小儿肝脏血管内皮细胞瘤组织中VEGF表达的研究

目的：研究血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、CD34在小儿肝脏血管内皮细胞瘤（IHHE）组织中的表达，探讨VEGF在血管内皮细胞瘤诊断和治疗中的作用。方法14例肝脏血管内皮细胞瘤石蜡标本来自2002年7月至2009年7月北京儿童医院手术切除并经病理诊断的临床病例，术前未行其他治疗，并选取小儿肝脏恶性肿瘤组织（肝母细胞瘤20例），其他肝脏良性肿瘤组织（结节样增生10例，错构瘤10例）及IHHE瘤旁组织作为对照组；空白对照选取良性肿瘤术中切取部分肝脏组织。组织切片SP法进行免疫组织化学染色，兔抗VEGF和CD34相关抗原标记；计算出VEGF表达阳性率，CD34相关抗原抗体检测出肿瘤间质血管，分析其表达的不同及相互关系。应用统计软件进行数据分析。结果①VEGF在肝母细胞瘤组织中表达率为90.0％（18/20），在良性肿瘤组中表达阳性率为10.0％（2/20）；VEGF在正常肝组织、瘤旁组织中呈低水平、稳定表达，染色浅，而在IHHE肿瘤组织中则呈阴性表达。在肝母细胞瘤组阳性表达率明显高于其他组，差异有显著性（P＜0.05），其余两两比较，差异均无显著性（P＞0.05）。②CD34在已知正常肝组织肝窦处未见阳性表达；在IHHE组织中的阳性表达率为100.0％（14/14），肝母细胞瘤为90.0％（18/20），肝脏良性肿瘤为15.0％（3/20），瘤旁组织未见表达。MVD在IHE，肝母细胞瘤组，良性肿瘤组及瘤旁组织分别为31.55±4.86，29.75±5.56，11.23±3.97。结论 IHHE中，高表达CD34，低表达VEGF，表明其不是单纯的血管、内皮细胞病变，很有可能是血管瘤与血管畸形的混合体。IHE增殖期抗血管生成治疗可能促进肿瘤退化。     

Survivin Caspase-3 mRNA在肾母细胞瘤中的表达及意义

目的：在大多数肿瘤组织中都发现了Survivin异常高表达现象,它直接抑制Caspase-3,这说明Survivin在肿瘤发生中具有重要作用。本文的目的在于探讨Survivin、Caspase-3表达与肾母细胞瘤发生发展的关系。方法：应用RT-PCR技术检测Survivin、Caspase-3 mRNA在48例肾母细胞瘤、24例癌旁组织标本中的表达。结果：48例肾母细胞瘤组织中Survivin阳性表达率为 72.9%(35/48),在24例肾母细胞瘤癌旁组织中未检测到Survivin的表达,肾母细胞瘤组织与癌旁组织之间Survivin表达阳性率差异有非常显著性(P<0.01);48例肾母细胞瘤组织中Caspase-3阳性表达率为 8.3%(4/48),在24例肾母细胞瘤癌旁组织中Caspase-3阳性表达率为 45.8%(11/24),肾母细胞瘤组织与癌旁组织之间Caspase-3表达阳性率差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论：Survivin在肾母细胞瘤组织中高度表达和Caspase-3在肾母细胞瘤中低表达可能与肾母细胞瘤的发生发展有关,与预后的关系有待进一步的探讨。［中国当代儿科杂志,2004, 6(5): 381-384]     

肾母细胞瘤VEGF及其受体Flk-1的表达及其临床意义

目的 探讨肾母细胞瘤组织中血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及其受体(Flk-1)的表达和肿瘤微血管密度(MVD)的临床意义.方法 应用免疫组织化学(SABC)法检测33例肾母细胞瘤、瘤旁组织和6例正常肾组织中VEGF、Flk-1表达和MVD计数.观察并分析三个指标之间的相关性,同时分析其临床意义.结果 33例肿瘤组织VEGF阳性表达率81.8%,Flk-1阳性表达率69.7%,瘤旁组织VEGF阳性表达率9.1%,Flk-1阳性表达率6.1%,6例正常肾组织VEGF及Flk-1均为阴性表达,三者之问差异具有统计学意义.肿瘤组织MVD值29.7±12.4,瘤旁组织MVD值10.3±9.6,正常肾组织MVD值9.8±2.3.肿瘤组织的血管密度与后二者比较差异具有统计学意义.VEGF表达与Flk-1、MVD计数正相关,Flk-1与MVD表达正相关,VEGF、Flk-1表达在不同临床分期,及转归之问均具有显著性差异.结论 肾母细胞瘤中VEGF及其受体Flk-1呈高表达,血管生成增多,VEGF、Flk-1表达与MVD密切相关,提示VEGF及其受体Flk-1参与肾母细胞瘤的血管形成过程,促进血管生成,与预后相关.     

