食管癌三维适形放疗的护理

目的 总结食管癌三维适形放疗期护理经验.方法 对62例食管癌患者加强放疗期护理,放疗前做好心理护理,放疗期间加强皮肤护理,密切观察病情,做好放射性食管炎、食管-气管瘘等并发症的护理,并做好出院指导.结果 62例患者中59例完成治疗计划,3例因食管-气管瘘中断治疗,放疗期间出现急性气管炎26例,急性食管炎34例,均经过处理而未影响治疗,无严重皮肤反应及脊髓炎发生.结论 加强食管癌患者放疗期护理,可有效提高放疗的症状缓解率,改善生存质量.     

食管癌三维适形放疗65例临床护理

目的:探讨食管癌三维适形放疗的护理方法。方法:对65例食管癌患者加强放疗期护理,放疗前做好心理护理,放疗期间加强皮肤护理,密切观察病情,做好并发症的护理。结果:65例患者中63例完成治疗计划,1例食管穿孔,1例食管-气管瘘患者中断治疗。放疗期间出现放射性食管炎28例(43.07%),放射性气管炎30例(46.15%),骨髓抑制反应12例(18.46%),均经对症处理而未影响治疗。结论:加强食管癌患者放疗前及放疗中护理,可有效提高放疗的症状缓解率,改善生存质量。     

食管癌病人食管支架植入术后行三维适形放疗的护理

在我国,食管癌是常见病.晚期食管癌可引起食管严重梗阻,致病人进食或并发食管气管瘘、食管纵隔瘘及食管主动脉穿孔,严重影响病人的生活质量、生存时间,并直接危及生命.我科2001年6月-2007年12月收治62例晚期食管癌病人,采用食管内支架置入术后行三维适形放射治疗,取得了较好效果.现将放疗期间的护理总结如下.     

内镜下带膜支架治疗癌性食管气管瘘的护理

食管气管瘘、食管纵隔瘘是晚期食管癌直接危及患者生命的严重并发症。对 7例癌性食管气管瘘患者采用带膜支架治疗。 7例瘘口均封闭成功 ,同时解除食管狭窄 ,患者恢复饮食。认为术前做好解释工作 ,术中协助医师做好支架定位与病情观察 ,术后加强并发症护理与饮食管理至关重要。     

金属内支架在治疗食管狭窄及食管瘘中的临床应用

目的 探计应用金属内支架在治疗食管良、恶性狭窄及食管瘘在临床上的应用价值。方法 共26例患者，其中不能手术的晚期食管癌6例，食管癌放疗后引起的食管狭窄10例，手术后吻合口狭窄5例，腐蚀性食管炎2例，责门失驰症3例。合并食管-气管瘘或食管-纵隔瘘3例。全部在透视下进行，口咽局部表面麻醉。结果 全部病例均获成功，其中1例患者，支架植入后1个月有下移现象，3例术后半年发生再狭窄。结论（1）良性食管狭窄病人应慎做金属内支架植入术；（2）责门失弛缓症不宜植入永久性金属内支架；（3）不能手术的食管癌及放疗后食管狭窄，食管．气管瘘和食管-纵隔瘘的病人，金属内支架应作为首选治疗方法。     

食管癌放疗患者并发急性放射性食管炎的护理

总结了食管癌放疗并发急性放射性食管炎的患者的护理体会。护理措施主要包括加强健康教育、心理护理、饮食护理、保持口腔清洁、化疗的护理、并发症护理以及预防感染等。对食管癌放疗并发急性放射性食管炎的患者采取有效综合护理措施,极大改善了食管癌患者急性放射性食管炎并发症。认为做好食管癌放疗并发急性放射性食管炎的患者的综合护理可以有效的缓解放射性食管炎症状、促进组织修复、减轻患者痛苦、提高患者生存质量。     

侧入式两指快速分离法腹膜外剖宫产术233例围术期护理

2005年4月～2007年10月,我院收治12例食管-气管瘘患者,均在X线透视引导下行镍钛记忆合金带膜支架置入治疗,经精心护理,效果满意.现将围术期护理体会报告如下. 1 资料与方法 1.1 临床资料本组12例,男10例,女2例,48～87岁.均经病理证实为食管癌,其中鳞状上皮细胞癌9例,腺癌3例.食管癌术后3例,食管癌放疗期间3例,食管癌放疗后1～3个月6例.     

镍钛记忆合金带膜支架置入治疗食管-气管瘘12例围术期护理

2005年4月～2007年10月,我院收治12例食管-气管瘘患者,均在X线透视引导下行镍钛记忆合金带膜支架置入治疗,经精心护理,效果满意.现将围术期护理体会报告如下. 1 资料与方法 1.1 临床资料本组12例,男10例,女2例,48～87岁.均经病理证实为食管癌,其中鳞状上皮细胞癌9例,腺癌3例.食管癌术后3例,食管癌放疗期间3例,食管癌放疗后1～3个月6例.     

胸腺瘤三维适形放疗患者的护理体会

总结101例胸腺瘤行三维适形放疗患者的护理体会。护理重点为放疗前加强心理疏导,指导患者放疗体位训练,在规定的时间应用放疗保护剂,积极护理患者原有的合并疾病,重视放疗期间的急性放射性损伤的护理,做好出院宣教。101例患者均出现放射性食管炎,骨髓抑制52例,放射性皮肤反应46例,放射性肺炎3例,经对症治疗及护理,所有患者均顺利完成放射治疗,未发生严重并发症。     

内支架治疗食管气管瘘患者的护理

介绍８例食管癌放疗中并发食管气管瘘病人采用内支架治疗的术前准备与术后护理,用记忆钛镍合金带膜支架治疗,既封闭了瘘口,又扩张了狭窄的食管部分,解决了病人的进食,控制了肺部的感染,提高了患的生存质量,内支架治疗术后常见并发症有胸痛、出血及反流性食管炎,支架阻塞较少见,加强并发症的观察和护理,可减轻患的痛苦,提高其生活质量并完成治疗计划。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.