Guillain-Barre综合征患儿血清白介素-18、白介素-13水平的变化

目的探讨白介素(IL)-18、IL-13在Guillain-Barre综合征(GBS)患儿血清中的含量变化及意义。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定GBS患儿急性期与恢复期血清IL-18、IL-13水平,并与正常对照组比较。结果GBS患儿急性期血清IL-18[(44.87±7.53)pg/ml]与IL-13[(37.46±6.94)pg/ml]水平均明显高于恢复期[和(38.25±5.86)pg/ml、(32.14±6.89)pg/ml]和正常对照组[(32.35±4.93)pg/ml、(24.76±5.59)pg/ml](均P<0.01);且病情重者[(47.02±8.39)pg/ml、(39.46±6.72)]pg/ml]明显高于病情轻者[(41.96±5.58)pg/ml、(34.51±6.25)pg/ml](均P<0.05);GBS患者恢复期血清IL-18、IL-13水平仍高于正常对照组(均P<0.01);相关分析发现GBS病情与血清IL-18、IL-13水平呈正相关(r=0.116,0.078,均P<0.05)。结论GBS患儿血清IL-18、IL-13含量增加,其可能参与了GBS的发病机制。     

急性脑梗死患者血清白介素-18和组织因子水平变化及其与凝血功能的关系

目的 探讨急性脑梗死(ACI)患者血清白介素(IL)-18和组织因子(TF)水平的变化及其与凝血功能关系.方法 79例ACI患者(ACI组)于入院次日、25名健康体检者(正常对照组)于体检当日早晨,分别检测血清IL-18、TF水平和凝血功能.结果 ACI组患者的血清IL-18、TF水平[(282.22±127.45)pg/ml,(2.10±1.23)ns/ml]明显高于正常对照组[(131.13±37.17)pg/ml,0.67±0.34)ng/ml](P<0.01～0.001):ACI组患者凝血功能指标中的部分凝血活酶时间及纤维蛋白原(Fib)水平显著高于正常对照组(均P<0.05);ACI组患者血清TF水平与凝血酶原时间及Fib水平呈正相关(r=0.376,r=0.473,P<0.05～0.01).结论 血清IL-18与TF水平异常增高是参与动脉粥样硬化相关性血栓形成的重要原因之一,抗凝及降纤治疗通过抑制TF水平逆转该病理过程.     

重症肌无力患者血清可溶性Fas水平变化及其临床意义

目的探讨重症肌无力(MG)患者血清可溶性Fas(sFas)水平变化及其临床意义。方法采用流式细胞术及酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)分别测定45例MG患者(MG组)及40例对照者(对照组)外周血T细胞亚群分布和血清sFas水平,并对其中24例MG患者应用糖皮质激素(GC)治疗前后的血清sFas水平进行比较。结果(1)MG组外周血中CD8 T细胞百分率为(21.50±2.21)%,明显低于对照组[(27.75±3.00)%](P<0.01);CD4 /CD8 比值(1.92±0.26)明显高于对照组(1.48±0.16)(P<0.01);血清sFas水平[(3542.06±706.23)pg/m l]显著高于对照组[(2568.18±562.48)pg/m l](P<0.01)。(2)MG组全身型血清sFas水平为(3914.23±804.81)pg/m l,极明显高于眼肌型[(2797.72±592.83)pg/m l](P<0.001);病情中、重度患者明显高于病情轻度者(均P<0.005);预后良好者[(3254.69±661.73)pg/m l]显著低于预后不良者[(4178.38±841.65)pg/m l](P<0.001)。(3)24例MG患者经GC治疗后sFas水平[(2864.59±617.43)pg/m l]较治疗前[(3539.67±705.92)pg/m l]极显著降低(P<0.001)。结论MG患者血清凋亡抑制因素sFas水平增高,并与MG类型、病情及预后相关;GC治疗可以改善MG患者的免疫功能。     