COX-2在肾母细胞瘤中的表达及意义

目的通过研究COX-2在肾母细胞瘤中的表达，探讨COX-2与肾母细胞瘤的关系。方法应用免疫组织化学SABC法柃测25例肾母细胞瘤患儿肿瘤组织标本及10例瘤旁肾组织标本（距肿瘤边缘2cm的肾组织标本）中COX-2的表达情况。结果COX-2在肾母细胞瘤中阳性表达率为84％，对照组阳性表达率为10％，两者比较，差异有统计学意义（χ^2=16．753，P〈0．001）。伴有淋巴结转移的肾母细胞瘤患儿淋巴结COX-2阳性表达率高于无淋巴结转移者（χ^2=9．000,P〈0．01）。COX-2的阳性表达率随临床分期的增加而增高。COX－2的阳性表达率与肾母细胞瘤的临床分期呈正相关（r=0．966，P〈0．05）。结论COX－2的阳性表达率有随肾母细胞瘤临床分期的升高而增高的趋势，提示COX-2可能参与了肾母细胞瘤的发生发展过程，可为肾母细胞瘤的治疗和预防开辟新的途径。     

凋亡相关蛋白Survivin、Fas在肾母细胞瘤中的表达及其临床意义

目的 探讨凋亡相关蛋白Survivin、Fas在肾母细胞瘤发生发展中的作用，为其预后判断及治疗方案制定提供依据。方法 选取30例术前均未化疗的肾母细胞瘤石蜡包埋和15例正常肾组织标本，应用免疫组织化学方法检测Survivin、Fas蛋白在上述标本中的表达。结果 Survivin蛋白在肾母细胞瘤中表达率为53．3％，高于正常肾组织0；Fas蛋白在肾母细胞瘤中表达率为36．6％，低于正常肾组织80．0％，二者均有统计学差异（P均〈0．05）。Survivin蛋白在预后不良（UH）组及预后良好（FH）组表达率分别为83．3％、45.8％，在晚期及早期病例组中表达率分别为83．3％、33．3％，在有转移组与无转移组之问的表达率分别为87．5％、40．9％，差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。Survivin蛋白阳性患儿2年生存率为69．2％，明显低于阴性表达患儿（100％）（P〈0．05）。结论 小儿肾母细胞瘤组织中存在Survivin蛋白高表达及Fas蛋白低表达，二者协同参与肾母细胞瘤的发生和发展；Survivin可作为肾母细胞瘤预后的重要指标。     

基质细胞衍生因子-1、趋化因子受体4及血管内皮生长因子在小儿肾母细胞瘤中的表达

目的 探讨基质细胞衍生因子-1(SDF-1)、趋化因子受体4(CXCR4)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在小儿肾母细胞瘤中的表达及其与临床特征的关系.方法 收集郑州大学第一、三附属医院2003年5月-2008年5月手术切除经病理证实为肾母细胞瘤的石蜡标本30例.男13例,女17例;年龄4个月～7岁.其中预后良好组织型22例;预后不良组织型8例,以细胞质染成棕黄色为阳性细胞,以染色强度和阳性瘤细胞百分比的乘积作为阳性和阴性判断标准.对照组12例取瘤旁正常肾组织标本.2组均行HE染色,采用SPSS 13.0软件进行统计学分析.结果 VEGF、CXCR4和 SDF-1在肾母细胞瘤中的阳性表达率分别为63.33%、70.0%、53.33%,而在瘤旁正常肾组织中的阳性表达率分别为25.0%、8.3%、16.7%.VEGF、CXCR4 和 SDF-1在肾母细胞瘤中的表达均明显高于瘤旁正常肾组织(Pa<0.05),3者在临床分期Ⅲ～Ⅳ期和预后不良组织型组及有淋巴转移组的肾母细胞瘤中的表达明显高于在临床分期Ⅰ～Ⅱ期和预后良好组织型及无淋巴结转移的肾母细胞瘤中的表达(Pa<0.05).相关分析显示CXCR4与VEGF、SDF-1的阳性表达均呈正相关,SDF-1与VEGF的阳性表达亦呈正相关.肾母细胞瘤中CXCR4、SDF-1和VEGF的表达与肿瘤的淋巴结转移、病理分型及临床分期有相关性,而与性别无相关性.结论 VEGF、SDF-1及 CXCR4与肾母细胞瘤的发展、预后有关,参与了肿瘤血管的生成及肿瘤的增殖侵袭,对于评估患儿预后及靶向治疗肾母细胞瘤具有一定意义.     

