四种外固定治疗不稳定性桡骨远端骨折的生物力学研究

目的：比较四种治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折外固定方法,为临床选用提供依据。方法：采用8具尸体前臂一手部标本制成骨折损伤模型,随机分别先后采用桡骨远端动力型外固定器、小型AO外固定器、小型于氏多功能外固定器和石膏固定,进行抗轴向压缩、抗弯曲、抗扭转的强度与刚度的比较。结果：各组应变值与载荷的大小呈正线性相关;在满足轴向压缩、弯曲及扭转的强度、刚度和稳定性方面,桡骨远端动力型外固定器比小型AO外固定器和于氏多功能外固定器优越,石膏固定最差,四者 具有显著性差异（P＜0.01)。结论：外固定器是治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折的一种有效方法,动力型外固定器具有独特优势。     

四种外固定治疗不稳定性桡骨远端骨折的生物力学研究

目的　比较四种治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折外固定方法 ,为临床选用提供依据。方法　采用 8具尸体前臂—手部标本制成骨折损伤模型 ,随机分别先后采用桡骨远端动力型外固定器、小型AO外固定器、小型于氏多功能外固定器和石膏固定 ,进行抗轴向压缩、抗弯曲、抗扭转的强度与刚度的比较。结果　各组应变值与载荷的大小呈正线性相关 ;在满足轴向压缩、弯曲及扭转的强度、刚度和稳定性方面 ,桡骨远端动力型外固定器比小型AO外固定器和于氏多功能外固定器优越 ,石膏固定最差 ,四者具有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。结论　外固定器是治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折的一种有效方法 ,动力型外固定器具有独特优势     

切开复位内固定治疗桡骨远端关节内骨折移位

切开复位内固定治疗桡骨远端关节内骨折移位何志晶何洪生摘译苗旭漫审校采用切开复位，Ｔ—钢板内固定治疗３１例复位困难或闭合复位失败的桡骨远端关节内骨折。随访时间４年（３～７年）。术后腕关节掌侧倾斜角、桡骨下端长度、关节对合及关节内骨折片的复位均明显改善...     

桡骨远端关节内复杂骨折内固定治疗策略

目的总结桡骨远端关节内复杂骨折手术治疗的临床经验。方法手术治疗47例,骨折类型按AO分型,B 1型7例,B 2型8例,B 3型10例,C 1型11例,C 2型6例,C 3型5例。均切开复位钢板内固定,骨缺损者植骨。结果 47例患者均获随访,随访时间9~18个月,平均14.3个月。腕关节功能按D ienst等评分方法评定,结果优27例,良15例,可4例,差1例,优良率为89.3%。结论手术是治疗桡骨远端关节内复杂骨折的有效方法,可靠的内固定、植骨及有效的关节功能锻炼是提高疗效的重要手段。     

钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端骨折

目的观察切开复位钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端骨折的治疗效果。方法切开复位钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端骨折29例，分别于术后3d、4周、8周、12周复查，测量桡骨远端关节面的台阶征、掌倾角、尺偏角、桡骨长度、腕伸屈范围及手握力。腕伸屈范围和手握力结果与健侧比较，取其比值。结果术后12周时桡骨远端关节面的台阶征、掌倾角、尺偏角和桡骨相对尺骨长度与术后3d时相比差异无显著性，腕活动范围差异显著。所有骨折均愈合，患者满意率为100％。按张殿英腕关节综合功能评定法，12周后优良率为100％。结论切开复位钢板内固定可使桡骨远端骨折解剖复位，达到早期关节功能锻炼的目的，并防止愈合过程中复位的丢失。     