精神分裂症自杀未遂者脑源性神经营养因子研究

目的:探讨影响精神分裂症自杀未遂患者脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)水平的相关因素。方法:采用横断面病例-对照研究设计。研究包括精神分裂症自杀未遂组20例,精神分裂症无自杀行为组28例,正常对照组30名。采用酶联免疫吸附试验法测定血清BDNF浓度。采用简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)和自杀意图自评量表(SIOSS)对患者组进行评定。比较各组BDNF水平及其与相关因素之间的关系。结果:三组间BDNF水平差异有统计学意义(F=32.395,P<0.01)。Post-hoc分析发现,精神分裂症自杀未遂组BDNF水平[(51.3±11.1)pg/ml]显著低于精神分裂症无自杀行为组[(67.7±20.8)pg/ml](P<0.05),而精神分裂症无自杀行为组BDNF水平也低于正常对照组[(111.3±39.0)pg/ml](P<0.01)。自杀未遂组的血清BDNF水平与自杀严重程度呈负相关(r=-0.836,P<0.01)。结论:精神分裂症自杀未遂患者BDNF水平低于精神分裂症无自杀行为患者和正常人群;BDNF可能是参与精神分裂症自杀病理生理机制的一种重要物质。     

颈动脉内中膜厚度与血清白介素-6、白介素-18水平的关系

目的 探讨颈动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)与血清细胞因子白介素 (IL)-6、IL-18水平的关系. 方法选择40例短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者(TIA组)、64例急性脑梗死(ACI)患者(ACI组)和30名健康对照者(正常对照组),分别测量其颈动脉IMT值,并分为IMT＜1.0 mm亚组和IMT≥1.0 mm亚组.利用液相平衡竞争放射免疫分析法(RIA)和酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)分别测定3组的血清IL-6和IL-18水平,并对IMT与IL-6、IL-18的关系进行分析. 结果 TIA组和ACI组所有IMT≥1.0 mm患者血清IL-6、IL-18含量[TIA组分别为(141.61±27.86)pg/ml和(212.42±51.88)pg/ml;ACI组分别为(157.94±27.98)pg/ml和(224.99±59.56)pg/ml]比正常对照组[(101.41±35.56)pg/ml和165.87±29.89)pg/ml]升高(P<0.05～0.01); TIA组、ACI组IMT≥1.0 mm亚组患者血清IL-6、IL-18含量和IMT<1.0 mm亚组[TIA组分别为(141.61±27.86, 212.42±51.88)pg/ml和(108.48±35.56,170.98±29.83)pg/ml;ACI组分别为(157.94±27.98,224.99±59.56) pg/ml和(129.56±35.56,195.07±29.86)pg/ml]二者有显著差异(均P<0.05).TIA组、ACI组IMT≥1.0 mm亚组患者IMT与血清IL-18含量呈正相关(r＝0.549,P<0.01),与血清IL-6含量无相关性((r＝0.304,P＝0.057). 结论 TIA组、ACI组IMT增厚的患者血清IL-6、IL-18的水平升高;IMT的增厚与血清IL-18含量呈正相关.推测IL-6、 IL-18可能参与了动脉硬化的形成过程.     

脑梗死患者的亚临床炎症及胰岛素抵抗

目的观察脑梗死患者的亚临床炎症及胰岛素抵抗(IR)情况。方法检测114例脑梗死患者(脑梗死组)血清C-反应蛋白(CRP)、白介素-6(IL-6)及空腹胰岛素(Fins)、空腹血糖(FPG)、血脂、血压水平,分析胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)与炎症指标的关系,并与70例非脑梗死患者(对照组)进行比较。结果⑴脑梗死组血清CRP水平[(2.73±0.87)mg/L]、IL-6水平[(0.14±0.03)ng/ml]明显高于对照组[(1.63±0.93)mg/L、(0.12±0.03)ng/ml](均P<0.01),ISI(-4.31±0.53)明显低于对照组(-3.92±0.43)(P<0.01);⑵脑梗死组中,CRP>8.2mg/L患者的ISI(-4.63±0.71)明显低于CRP≤8.2mg/L患者的ISI(-4.18±0.54)(P<0.05)。结论脑梗死患者存在血清炎症的证据及IR;并且IR和亚临床炎症反应水平相一致。     