小儿肾母细胞瘤、神经母细胞瘤肿瘤组织培养的临床应用

目的：对比组织法与病理切片在肿瘤淋巴结转移的阳性率。方法：对14例肾母细胞瘤、6例神经母细胞瘤进行肿瘤组织、淋巴组织瘤旁培养，涂片进行病理诊断、并与传统的病理切片对比，结果：肿瘤组织培养与病理切片结果完全一致。对区域淋巴结转移的诊断，淋巴结组织培养优于病理切片，两者淋巴结转移的阳性率，肾母细胞瘤为66．6％（6／9）和33．3％（3／9）；神经母细胞瘤为50％（3／6）和33．3％（2／6），结论：淋巴结组织培养对肿瘤淋巴结转移的诊断率高于病理切片，对临床分期、治疗及预后判断具有重要的指导意义。     

肾母细胞瘤中CyclinD1蛋白的表达及其意义

目的探讨CyclinD1蛋白在肾母细胞瘤中表达及其意义。方法将28例肾母细胞瘤和19例瘤旁肾组织制作组织芯片,并用免疫组织化学方法检测其中CyclinD1蛋白及p53蛋白的表达。结果CyclinD1和p53蛋白在肾母细胞瘤和瘤旁肾组织标本中的阳性表达率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),在肾母细胞瘤不同分化程度组差异亦有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CyclinD1蛋白表达与p53蛋白表达呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论CyclinD1及p53可作为判断肾母细胞瘤分化程度的标志物,CyclinD1蛋白异常表达及p53突变可能在肾母细胞瘤发生中发挥重要作用。     

小儿肾母细胞瘤组织中VEGF-C的表达对微血管和淋巴管生成的影响及预后意义

目的 探讨小儿肾母细胞瘤组织中VEGF-C的表达对微血管、淋巴管生成的影响及其预后意义。方法 采用免疫组织化学PV9000法检测46例小儿肾母细胞瘤组织、19例瘤旁组织及8例正常肾组织中VEGF-C、CD34和LYVE-1的表达,并进行微血管密度(MVD)和淋巴管密度(LVD)计数。采用单因素分析VEGF-C、MVD和LVD与小儿肾母细胞瘤临床病理特征的关系;采用Kaplan-Meier法和Log-rank检验评价VEGF-C、MVD和LVD与患者预后的关系,并用Cox比例风险模型进行多因素分析。结果 在正常肾组织、瘤旁组织和肾母细胞瘤三种组织中,VEGF-C蛋白高表达率（12.50％、68.42％和73.91％）、MVD(8.25±2.82、13.32±3.94和16.98±3.74)和LVD(2.75±1.58、5.26±2.26和4.72±1.88)三者的表达差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);VEGF-C高表达、MVD和LVD与肿瘤临床分期、血管浸润、淋巴结转移有关(P＜0.05),MVD还与肿瘤的大小有关(P=0.029);VEGF-C表达、LVD和MVD三者间相互均有正相关关系(P＜0.05);Cox多因素分析显示,血管浸润、MVD和LVD是影响患儿生存的独立危险因素,化疗程数是影响患儿生存的独立保护因素。结论 VEGF-C高表达促进肾母细胞瘤微血管和淋巴管的生成,并可促进肿瘤转移而影响患儿预后。     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Psychopathologie du syndrome d’Asperger et « aspérigisation » de la société contemporaine

The author has attempted here to point out, just for a start, the characteristics of Asperger syndrome from the point of view of psychopathology through a rereading of Hans Asperger's original paper (1944). This thesis merits reevaluation, if for no other reason than to fill the gaps in operational diagnostics based on the DSM. It is found by rereading that Asperger's view of the principal disturbances of autistic psychopathy include a “disturbance of natural evidence” or a “crisis of common sense”. This question of natural evidence that he evokes with regard to autistic psychopathy corresponds to W. Blankenburg's natural evidence, which constitutes a key concept for comprehending schizophrenia in the form poor-symptom (“symptomarme Schizophrenie”) that he observes in the speech of his patient Anne Rau. One can deduce from this that in terms of fundamental disturbances, Asperger syndrome and this “symptom-poor” schizophrenia overlap at the level of loss of natural evidence. It is moreover possible to classify Asperger syndrome among the disturbances of spacing in the sense meant by the evolutionary psychiatry of A. Stevens and J. Price. The author then develops our comprehension of Asperger syndrome from the point of view of the perspective proposed by the notion of resilience in people with Asperger syndrome and of the possibility for them, through these mechanisms of adaptation, to find in the organization of the personality of the “as if” type a position of relative equilibrium. They concur or overlap in the creation of crutches, of borrowed personalities secondarily legitimated by the reaction of the socius. This will end up in the production of inventions and œuvres (works). Clearly, one rarely encounters several cases that one could consider pertinently to be “successful” Asperger syndrome. Finally, the author notes that one can find a sort of isomorphism between Asperger syndrome and contemporary society when he proposes the term “asperigisation” to characterize our society, given that the equilibrium between emotion and logic is strongly disturbed in these patients, in whom logic undergoes hypertrophy while emotion is impoverished. From this perspective, the author hopes to suggest reasons for the increase in the number of cases of Asperger syndrome in the clinical setting and in society in general in our contemporary era.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.