经皮克氏针内固定治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折

目的研究经皮克氏针内固定治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折的疗效。材料与方法本组病例50例，其中男22例，女28例。平均年龄52岁(16～86岁)。骨折分类：Colles’骨折36例；Barton骨折10例；Smith骨折4例。手术方法C臂X线透视下手法整复满意后，由桡侧向尺侧作经皮3～4根克氏针内固定。结果本组63例，50例获随访，平均随访18个月(6～39个月)。疗效按Dienst功能评估标准：优31例，良15例，可4例，优良率占92％。结论经皮克氏针内固定治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折，是一种损伤小，缓解疼痛好，康复锻炼早，功能恢复满意的手术，且合并症少，医疗费用低，毋须住院。也是一种便于基层医院推广应用的治疗方法。     

切开复位内固定治疗桡骨远端骨折

桡骨远端不稳定性骨折常累及桡骨远端关节面,非手术治疗难以做到关节面良好的对位和稳定固定,处理困难,预后差。自1999年4月～2004年6月,笔者采用切开复位内固定治疗此类骨折27例,疗效满意。报告如下。1临床资料1.1一般资料本组27例,男11例,女16例;年龄23～67岁,平均46.7岁。左     

掌侧T型钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端关节内骨折

目的:探讨桡骨远端关节内骨折切开复位掌侧T型钢板内固定的临床疗效。方法:自2010年1月～2011年12月,对24例桡骨远端关节内骨折患者行掌侧入路T型钢板内固定,并进行随访。结果:24例患者均获随访,骨折愈合时间7～12周,平均为8周,疗效按Di enst功能评定标准评估,优16例,良6例,可2例,优良率为91.7%。结论:掌侧T型钢板治疗桡骨远端关节内骨折手术操作简单,固定牢靠,便于早期功能锻炼,是治疗桡骨远端关节内骨折的有效方法。     

外固定架结合内固定治疗桡骨远端关节内骨折

目的探讨外固定支架结合内固定钢板治疗桡骨远端关节内骨折的手术指征及临床疗效。方法23例桡骨远端关节面骨折患者,根据AO分型标准分类,C2型8例,C3型15例。采用外固定支架固定,结合钢板内固定。结果23例均获得随访,随访时间6～18个月,平均10.5个月。X线片示骨折均愈合,桡骨长度无丢失。掌倾角8°～16°,平均12.5°;尺偏角19°～28°,平均21.8°,均无丢失。根据Gartland等评分标准结合X线片所测参数,本组优20例,良3例。结论外固定支架结合钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端关节内骨折可获满意复位及功能。     

外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗桡骨远端关节内骨折

桡骨远端骨折累及关节面,临床上并不少见,它约占全身骨折的2%,常合并桡腕关节、下尺桡关节及腕关节周围软组织损伤.既往治疗方法多采用手法复位后夹板、石膏外固定或钢板内固定结合石膏外固定,疗效并不满意.本院自1997年至2001年,采用于仲嘉等研制的单侧多功能外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗桡骨远端关节内骨折29例,取得了较好的疗效.现报告如下.     

AO C3型桡骨远端骨折固定方法研究的生物力学模型

目的设计一个C3型桡骨远端骨折尸骨模型并评估其有效性。方法设计并制作一个C3型桡骨远端骨折尸骨模型,并用其评估背侧钢板固定桡骨远端骨折的生物力学特性。结果在完整标本上100N纵向负荷仅使桡骨产生1～2mm弹性变,其中桡骨传递83.82%的负荷。在7具标本上成功制作C3型桡骨远端骨折模型,用背侧钢板固定骨折后,发现桡骨传递75.64%的负荷。结论本研究成功制作可重复性好的C3型桡骨远端骨折尸骨模型,生物力学测试提示在100N纵向负荷下,背侧钢板固定不能完全重建桡骨远端骨折的力学性能。     