单相、双相抑郁障碍患者血浆神经肽Y及P物质水平的比较

目的:探讨单相抑郁障碍(UDD)与双相抑郁障碍(BDD)患者血浆神经肽Y(NPY)及P物质(SP)水平差异及影响因素。方法:采用酶联免疫吸附法检测35例UDD患者(UDD组)、38例BDD患者(BDD组)及35名健康对照者(对照组)血浆NPY及SP水平;以中文版心境障碍问卷(MDQ)及轻躁狂症状清单(HCL-32)筛查患者既往心境状况;应用一般状况问卷、汉密尔顿抑郁量表-17项(HAMD-17)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)及Young躁狂量表(YMRS)评定患者症状及严重程度。结果:血浆NPY水平UDD组[(5.74±1.79)μg/ml]、BDD组[(5.95±2.15)μg/ml]明显低于对照组[(8.07±3.22)μg/ml](P均0.05);血浆SP水平UDD组[(6.24±2.68)μg/ml]、BDD组[(5.78±1.49)μg/ml]明显高于对照组[(4.08±1.54)μg/ml](P均0.01); UDD与BDD组间血浆NPY及SP水平比较差异无统计学意义;UDD组及BDD组血浆SP水平均与HAMD睡眠障碍因子呈正相关(r=0.67,r=0.59;P均0.05)。结论:UDD与BDD患者均存在着相似的NPY能及SP能神经元功能紊乱。     

阿尔茨海默病患者外周血IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α水平与认知功能的相关性

目的 探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者外周血白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、IL-8及肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平与认知功能的相关性.方法 选择2015年1月~2016年1月在济宁医学院附属医院兖州院区治疗的AD患者90例作为研究组,并选择同期在我院体检的90名健康人作为对照组,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测两组研究对象的外周血IL-6、IL-8及TNF-α水平,并采用简易精神状态量表(MMSE)和临床痴呆评定量表(CDR)对其认知功能和日常行为能力进行评估.比较各组间炎性因子水平的差异,分析炎性因子表达水平与认知功能的相关性.结果 研究组AD患者外周血的IL-6、IL-8及TNF-α水平均明显高于对照组[(128.64±10.28)pg/ml比(103.59±8.72)pg/ml,(134.32±9.67)pg/ml比(101.45±7.32)pg/ml,(221.39±23.54)pg/ml比(109.68±18.76)pg/ml],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).受教育年限为AD患者认知功能的保护因素,IL-6、IL-8及TNF-α水平为危险因素(P<0.05).整体人群中IL-6、TNF-α水平与MMSE得分呈负相关(r=-0.314,-0.079;P<0.05),IL-8与MMSE无相关性.结论 外周血IL-6及TNF-α水平与轻度AD患者的认知功能相关.     

急性脑梗死患者血清可溶性E-选择素、可溶性L-选择素的表达及其与脑梗死体积的关系

目的 探讨急性脑梗死(ACI)患者外周血可溶性E(sE)-选择素、可溶性L(sL)-选择素表达的变化及其与脑梗死体积的关系.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定30例ACI患者(发病＜72 h)血清sE-选择素、sL-选择素的表达水平,并与20名健康者作对照.应用MRI弥散加权成像(DWI)技术测量ACI患者急性期脑梗死的体积,分析其与血清sE-选择素及sL-选择素水平的关系.结果 ACI患者血清sE-选择素的表达水平[(10.49±8.70)ng/ml]显著高于正常对照组[(2.93±2.07)ng/ml](P＜0.01),而sL-选择素的表达水平[(4.29±2.22)ng/ml]显著低于正常对照组[(6.41±3.28)ng/ml](P＜0.01);血清sE-选择素、sL-选择素水平与脑梗死体积不相关.结论 ACI患者血清sE-选择素表达上调,sL-选择素表达下凋,但都与脑梗死体积不相关,两者可能参与了缺血性脑损伤的病理过程.     

