,锁定重点部位,为改进生产方式和工艺流程,提高资源利用率提供决策支持.铜是工业生产中的重要原材料,铜的生产在提供了铜资源的同时,也消耗和搬动了大量的物质,产生环境压力.本研究以中国粗铜生产为研究对象,量化了我国铜生产的物质投入和生态包袱,并对其国际实物贸易环境负担转嫁进行了计算分析.     

中国实物国际贸易及其附带的环境负担转嫁分析

由于各国资源禀赋条件和生产、消费水平不同,各种资源及其产品的国际贸易有利于国际分工的深化和整体生产力水平的提高,使全球资源的分配更加合理.但出口国为了提供出口商品,需开采本国资源,这一方面降低了本国资源的保障程度,另一方面出口商品的生产和本国资源开采加大了本国的环境压力;为发展本国经济发生的进口则对进口商品来源国的环境产生压力.因此国际贸易总是伴随着环境负担的转移.为了定量衡量实物国际贸易中附带的环境负担转移,本研究运用生态包袱概念和算法计算了中国1990年～2002年国际贸易对本国环境和别国环境引起的环境压力,并对中国这一时期的实物国际贸易做了详细分析.研究结果表明:1990年～2002年间以重量计算的中国的物质进口量为每年1.0×108t～4.0×108t,年增长率为11.3%;进口商品所附带的生态包袱为每年4.3×108t～25.0×108t,年增长率为15.6%;出口量为每年0.8×108t～1.9×108t,年增长率为7.5%,出口商品的生态包袱为每年3.0×108t～12.5×108t,年增长率为11.2%;实物贸易平衡(进口盈余)为每年0.25×108t～2.1×108t,总体趋于增长;生态包袱平衡(进口物质附带的生态包袱-出口物质附带的生态包袱)为每年1.1×108t～14.3×108t.1990年～2002年间中国每进口1t的物质对物质来源国的环境造成约4.2t～6.7t的环境压力,而中国出口1t的物质对本国环境产生大约3.9t～8.3t的环境压力.     

滩涂围垦的生态评价——以浙江省上虞市沥海滩涂围垦为例

针对沿海滩涂围垦的特点,选取反映和体现滩涂围垦对生态环境影响的指标(自然生态指标、环境质量特征指标、生态保护措施指标)对上虞围垦滩涂进行生态评价。运用层次分析法对生态评价因子进行等级化处理,确定各评价指标的权重,计算各生态评价因子的评价指数,得出1984年围垦的八四丘滩涂和2000年以后围垦的世纪丘滩涂的综合评价指数分别为80.7和65.3。指出滩涂围垦过程中,措施得当,可减少滩涂围垦对生态环境的负面影响。     

生态伦理与社会发展

人类同环境之间的物质交换,始于人类出现之日,人类的一切物质生产活动,无不贯穿于对自然环境和生态资源的开发、利用和改造之中。在同自然界的斗争中,人们运用自己的智慧,通过劳动不断改造自然,创造出新的适合自身生存的环境。但是,由于人类认识能力、文化传统和科学技术水平的局限,在开发、利用和改造生态环境的过程中,已经产生了意想不到的后果,造成了对环境的严重污染和破坏,生态与经济的发展已面临着严重的危机。这迫使人们重新审视人类历史活动和人类生存发展的理论,探索从根本上摆脱生态危机的学说和促进生态、经济协调发展的途径。一、生态与经济发展所面临的矛盾自从地球上出现人类以来,人类对生态的影响是     

中国经济系统的物质消耗分析

工业革命以来200多年的科技进步和经济增长,使人类社会创造的物质财富达到了空前的程度.伴随着经济的快速发展,人类开始了对自然环境肆无忌弹的"侵略",并由此导致了一系列的诸如能源危机、资源短缺、环境污染以及生态系统功能退化等关乎人类生存的问题.为了探索经济发展同自然资源使用之间的关系,本文借助物质流账户方法,计算了中国1990年～2002年中国经济发展中的国内物质消耗DMC(Domestic Material Consumption),并将之与国民经济发展指标联系,对DMC进行了反弹和减量效应分解.结果表明:1990年～2002年国内物质总消耗在26×108t～40×108t之间,合人均2.3t～3.1t;以2000年不变价人民币计算的国内物质使用效率(单位物质消耗的经济产出)约为1 266元～2 628元/t,在1990年～2002年间以年6.2%的年均增长率增长了105%.物质使用效率的提高表明中国经济的物质消耗没有随经济总量的增长而成比例增长,实现了一定程度的相对减量.但我国的资源使用效率只有英国的约1/7、法国的约1/5、德国的约1/4,我国经济仍处于资源消耗型增长阶段,DMC总量增长势头较强,实现绝对减量十分不易.     

论科技生态系统、结构、动力机制与干预

科技生态系统是由科技生态种群和科技生态环境构成.科技生态种群包括科技知识生产、科技产品生产、科技产品用户、科技体系辅助等种群.他们在科技生态系统内承担不同功能,处于不同生态位.科技生态环境通过基本物质和介质为科技活动的开展提供保障,通过规范科技生态种群内部的竞争行为和科技种群之间的交换/交易行为使其达到有序.贯穿于科技生态系统的主线是“利益“驱动的人类“偏好性“行为,其有效地调节着科技生态系统的运行.     

生态理性是发展道路绿色转向的理性之基

<正>自工业革命以来,世界上绝大多数国家主动或被迫走上了快速发展的道路。在人类从借助技术推动生产力迅猛发展进而获得极大的物质满足到完全操控技术肆意改造世界达到所谓的精神满足的同时,工具理性、经济理性不断冲击着人类一再降低的自然底线,最终人类迎来了自然的审判——全球生态环境的急剧恶化。当前,关乎人类文明延续的生态环境已然成为世界各国面临的重要问题,绿色发展成为全球共识。生态理性以人类永续发展为出发点,以积极的、进步的生态价值观引领社会共识和文化导向,对美丽中国建设和绿色发展的实现具有重大意义。     

国家生态文明试验区背景下海南蓝碳开发的理论分析与路径建议

在国家生态文明试验区建设的背景下,海南蓝碳开发是一个具有理论与实践意义的重要问题.蓝碳在生态保护、经济发展、地区合作等方面具有重要开发价值.从政治学、经济学和管理学等跨学科视角,运用公共物品、外部性、协同治理等理论可以对蓝碳开发进行理论分析.基于开发价值与理论分析提出海南蓝碳开发的路径建议,包括基于公共物品理论的生态保护建议、基于外部性理论的经济发展建议和基于协同治理理论的地区合作建议等.     

土地系统生态设计初探

土地系统是地表某一地段包括地质、地貌、气候、水文、土壤、动植物等全部自然要素及过去和现代人类活动影响在内的复杂物质体系。其组成可大致分为生物因子和非生物因子两大部分。生物因子是土地系统能量转化贮存的重要机制,非生物因子是物质结构的基础,两者的相互联系、互相制约构成整体的土地系统。从生态学观点看,土地系统就是一个广义的复杂的生态系统,可称之为土地生态系统。 一、土地系统的生态功能类型     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

The Information Environment and Universal Service

This essay focuses on universal service and the Internet as means to support social and political participation. The emphasis on access to telecommunications systems in conventional approaches to universal service is contrasted with access to content. A model of the information environment is described that accounts for the roles of content and conduit, both of which are necessary conditions to achieve true access. A method is outlined for employing information indicators to observe or measure the information environment.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.