两种方法治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折的疗效比较

目的比较桡骨远端（斜）T形钢板内固定和闭合复位石膏外固定两种方法治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折的效果。方法对2002年3月-2007年3月间的不稳定型骨折96例103侧进行分析，其中钢板内固定42例45侧，其余为手法复位石膏外固定。结果随访12～63个月，平均33．5个月。按Dienst功能评分标准评定，钢板内固定组的优良率是86．67％，其中A2，A3型为92．31％，B，C型是84．38％；手法复位石膏外固定组则分别为71％，88．20％，63．40％。两组的A2，A3型比较差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05），B，C型组间比较差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论对A2，A3型骨折，两种治疗方法优良率差别不大；对B，C型骨折，（斜）T形钢板内固定治疗的效果要优于闭合复位石膏外固定。     

The outcome of intra-articular distal radius fractures treated with fragment-specific fixation

PURPOSE: To assess the clinical, radiographic, and functional outcome of treating intra-articular distal radius fractures with fragment-specific fixation. METHODS: A retrospective review of 81 patients with 85 intra-articular distal radius fractures who were treated with fragment-specific fixation was performed. Minimum time to follow-up evaluation was 1 year, with a mean time of 32 months. The immediate postoperative films were compared with those taken at the final follow-up evaluation. Radiographs of the uninjured wrist were also obtained at the final follow-up evaluation for comparison. Patients were examined for wrist and finger range of motion, deformity, and grip strength, and they completed a standard Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand outcome survey. RESULTS: According to Gartland and Werley scoring there were 61 excellent and 24 good results. Flexion and extension of the surgically treated wrist at the final follow-up evaluation averaged 85% and 91%, respectively, of the uninjured wrist; grip strength averaged 92% compared with the uninjured side. The average Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand outcome score for the injured wrist was 9. Sixty-two percent of patients achieved a 100 degrees arc of flexion and extension and normal forearm rotation by postoperative week 6. Radiographic alignment was maintained between immediate postoperative and final follow-up films, and there were no cases of symptomatic arthritis at the final follow-up evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Fragment-specific fixation is a reasonable alternative for treating intra-articular fractures of the distal radius. At final follow-up evaluations, patients had good to excellent results with respect to range of motion, grip strength, radiographic alignment, and satisfaction scores. Stable fixation allowed starting active and passive motion of the wrist without compromising postoperative alignment. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV.     

Volar fixation for dorsally angulated extra-articular fractures of the distal radius: a biomechanical study

PURPOSE: To compare the biomechanical properties of 10 volar plate-fixation designs in 2 fracture models (dorsal wedge osteotomy, segmental resection osteotomy models). METHODS: Forty-eight radiuses were used in this study including 8 pairs. In 40 specimens a 15-mm dorsally based wedge osteotomy was performed and the volar cortex was fractured manually. They were arranged into 10 fixation groups with 5 different fixation designs (test 1). In the contralateral specimens of 8 paired radiuses a 10-mm segment of bone was excised (test 2). Four of the 10 fixation systems were chosen for these specimens. Cadaver hands and the proximal radiuses were potted in polymethylmethacrylate and tested with a servohydraulic materials testing machine with 300 N of axial compression load at 1 N/s initially and after each 1,000 cycles up to 5,000 cycles. After cyclic loading the specimens were loaded to failure in axial compression at 2 mm/min. The stiffness, failure peak load, and failure mode of each specimen were recorded. RESULTS: In test 1 in the wedge osteotomy specimens the T plate was the stiffest and the Synthes titanium plate was the least stiff; however, all specimens completed the 5,000 cycles of loading with no failures. There was no significant difference between the 10 fixation groups in failure peak load and only 7 of 40 failed at the distal portion of the hardware in the final load to failure testing. In test 2 the resection osteotomy specimens were less stiff and failed at a lower failure peak load compared with the wedge osteotomy specimens. Failure at the distal portion of the fixation system was seen in 7 of 8 specimens; nonlocking screws loosened and tines compressed the surrounding bone, resulting in tine-hole enlargement. CONCLUSIONS: All of the plate-fixation systems delivered sufficient stability to permit the simulated postoperative regimen of 1 week of immobilization followed by 5 weeks of early mobilization until expected union at 6 weeks after surgery. Based on these results a preferable volar fixation system would appear to benefit from the following: (1) sufficient plate strength to support the distal fragment from the volar side, (2) a locking system with sufficient strength to remain locked during the healing process, and (3) a distal design that does not affect the bone adversely. The anatomic reduction of the volar cortex in the wedge osteotomy specimens added stability to the construct.     