急性脑梗死患者发生脑心综合征的相关因素

目的探讨急性脑梗死患者发生脑心综合征(CCS)的相关因素。方法比较86例CCS和90例非CCS急性脑梗死患者的血浆B型利钠肽(BNP)水平、心肌酶谱水平、EEG异常率、神经功能缺损程度评分(NDS)、左室射血分数(LVEF)和左室舒张内径(LVEDD),并进行相关性分析。结果 CCS组[(1482.93±233.76)pg/ml]血浆BNP水平显著高于非CCS组[(164.53±27.05)pg/ml](P<0.05),而心肌酶谱指标差异无统计学意义。与非CCS组比较,CCS组ECG异常率显著增高(P<0.05),而LVEDD、LVEF和NDS的差异均无统计学意义。血浆BNP水平与乳酸脱氢酶及NDS重型呈正相关(r=0.360,r=0.382;均P<0.05)。经多元Logistic回归分析显示,血浆BNP水平是CCS的独立影响因素(r=6.852,P=0.009)。根据ROC曲线,BNP诊断CCS的分界值取219.95 pg/ml时,曲线下面积为0.938(95%CI:0.865～1.010;P<0.01),敏感性为93.8%,特异性为80.0%。结论血浆BNP水平是CCS的独立影响因素之一。     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Opiate and digitalis receptor assays distinguish between neuroexcitant and inactive organochlorines and between anesthetics and convulsants

Specific binding of [3H]naloxone to rat brain tissue in vitro was inhibited by the excitant organochlorinated insecticides (OCI), by ether (E) and octanol (OCT), and by the convulsant indoklon (IND) and its anesthetic isomer, isoindoklon (ISO). In the presence of 100 mM NaCl the inhibition of naloxone binding by E, OCT and ISO was greatly potentiated, whereas that by OCI and IND was attenuated. KCl (100 mM) was equally effective as NaCl on the action of anesthetics, but the effect of the excitant drugs was, in contrast to NaCl, unaffected by KCl. Specific binding of [3H]ouabain in the absence of Na, was depressed by anesthetics and enhanced by neuroexcitants. In the presence of NaCl, which by itself inhibits ouabain binding to brain, both anesthetics and excitants enhanced ouabain binding. DDE, a non-insecticidal analog of DDT, and the dimethyl derivative of the OCI, lindane, were inactive in the receptor assays. These observations point to a unique isolated system which responds consistently to anesthetic agents as a class and, in a different way, to neuroexcitant compounds.     

Learning and forgetting new names and objects in MCI and AD

We studied how subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), early Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched controls learned and maintained the names of unfamiliar objects that were trained with or without semantic support (object definitions). Naming performance, phonological cueing, incidental learning of the definitions and recognition of the objects were tested during follow-up. We found that word learning was significantly impaired in MCI and AD patients, whereas forgetting patterns were similar across groups. Semantic support showed a beneficial effect on object name retrieval in the MCI group 8 weeks after training, suggesting that the MCI patients’ preserved semantic memory can compensate for impaired episodic memory. The MCI group performed equally well as the controls in the tasks measuring incidental learning and recognition memory, whereas the AD group showed impairment in this respect. Both the MCI and the AD group benefited less from phonological cueing than the controls. Our findings indicate that word learning is compromised in both MCI and AD, whereas long-term retention of newly learned words is not affected to the same extent. Incidental learning and recognition memory seem to be well preserved in MCI.     

Satellite cells and myonuclei in young and elderly women and men

The overall aim of this study was to assess the effects of aging on the satellite cell population. Muscle biopsies were taken from the tibialis anterior muscle of healthy, moderately active young (age range, 20-32 years; n = 31) and elderly (age range, 70-83 years; n = 27) women and men with comparable physical activity pattern. Satellite cells and myonuclei were visualized using a monoclonal antibody against neural cell adhesion molecule and counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin. An average of 211 (range, 192-241) muscle fibers were examined for each individual. Compared with the young women and men, the elderly subjects had a significantly lower (P < 0.011) number of satellite cells per muscle fiber but a significantly higher (P < 0.004) number of myonuclei per muscle fiber. The number of satellite cells relative to the total number of nuclei [satellite cells/(myonuclei + satellite cells)] was significantly lower in the elderly than in the young women and men. These results imply that a reduction in the satellite cell population occurs as a result of increasing age in healthy men and women.     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统 ,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达 ,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关。近年的研究表明 ,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白 ,能与多种因子如SV4 0大T抗原 ,腺病毒E1A ,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p5 3等结合 ,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb。necdin基因缺陷时 ,会引起脑内 ,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍。人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区 ,可能与PWS的一些症状有关。本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况 ,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关.近年的研究表明,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白,能与多种因子如SV40大T抗原,腺病毒E1A,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p53等结合,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb.necdin基因缺陷时,会引起脑内,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍.人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区,可能与PWS的一些症状有关.本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述.     