掌侧斜T形钢板治疗老年桡骨远端不稳定性骨折

[目的]探讨掌侧斜T形钢板在治疗老年桡骨远端不稳定性骨折的应用及临床治疗效果。[方法]2001年1月~2003年4月使用掌侧斜T形钢板治疗老年桡骨远端不稳定性骨折42例。男18例,女24例;年龄60~75岁,平均65.1岁。按AO分类:A2型4例,A3型7例,B1型5例,B3型3例,C1型9例,C2型11例,C3型3例。28例骨缺损破坏严重,支撑不满意的行人工骨植入恢复局部稳定性。[结果]全部病例得到12~24个月随访,平均18.2个月。X线片检查结果:掌倾角平均3.66°(-7°~10°),尺偏角20.1°(15°~25°),桡骨短缩6例,平均1.59mm(1~5 mm),短缩≥4 mm的2例,关节面分离、移位6例,平均>1 mm(1~4 mm)。平均关节活动度:掌屈58.2°(30°~70°),背伸55.6°(25°~65°),桡偏16.5°(10°~25°),尺偏24.6°(20°~30°),前臂旋前79.2°(60°~90°),旋后70.1°(50°~90°);握力平均为对侧的65%(35%~105%)。根据Sarm iento改良Gartland andW erley评分标准,优25例、良11例、可4例、差2例。[结论]掌侧斜T形钢板治疗老年桡骨远端不稳定骨折是安全有效的治疗选择。可提供稳定的固定,早期功能训练,获得较好的效果,避免背侧固定固有的并发症。充分植骨能有效防止复位丢失。     

The cadaveric anatomy of the distal radius: implications for the use of volar plates

INTRODUCTION

Fractures of the distal radius are common upper limb injuries, representing a substantial proportion of the trauma workload in orthopaedic units. With ever increasing advancements in implant technology, operative intervention is becoming more frequent. As growing numbers of surgeons are performing operative fixation of distal radial fractures, an accurate understanding of the relevant surgical anatomy is paramount. The flexor carpi radialis (FCR) tendon forms the cornerstone of the Henry approach to the volar cortex of the distal radius. A number of key neurovascular structures around the wrist are potentially at risk during this approach, especially when the FCR is mobilised and placed under retractors.

METHODS

In order to clarify the safe margins of the FCR approach, ten fresh frozen human cadaver limbs were dissected. The location of the radial artery, the median nerve, the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve and the superficial branch nerve were measured with respect to the FCR tendon. Measurements were taken on a centre-to-centre basis in the coronal plane at the watershed level. In addition, the distances between the tendons of brachioradialis, abductor pollicis longus and flexor pollicis longus, and the radial artery and median nerve were measured to create a complete picture of the anatomy of the FCR approach to the distal radius.

RESULTS

The structure most at risk was the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve. It was located on average 3.4mm from the FCR tendon. The radial artery and the main trunk of the median nerve were located 7.8mm and 8.9mm from the tendon. The superficial branch of the radial nerve was 24.4mm from the FCR tendon and 11.1mm from the brachioradialis tendon.

CONCLUSIONS

Operative intervention is not without complication. We believe a more accurate understanding of the surgical anatomy is key to the prevention of neurovascular damage arising from the surgical management of distal radial fractures.     

Hybrid external fixation of unstable distal radius fractures: initial experience

Abstract External fixation of unstable fractures of the distal radius has been associated with many technical problems and complications. Hybrid external fixation has not been used in the clinical setting for distal radius fractures, but in theory this concept seemed reasonable. Our report of the first three cases of unstable Colles fractures describes the operative technique, as well as intraoperative hints and postoperative findings. The operation is fairly easy, mainly due to the possibility of intraoperative three-dimensional manipulation of the distal fragment. Postoperative stability was good, as no redisplacement was noted. The patients’ acceptance of the device was high. In the postoperative period, one patient developed superficial infection at the Kirschner wire-skin interface that resolved with local care and systemic antibiotics; the fixator was removed after 6 weeks while in the other, noncomplicated cases the hybrid external fixator was kept for 8 weeks. In one case, signs of overdistraction of bone ends were detected on the postoperative radiograph, but painless postoperative adjustments of the fixator restored normal anatomy with no further complications. For valuable conclusions we are currently studying incoming cases in a prospective fashion.     

锁定加压钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端C型骨折

[目的] 探讨锁定加压钢板(LCP)内固定治疗桡骨远端AO分型C型骨折的初期疗效.[方法] 总结从2004年1月-2007年1月应用锁定加压钢板(LCP)内固定治疗桡骨远端C型闭合性骨折37例.手术采用掌侧入路,复位后于掌侧置入LCP钢板,在C型臂X线机透视下检查桡骨长度,桡骨关节面,掌倾角,及尺偏角复位情况,满意后置入锁定螺钉,必要时可以在临时固定下,前臂旋前位显露桡骨背侧组织,对于严重骨缺损者应予植骨.术后第1 d开始被动活动腕关节,1周后主动活动,功能锻炼.[结果] 全部获得随访,平均11个月(8～21个月).X线片显示骨折全部Ⅰ期愈合,平均愈合时间为8周,所有病例均无感染、骨不连、钢板松动、腕管综合征、正中神经炎等并发症.按改良的Mcbride腕关节功能评价标准:优25例,良8例,可4例,优良率为89.18%.[结论] 坚强内固 定下早期进行腕关节功能锻炼是治疗粉碎及不稳定桡骨远端骨折的有效措施,使用锁定加压钢板(LCP)内固定治疗桡骨远端C型骨折具有复位满意,固定坚强,可早期进行功能锻炼,关节功能恢复优良等优点.     

A biomechanical comparison of fragment-specific fixation and augmented external fixation for intra-articular distal radius fractures

The biomechanical stability of an internal fixation system that uses low-profile modular implants to stabilize individual fracture components was studied in a validated cadaver fracture model that incorporated physiologic muscle forces and wrist motion. Fragment-specific fixation with immediate range of motion was compared with static augmented external fixation in simulated, unstable 3- and 4-part intra-articular distal radius fractures (n = 20). Fixation was applied and specimens were loaded via their major wrist tendons. Because the wrist joint was not constrained in the internal fixation group, full wrist motion occurred during load application in these specimens. A 3-dimensional motion tracking system calculated individual fracture fragment motion in both groups. In the 3-part fracture pattern fragment-specific fixation showed comparable stability to static augmented external fixation despite the full wrist range of motion that occurred during application of load in these specimens. In the 4-part fracture pattern fragment-specific fixation was shown to be significantly more stable when compared with static augmented external fixation in 4 of 6 axes of motion. Our findings confirm the stability of this low-profile plating system and support the consideration of early wrist motion when treating complex, intra-articular distal radius fractures with fragment-specific fixation.     

Comparative study of nonbridging and bridging external fixators for unstable distal radius fractures

The purpose of this study was to compare nonbridging external fixators (group NB) with bridging external fixators (group B) in the treatment for unstable distal radius fractures. The subjects consisted of 84 patients, 42 in each group. Mean patient age was 64.0 years in group NB and 59.6 years in group B. According to Saitos classification, most fractures were of the comminuted Colles type. No bone graft was made in group NB. Patients of group B showed serious reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD). On Saitos evaluation criteria, the proportion of patients evaluated as good or better was 100% in group NB and 95.6% in group B. This finding can be taken as evidence that group NB patients showed better results.