Oxytocin and vasopressin agonists and antagonists as research tools and potential therapeutics

We recently reviewed the status of peptide and nonpeptide agonists and antagonists for the V(1a), V(1b) and V(2) receptors for arginine vasopressin (AVP) and the oxytocin receptor for oxytocin (OT). In the present review, we update the status of peptides and nonpeptides as: (i) research tools and (ii) therapeutic agents. We also present our recent findings on the design of fluorescent ligands for V(1b) receptor localisation and for OT receptor dimerisation. We note the exciting discoveries regarding two novel naturally occurring analogues of OT. Recent reports of a selective VP V(1a) agonist and a selective OT agonist point to the continued therapeutic potential of peptides in this field. To date, only two nonpeptides, the V(2) /V(1a) antagonist, conivaptan and the V(2) antagonist tolvaptan have received Food and Drug Administration approval for clinical use. The development of nonpeptide AVP V(1a), V(1b) and V(2) antagonists and OT agonists and antagonists has recently been abandoned by Merck, Sanofi and Pfizer. A promising OT antagonist, Retosiban, developed at Glaxo SmithKline is currently in a Phase II clinical trial for the prevention of premature labour. A number of the nonpeptide ligands that were not successful in clinical trials are proving to be valuable as research tools. Peptide agonists and antagonists continue to be very widely used as research tools in this field. In this regard, we present receptor data on some of the most widely used peptide and nonpeptide ligands, as a guide for their use, especially with regard to receptor selectivity and species differences.     

Retrospective and prospective design and data

The study of the presentation, symptomatology and family characteristics of an exclusively adolescent sample of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) was undertaken. Twenty-four cases of borderline personality disorder, 20 females, 4 males, identified using chart review and meeting the criteria of the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB) and DSM III-R, were matched with psychiatric controls. Adolescents with borderline personality disorder were found to have high rates of affective symptomatology with Axis I diagnosis of major depressive disorder - MDD (DSM-III-R), and high rates of interpersonal psychopathology, i.e., manipulation, devaluation, and a pervasive sense of boredom. The latter seem to be characteristic as for adults with borderline personality disorder. The families were particularly angry and volatile.     

Cortisol levels and depression in men and women using heroin and cocaine

Abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are well documented in men using illicit drugs and/or infected with HIV; however, less is known about HPA function, or the health consequence of HPA dysfunction, in their female counterparts. People with depression exhibit hypercortisolemia, and depression is common in people with HIV or substance use problems. The current study investigated cortisol secretion in 209 demographically matched men and women, stratified by their HIV and drug use status. Self-reported depressive symptoms were evaluated using a standardized, validated questionnaire (CES-D). Women reported more depressive symptoms than men (p=.01). Male and female drug users exhibited higher cortisol concentrations (p=.03), and were more likely to report depressive symptoms (p=.04), than non-users. Depression was related to elevated cortisol concentrations for the study population (p=.03), and women with elevated cortisol concentrations were significantly more depressed than all other participants (p=.05). While it is unknown whether high cortisol concentrations precede depressive symptoms or vice versa, these data indicate that higher cortisol concentrations are associated with depressive symptoms in heroin and cocaine users, and that this association is more pronounced in women than men. HIV status did not act in an additive or synergistic way with drug use for either cortisol or CES-D measures in the current study. Unique therapies to treat the endocrine and mental health consequences of illicit drug use in men and women deserve consideration as depressive symptoms, and high cortisol concentrations associated with depressive symptoms, differ by gender.